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76 notecards = 19 pages (4 cards per page)

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Chapter 22 Respiratory

front 1

Where does the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood occur?

back 1

respiratory division

front 2

The ____ division includes all of the passageways through which air flows from the nose to the terminal branches

back 2

conducting division

front 3

The trachea, primary bronchi, and the alveolar sacs all belong to the

back 3

lower respiratory tract

front 4

Identify the two terms that describe the anterior openings of the nasal cavity

back 4

nostrils. nares

front 5

The nasal _____ separates the nasal cavity into left and right halves

back 5

septum

front 6

Identify three ways in which air is modified as it passes through the meatus in between two conchae

back 6

it is humidified, cleansed, and warmed

front 7

The ___ of the nasal cavity contains the sensory receptors for smell

back 7

olfactory epithelium

front 8

The most superior portion of the pharynx, posterior to the nasal cavity, extending to the soft palate is the

back 8

nasopharynx

front 9

The separation between the path of air to the lungs and the passageway for food to the esophagus occurs within the

back 9

laryngopharynx

front 10

Besides keeping food out of the airway, the larynx is also responsible for generating

back 10

voice

front 11

The _____ is an elastic cartilage structure, which functions to seal off the glottis during swallowing as the tongue pushes it downward toward the larynx

back 11

epiglottis

front 12

The larynx is located

back 12

between the layngopharynx and the trachea

front 13

The base of the long is located on its

back 13

inferior

front 14

The apex represents the ____ portion of the lung

back 14

superior

front 15

The right lung has ___ lobes and ___ fissures

back 15

3; 2

front 16

The human left lung has ____ lobes with ____ fissures between the lobes

back 16

2; 1

front 17

How many primary bronchi serve the right lung?

back 17

one

front 18

Secondary bronchi channel the flow of air amongst the

back 18

lobes of the lung

front 19

___ bronchi supply air to a single bronchopulmonary segment of the lung

back 19

tertiary

front 20

Most of the surface area for gas exchange within the respiratory system is found within the _____ of the lungs

back 20

alveoli

front 21

Identify the components of a respiratory membrane

back 21

type 1 (squamos) alveolar cell

endothelial cell of capillary

shared basement membrane

front 22

The _____ is a double-walled serous membrane that encloses each lung

back 22

pleura

front 23

The ____ ____ is the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura

back 23

pleural cavity

front 24

____ fluid fills the pleural cavity around the lungs

back 24

pleural

front 25

Contraction of the diaphragm leads to

back 25

inspiration

front 26

Decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity will result in

back 26

expiration

front 27

Describe the respiratory cycle

back 27

one complete inspiration and expiration

front 28

A person expelling air while yelling is performing ____ beathing

back 28

forced

front 29

Inspiration occurs when the thoracic cage is enlarged due to

back 29

the diaphragm contracting

front 30

Identify the two locations that contain respiratory control centers

back 30

medulla oblongata

pons

front 31

Central chemoreceptors in the brain stem that are involved in respiratory control respond directly to changes in

back 31

pH

front 32

Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are called ___ chemorepeptors

back 32

peripheral

front 33

True or false: the respiratory control centers of the brainstem are involved in voluntary respiration

back 33

false

front 34

The inferior portion of the pharynx which extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus is the

back 34

laryngopharynx

front 35

The right lung has how many secondary bronchi

back 35

3

front 36

Gas exchange between the air and the blood occurs in the

back 36

alveoli

front 37

What is the respiratory membrane?

back 37

membrane through which gases are exchanged in the alveolus

front 38

The double-walled serous membrane that encloses each lung is called the

back 38

pleura

front 39

When the diaphragm relaxes, air is forced from the lungs. This is known as

back 39

expiration

front 40

Identify the two principal muscles or muscle groups responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration

back 40

diaphragm and intercostals

front 41

Identify the origin of voluntary stimuli for respiration

back 41

primary motor cortex

front 42

Place the following airways in order from the trachea to alveoli

back 42

primary bronchus

secondary bronchus

tertiary bronchus

terminal bronchiole

respiratory bronchiole

alveolar duct

front 43

Chronic ____ is characterized by a reduciton in the number of cilia lining the airway and increased mucus production

back 43

bronchitis

front 44

The ____ are responsible for generating sounds within the larynx

back 44

vocal cords and vocal folds

front 45

Identify the factors that contribute airflow to resistance

back 45

diameter of the bronchioles and lung compliance

front 46

Inhalation of cigarette smoke often leads to ____ which is characterized by a loss of alveolar surface area

back 46

emphysema

front 47

Alveolar gas exchange describes the exchange of gases across the

back 47

respiratory membrane of alveoli

front 48

Pulmonary ____ describes the EASE at which the lungs expand during breathing

back 48

compliance

front 49

_____ refers to a shift in the pH of blood above 7.45

back 49

alkalosis

front 50

Identify features associated with the epithelium of the trachea

back 50

goblet cells

mucous

cilia

pseudostratified columnar cells

front 51

The structure that conducts air from the larynx to the primary bronchi is called the

back 51

trachea

front 52

A bluish color of the skin and mucous membrnes due to ischemia or hypoxemia is called ____

back 52

cyanosis

front 53

The volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation is the ___ volume

back 53

residual

front 54

The enzyme found in erythrocytes that catalyze the formation of carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hyrdogen ions, is

back 54

carbonic anhydrase

front 55

The exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body's cells is called

back 55

systemic gas exchange

front 56

Which of these is true of pleural fluid?

back 56

reduces friction during breathing

slippery film in the pleural cavity

front 57

____ is a general term for a drop in the pH of blood below 7.35

back 57

acidosis

front 58

____ refers to the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during one cycle of quiet breathing

back 58

tidal volume

front 59

Insufficient oxygen reaching a tissue is called ______

back 59

hypoxia

front 60

The majority of carbon dioxide is transported through the blood in the form of

back 60

bicarbonate

front 61

Identify the four predominant components of inspired air

back 61

nitrogen, water vapor, carbon dioxide, and oxygen

front 62

In the hemoglobin molecule, oxygen binds to

back 62

the heme group

front 63

The conducting zones of the respiratory system are referred to as the ____ because they are incapable of respiration

back 63

anatomical dead space

front 64

The lumen of the trachea is lined with epithelial cells that have _____, structures that move the abundant mucus upward toward the pharynx

back 64

cilia

front 65

Identify three of the structures that enter the lung at the hilum

back 65

nerves, lymphatic vessels, and blood vessels

front 66

Identify the role of the dorsal respiratory group

back 66

adjusts respiratory rate based on stimuli from peripheral chemoreceptors

front 67

Identify the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood

back 67

dissolved gas, bicarbonate ion, and carbaminohemoglobin

front 68

Identify the conditions that would make oxygen toxic to the body

back 68

100% oxygen at 3.0 ATM for 1 hour

front 69

The ____ respiratory group sets the basal respiratory rate which may then be adjusted by commands from the pontine and/or dorsal respiratory groups

back 69

ventral

front 70

The dense support-material that can be palpated at the tip of your nose is composed of

back 70

cartilage

front 71

The chloride shift occurs during carbon dioxide loading and is accomplished when

back 71

chloride ions are transported into the RBC

bicarbonate ions are transported out of the RBC

front 72

The auditory tube (eustachian tube) and pharyngeal tonsil are associated with which portion of the pharynx

back 72

nasopharynx

front 73

The ____ includes all of the regions of the airway incapable of gas exchange, including both conducting and respiratory zones

back 73

physiological dead space

front 74

The _____ pressure refers to the slight vacuum that exists in between the visceral and parietal pleural membranes

back 74

intrapleural

front 75

Identify the principle synergistic muscles of resting respiration

back 75

the internal and external intercostals

front 76

When hemoglobin transports carbon dioxide it is called

back 76

carbaminohemoglobin