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Botany TEST 3
front 1 What requires a transcription factor present at the promoter region of a gene | back 1 RNA Plymerase |
front 2 Phylotaxy | back 2 pattern of leaf as they attach to the stem |
front 3 Alternate (how many leaves per node) | back 3 1 |
front 4 Opposite (how many leaves per node) | back 4 2 |
front 5 Types of Margins | back 5 entire/smooth crenate/serrate palmate lobed pinnate lobed |
front 6 Stipules | back 6 leaf or scale like appendages |
front 7 Sessile | back 7 leaves lacking petioles |
front 8 Sessiles are present where? | back 8 In most Monocots and some Eudicots |
front 9 Sheath | back 9 leaf base encircles the stem |
front 10 Simple leaves | back 10 Blades not divided |
front 11 compound leaves | back 11 divided into leaflets |
front 12 Rachis | back 12 extension of petiole (leaflets attach to this compound) |
front 13  type of leaf? | back 13 Monocot |
front 14  Type of leaf | back 14 Eudicot |
front 15  Type of leaf | back 15 Eudicot |
front 16  Type of leaf | back 16 Monocot |
front 17 Types of Margins | back 17 entire toothed/serrate palmate lobed pinnate lobed |
front 18 Types of Venation | back 18 Parallel Pinnate->Netted->Reticulated Palmate->Netted->Reticulated |
front 19 What does grass secrete and why? | back 19 silicone and to decrease animal consumption |
front 20  Phyllotaxy? | back 20 alternate |
front 21  Phyllotaxy? | back 21 opposite |
front 22  Phyllotaxy | back 22 Whorled |
front 23  type of margin | back 23 Crenate |
front 24  type of margin | back 24 Serrate |
front 25  type of margin | back 25 Smooth |
front 26  type of margin | back 26 palmate |
front 27  type of margin | back 27 Pinnate |
front 28 Types of Margins | back 28 entire toothed->serrate or crenate palmate lobed pinnate lobed |
front 29 Where are resin canals distributed in? | back 29 Mesophyll |
front 30  Type of Venation | back 30 palmate |
front 31  complexity | back 31 simple |
front 32  complexity | back 32 compound Bi-pinnate |
front 33  Complexity | back 33 Compound Pinnate |
front 34  Complexity | back 34 Compound Palmate |
front 35  Petiolate? | back 35 Petiolate |
front 36  Petiolate | back 36 Sesille |
front 37 On the basis of water requirements, plants are often characterized as? (3 Characteristics) | back 37 Mesophytes Hydrophytes Xerophytes |
front 38 Mesophytes | back 38 Plants that require an environment that is neither too wet or dry |
front 39 Hydrophytes | back 39 Plants that require a large supply of water or grow wholly or partly submerged in water. |
front 40 Xerophytes | back 40 Plants that are adapted to arid (dry) habitats |
front 41 Stomata Function | back 41  Allows for the exchange of gasses. In leaves |
front 42 Epidermal cells do not contain what? | back 42 Chloroplast |
front 43 Bundle Sheaths consist of what? | back 43  large cells surrounding vascular bundle, containing chloroplast. |
front 44 Kranz anatomy | back 44  Vein surrounded by bundle sheath, then surrounded by mesophyll |
front 45 What is Bulliform cell? | back 45  An enlarged epidermal cell |
front 46 Which mesophyll cells are absent in monocots? | back 46  Palisade |
front 47 Palisade mesophylls are primarily present where? | back 47  in Eudicots alone |
front 48 Collenchyma | back 48 Unevenly Thickened. Elastic |
front 49 leaves of hydrophytes that float on the surface of the water, will have stomata where? | back 49 on the upper epidermis only |
front 50 the submerged leaves of hydrophytes will have stomata where | back 50 Will usually lack stomata entirely |
front 51 Leaves of Xerophytes generally contain what quantity of stomata | back 51 Contain greater numbers of stomata than those of other plants |
front 52 What is the Mesophyll? | back 52  the ground tissue of the leaf |
front 53 What does the Mesophyll contain? | back 53 Numerous chloroplasts specialized for photosynthesis |
front 54  What "phyte" anatomy is this | back 54 Xerophyte |
front 55  What "phyte" anatomy is this | back 55 Hydrophyte |
front 56  What "phyte" anatomy is this | back 56 Mesophyte |
front 57 Which has more Palisade mesophyll cells? Sun or Shade leaf? | back 57 Sun leaf |
front 58  What does this represent? | back 58 Kraz Anatomy- Vascular Bundle, Bundle sheath, and Mesophyll |
front 59 Gene AE | back 59  Sepal |
front 60 Gene ABE | back 60  Petals |
front 61 Gene CBE | back 61  Stamens |
front 62 Gene CDE | back 62  Carpels |
front 63 Gene CDE | back 63  Ovaries |
front 64 Which is smaller? sun or shade leaf? | back 64 Sun leaf |
front 65 Which has more Palisade mesophyll cells? | back 65 Sun leaf |
front 66  Sun or Shade leaf? | back 66 Shade leaf |
front 67  Sun or shade leaf? | back 67 Sun leaf |
front 68 Which is thicker? sun or shade leaf? | back 68 Sun leaf |
front 69 Example of a sheath plant | back 69  Horsetail |
front 70 The non-living wax layer secreted from epidermal cell | back 70  Cuticle |
front 71 Is the cuticle a tissue? | back 71 No |
front 72 In regards to water affinity, the cuticle is described as what? | back 72 Hydrophobic |
front 73 If plants lose water, what type of environment should they be kept in? | back 73 Humid |
front 74 The Vascular bundles in leaves are also known as what? | back 74 Veins |
front 75 The Ground tissue of the leaf is? | back 75 Mesophyll |
front 76 Describe the arrangement of the Palisade mesophylls | back 76 They are tightly arranged. on the upper surface |
front 77 Describe the arrangement of the spongy mesophylls | back 77 They are loosely arranged |
front 78 Type of transport the gasses exchanged in the stoma partake in? | back 78 diffusion |
front 79 location and role of collenchyma in leaves | back 79  located below the epidermis. assists in photosynthesis as well as supports and strengthens. |
front 80 Which mesophyll absorbs light more efficiently? | back 80 Palisade |
front 81 Monocots or Eudicots, which possess bulliform cells? | back 81 Monocots |
front 82 What type of photosynthesis does the Kranz anatomy go through | back 82 C4 |
front 83 Mesophyll refers to | back 83 photosynthetic cells in leaves |
front 84 Mesophytes to | back 84 plants that function in normal (Dry Vs Wet) environments |
front 85 What act as reinforcements in hydrophytes? | back 85  Sclereids |
front 86 The function of Airspaces in hydrophytes | back 86 allow access to oxygen |
front 87 In regards to water, Rice is a | back 87 Hydrophyte |
front 88 In Xerophytes, Trichomes break wind to do what? | back 88 create a humid environment |
front 89 The non-living wax layer secreted from epidermal cell of leaf | back 89  Cuticle |
front 90 CAM Photosynthesis is what? | back 90 Crystallization Acid Metabolism |
front 91 Which Xylem is described as the Non-functional xylem? | back 91 the Inner xylem |
front 92 A change in functionality in response to stimuli is known as what? | back 92 acclimation |
front 93 a genetic change that results in modified functionality is known as what? | back 93 Adaptation |
front 94 what is it called when enzymes break down the cells wall | back 94  leaf abscission |
front 95 In leaf abscission, the separation layer is located where? | back 95 petiole side |
front 96 What is the advantage of a sunleaf having a smaller surface area? | back 96 it results in the decrease of water loss. it also decrease the leaf's exposure to sun and wind. |
front 97 The detachment of leaf is referred to as what? | back 97 leaf Abscission |
front 98 The process of leaf deterioration | back 98 senescence |
front 99 A protein that signals for the transcription of protein | back 99  transcription factor |
front 100 Leaf Modification that aids in support. (grabs) | back 100  Tendril |
front 101 Describe the functionality of a "flower pot" | back 101 Creates hallow chamber, ants colonize the home. Ant's feces fertilize the plant. |
front 102 Describe the phyllotaxy of a flower pot. | back 102 Rosette |
front 103 What type of "phyte" is the flower pot | back 103 an epiphyte |
front 104 What is an epiphyte? | back 104 a plant that grows on top of another |
front 105 How do window plants grow? | back 105  underground, only "windows" exposed. the stem and roots are located underground |
front 106 High Cytokinin/Low Auxin | back 106 Stimulates Stems |
front 107  Describe the functionality of Leaf Reproduction | back 107 Tiny plants form at the edges of their leaves. These plants become new individuals when they are shed from parent leaves. |
front 108 Describe the functionality of a Bract | back 108  Mimics a flower. This protects the development of the flower. |
front 109 What is the function of the blade in the Venus fly trap? | back 109 The trap is a part of the blade |
front 110 What are the triggers in the Venus fly trap? | back 110  Trichomes (Hairs) |
front 111 What type of trap does the pitcher plant posses | back 111  A passive trap (no mechanism needed) |
front 112 Describe the functionality of the pitcher plants | back 112  Insects slip inside the long throat, and the trichomes make it difficult for them to climb out.The liquid inside the flower digests the insects via enzymes. |
front 113 Describe the functionality of the sun dew | back 113  The sticky hairs on the sundew traps the insects when the land. |
front 114 Describe the functionality of the Bladderwort | back 114  The bladders posses vacuums that suck insect in. |
front 115 What ground tissue are tendril made of? | back 115 Collenchyma |
front 116 Describe a plant with an "annual" lifecycle | back 116 Completes lifecycle in one growing year |
front 117 Describe a plant with a "Biennial" lifecycle | back 117 it takes two years to complete it's lifecycle |
front 118 Describe a plant with a Perennial lifecycle | back 118 It Never dies. It grows back each year and has another reproductive cycle. |
front 119 What is the main tissue in tree cookies? | back 119 Vascular tissue |
front 120 What vascular tissue type is wood? | back 120 Secondary xylem |
front 121 What vascular tissue type is bark? | back 121 Secondary phloem |
front 122 What are the lateral Meristems? | back 122 Cork cambium Vascular cambium |
front 123 Explain the continuity of the rays of a tree cookie | back 123 They transcend the xylem and phloem |
front 124 What is the function of the Lenticel? | back 124 allows for gas exchange |
front 125 What does the Periderm consist of? | back 125  Cork=phellem Cork Cambium Perenchyma=phelloderm |
front 126 What tree species is hardwood? | back 126 Angiosperm |
front 127 What tree species is softwood? | back 127 Gymnosperm |
front 128 In what season does latewood develop? | back 128  Summer |
front 129 In what season does earlywood develop? | back 129  Spring |
front 130 Which leaf modification undergoes apoptosis such that a hollow cavity forms a chamber? | back 130 Flower pot |
front 131 Leaves that undergo reproduction stay.. | back 131 Meristematic |
front 132 Thigmonastic means? | back 132 No growth response |
front 133 Venus flytraps are associated with growing in that type of environment | back 133 Environments with nitrogen limitations |
front 134 Which leaf modification is initially made of collenchyma for flexibility and then sclerenchyma for hardening | back 134 Tendrils |
front 135 Which year does plant undergo vegetative state in Biennial lifecycle? | back 135 Year one |
front 136 Which year does plant undergo reproductive stage in Biennial lifecycle? | back 136 Year two |
front 137 Girth and thickening that derives from the lateral meristem is?... | back 137 Secondary growth |
front 138 Ray initials divide to produce what? | back 138  Rays |
front 139 Fusiform initials divide to produce what? | back 139  Secondary Xylem and Secondary Phloem |
front 140 Which Bark contains periderm? | back 140 outer bark |
front 141 Which bark contains secondary Phloem? | back 141 Inner bark |
front 142 Absence of cells where the cells have broken down are known as? | back 142  Resin Canals |
front 143 Where are resin canals distributed in? | back 143 Latewood |
front 144 What dictate water flow in Tracheids? | back 144 Pits |
front 145 What is the direction of water flow in Tracheids? | back 145 Base to Apex |
front 146 What do rings represent? | back 146 years of growth |
front 147 Pores formed at the beginning of the growing season are much larger than those farther out in the ring | back 147 Ring Porous |
front 148 Pores exhibit little or no variation in size within a growth ring | back 148 Diffuse Porous |
front 149 Wood that reacts to new stresses is known as what? | back 149 Reaction wood |
front 150 How is Age determined on woody stems? | back 150 Number of Bud scale scars |
front 151 Non-Functional xylem refers to which type of wood? | back 151 Heart wood |
front 152 Functional xylem refers to which type of wood? | back 152 Sapwood |
front 153 Dendrachronology | back 153 The study of climate changes and past events by comparing the successive annual growth rings of trees or old timber |
front 154 Two cambiums associated with secondary growth | back 154  Cork and vascular Cambium |
front 155 in the tree cookie, what is the bark composed of? | back 155 Secondary Phloem |
front 156 What is wood composed of? | back 156 Secondary xylem |
front 157 What in the outer bark makes it protective | back 157 wax and Suberin |
front 158 What makes the inner Bark Functional? | back 158 The Phloem |
front 159 Which Xylem is described as the functional xylem? | back 159 The Outer Xylem |
front 160 Which Xylem is described as the Non-functional xylem? | back 160 the Inner bark |
front 161 The cut Perpendicular to the long axis | back 161 transverse Cut |
front 162 longitudinal cut that follows the radius | back 162 Radial cut |
front 163 longitudinal cut perpendicular to the radius | back 163 tangential cut |
front 164 Horizontal transport structure found within the secondary body | back 164  ray |
front 165 How many true hormones are in plants? | back 165 6 |
front 166 Plant based hormones are called what? | back 166 Phytohormones |
front 167 List the six true hormones of a plant | back 167 Auxin Cytokinin Ethylene Gibberelic acid (GA) Abscisic Acid (ABA) Brassionosteroid |
front 168 Phytohormone with the most physiological roles | back 168 Auxin |
front 169 Which two hormones are absolutely required in order for a plant to function | back 169 Auxin and cytokinin |
front 170 The only gas based phytohormone | back 170 Ethylene |
front 171 Plant based steroid hormone | back 171 Brassinosteroid |
front 172 First step in signal transduction | back 172 Reception |
front 173 Second step in signal transduction | back 173 transfer of chemical information |
front 174 The transfer of chemical information is referred to as what? | back 174 relay system |
front 175 Third step in signal transduction | back 175 response |
front 176 substances that bind to receptors | back 176 Ligands |
front 177 molecule that binds to ligand and receives information | back 177 a receptor |
front 178 What is formed when an enzyme transfers a phosphate to a molecule | back 178 A Kinase |
front 179 The process that occurs when a ligand binds to a receptor | back 179 Activation |
front 180 What occurs when an enzyme takes away a phosphate from a molecule | back 180 Phosphotase |
front 181 What signal transduction pathway occurs after phosphotase | back 181 No response |
front 182 Name the three regions of a gene | back 182 promoter open reading frame terminator |
front 183 What region of a gene does a transcriptional factor bind to? | back 183 the promoter region |
front 184 What requires a transcription factor present at the promoter region of a gene in order to be allowed to bind to the same region | back 184 RNA Plymerase |
front 185 Region of gene that encodes the transcript/protein | back 185 open reading frame |
front 186 Name the five influential factors of hormones | back 186 concentration sensitivity type of tissue time of development other hormones |
front 187 one of the most powerful mutation | back 187 Knockout mutants |
front 188 which two phytohormones need to be present for cell division and organismal growth | back 188 Auxin and cytokinin |
front 189 Phytohormone with polar transport | back 189 Auxin |
front 190 Transport of Auxin is known as what? | back 190 Polar auxin transport |
front 191 Aux 1's role | back 191 transport protein that allows influx during polar auxin transport |
front 192 Pin 1's role | back 192 transport protein that allows efflux during polar auxin transport |
front 193 Transportation in direction of apex to base | back 193 Bisipetal |
front 194 Transportation in direction of base to apex | back 194 Acropetal |
front 195 Plant that is an example of auxin inhibition | back 195 Zea Mays |
front 196 Phytohormone that can stimulate root development, I.E, adventitious roots from the stem secondary roots from tap roots | back 196 Auxin |
front 197 Cytokinin found in large amounts of coconut milk | back 197 Kinetin |
front 198 Phytohormone important in cell division | back 198 cytokinin |
front 199 What does cytokinin regulate? | back 199 Organogenesis |
front 200 What Phytohormone delays senesence? | back 200 Cytokinin |
front 201 Which process is stimulated by ethylene | back 201 Fruit ripening |
front 202 Fruits that respond with ethylene such that -there is a spike in ethylene production prior to maturation. | back 202 Climacteric |
front 203 fruits in which their ripening is non-induced with ethylene? | back 203 nonclimacteric |
front 204 Hormone-like compound that undergoes hypersensitive responses with pathogens | back 204 Salicylic Acid |
front 205 Hormone-like compound inducible to participate in wound responses. | back 205 Jasmonic Acid |
front 206 Hormone like compound with critical role in cell division | back 206 Polyamines |
front 207 Hormone like compound undergoing pathogen response by employing reactive oxygen species | back 207 Nitric oxide |
front 208 hormon- like compound best described as being an inducible, wound responding, polypeptide signaling molecule | back 208 systemin |
front 209 development of fruit in the absence of seeds | back 209  Parthenocarpy |
front 210 Phytohormone stimulating fruit development in parthenocarpy | back 210 Auxin |
front 211 If apically dominant plant has two "branches"...this signifies... | back 211 Auxin inhibition |
front 212 What stimulates ethylene production? | back 212 wind |
front 213 What compounds constitutes Gibberellic acid? | back 213 GA3, GA4, GA13 |
front 214 Which two gibberellic acid compounds are most active? | back 214 GA3 and GA4 |
front 215 What feature can GA trigger? | back 215 stem elongation |
front 216 Plant with rossette habits posses limitations with what phytohormone? | back 216 Geberrellin |
front 217 Which plants posses the advantage of reducing leaf material such that allocated energy goes to the seed | back 217 Dwarf plants |
front 218 GA is known to do what to seed germination? | back 218 Stimulate |
front 219 ABA is known to do what to seed germination? | back 219 Inhibit |
front 220 Seeds from summer are more likely to be.. | back 220 Nondormant |
front 221 seeds from fall are more likely to be | back 221 dormant |
front 222 Hydrolytic Enzyme are described as? | back 222 Enzymes that cut |
front 223 Stress phytohormone | back 223 Abcisic Acid |
front 224 phytohormone that inhibits germination | back 224 ABA |
front 225 Most effective way to hold on to water in plants | back 225 Stomatal closure |
front 226 phytohormone triggering stomatal closure | back 226 ABA |
front 227 high amount of solutes attracting water in a plant gains.. | back 227 Turgor |
front 228 Tropic Resonse | back 228 Response to a stimulus that result in -differential growth. -directional growth. |
front 229 Nastic Respnse | back 229 -No differential growth -No growth at all -Water related -Not directional |
front 230 growing towards the stimulus (eg: light or gravity) | back 230 positive |
front 231 growing away from the stimulus | back 231 Negative |
front 232 What are the types of tropism? | back 232 Phototropism-light Gravitropism-Gravity Thigmotropism -touch |
front 233 Phototropism | back 233 Light response |
front 234 Gravitropism | back 234 Gravity response |
front 235 Thigmotropism | back 235 Touch response |
front 236 Auxin stimulates what? | back 236 Tropic responses |
front 237 is there destruction of Auxin by the presence of light? | back 237 No |
front 238 How does Auxin work? | back 238 Auxin moves to the shaded side of the plant to stimulate growth toward light |
front 239  What tropic response does this represent? | back 239 Gravitropism |
front 240  What tropic response does this represent? | back 240 Phototropism |
front 241 What part of the plant detects gravity? | back 241 rootcap |
front 242 Columella | back 242  cluster of cells within root cap |
front 243 Columella made of? | back 243 Statocytes |
front 244 Statocytes made of? | back 244 Statolith (Plastid) |
front 245 Statolith (Plastid) | back 245 Growth in direction they have moved |
front 246 Heliotropism | back 246 Moves with the sun |
front 247 Allurone | back 247 Giberralin stimulates hydrolitic enzymes here. |
front 248 High Auxin/Low Cytokinin | back 248 Stimulates Roots |
front 249 High Cytokinin/Low Cytokinin | back 249 Stimulates Stems |
front 250 What happens to a plant with an absence of Brassinosteriod? | back 250 it thinks it is always in the light |