Step 5 of Glycolysis

A phosphate gets added which turns the G3P molecule into Biphosphoglycerate with phosphates on the 1 and 3 carbons.

Step 6 of Glycolysis

Phosphate leaves the Biphosphoglycerate and forms 2 ATP. Which turns it into a phosphoglycerate with a phosphate on the 3 carbon.

Step 7 of Glycolysis

Phosphate gets reorganized and turns phosphoglycerate with a phosphate on the 3 carbon into a phosphoglycerate with a phosphate on the 2 carbon.

Step 8 of Glycolysis

Two water molecules are extracted and phosphoenol pyruvate with a phosphate on the 2 carbon.

Step 9 of Glycolysis

Phosphate leaves to create 2 ATPs. What is left is 2 molecules of Pyruvate.

Pre-Krebs

2 Carbons leave to create 2 molecules of Carbon Dioxide in which creates Acetic Acid. Coenz-A bonds to the Acetic Acid to make Acetyl-CoA which leads to Krebs.

Step 1 of Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid)

Acetyl-CoA adds its two-carbon acetyl group to Oxaloacetate, producing citrate or citric acid

Step 2 of Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid)

Citrate is converted into its isomer, isocitrate, by the removal of one water molecule and the addition of another.

Step 3 of Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid)

Isocitrate is oxidized, reducing NAD⁺ to NADH. Then the resulting compound loses a CO₂ molecule.

Step 4 of Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid)

Another CO₂ is lost and the resulting compound is oxidized, reducing NAD⁺ to NADH. The remaining molecule is then attached to coenzyme A by an unstable bond.

Step 5 of Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid)

CoA is displaced by a phosphate group, which is transferred to GDP, forming GTP, a molecule with functions similar to ATP. GTP can be used to generate ATP.

Step 6 of Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid)

Two hydrogens are transferred to FAD, forming FADH₂ and oxidizing succinate.

Step 7 of Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid)

Addition of water molecule rearranges bonds in the substrate.

Step 8 of Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid)

The substrate is oxidized reducing NAD⁺ to NADH and regenerating oxaloacetate.

Step 1 of Electron Transport Chain

Light strikes the Photosystem II which excites an electron. This electron then excites a pigment until it reaches Pigment 680.

Step 2 of Electron Transport Chain

The electron is then transferred to a primary electron acceptor.

Step 3 of Electron Transport Chain

An enzyme splits water molecules into two H⁺ molecules and an oxygen atom. Oxygen immediately pairs with another Oxygen.

Step 4 of Electron Transport Chain

Photoexcited electrons get passed to PSI by means of an electron transport chain.

Step 5 of Electron Transport Chain

As the electron decrease in energy levels they synthesis ATP.

Step 6 of Electron Transport Chain

P700 can receive electrons that reach the bottom of the electron transport chain.

Step 7 of Electron Transport Chain

Electrons are then passed onto a protein that takes them down the second electron transport chain

Step 8 of Electron Transport Chain

NADP⁺ takes these electrons and creates NADPH

Step 1 of Calvin Cycle

Incorporates CO₂ one at a time which attached to a five carbon sugar name ribulose bisphosphate.

Step 2 of Calvin Cycle

Rubisco an enzyme catalyzes this molecule and it is short lived so it splits into 2 molecules of phosphoglycerate which have a phosphate on the 3 carbon.

Step 3 of Calvin Cycle

The 2 molecules of phosphoglycerate which have a phosphate on the 3 carbon each receive a phosphate becoming bisphosphoglycerate which have phosphates on the 1 and 3 carbons.

Step 4 of Calvin Cycle

A pair of electrons get donated and loses a phosphate group which reduces this molecule making it into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

Step 5 of Calvin Cycle

One molecule of G3P leaves this reaction but the other one stays to be reused.

Step 6 of Calvin Cycle

The carbon skeletons of the G3P are rearranged by donating 3 molecules of ATP. In which turns it into Rubisco. Specifically the form that is ready to receive CO₂ again.

Homogenization

Break up into pieces

Centrifigation

separate parts

Passive Transport

No energy input, moves from high to low concentrations

Simple Diffusion

Movement of small, non-polar molecules. Go directly through the membrane. Ex. CO₂ , O₂ , N₂

Facilitated Diffusion

Proteins in the membrane make it easy for substances to pass, small polar molecules

Channel Protein

Always open. Ex. K , Na, Cl

Carrier Protein

Binds specifically. Ex. Glucose, Amino Acid

Osmosis

Movement of water down its concentration gradient, water moves to a high solute concentration

Isotonic Solution

Animal Cells: Nothing happens

Plant Cells: Slightly shrunk, flaccid, soft

Hypertonic Solution

Animal Cells: Crenate, Shrinks

Plant Cells: Plasmolysis, Shrink significantly

Hypotonic Solution

Animal Cells: Lysis, Lyse, Burst

Plant Cells: Turgid, Maximum Turgor pressure

Redox Reactions

Reduction: Loses a charge

Oxidation: Gains a charge

Somatic Cells

Diploid

Gametes

Haploid

Gap 1 Phase

Routine metabolic functions, Organelles reproduce

Synthesis Phase

DNA Replication, Histones replicate

Gap 2 Phase

Cell prepares for Mitosis, Routine Functions

Mitotic Phase

Mitosis: Nuclear Division

Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm division