front 1 The process of sperm production is known as what? | back 1 Spermatogenisis |
front 2 Spermatogenesis begins at the outermost layer in the ????? tubules and proceeds toward the ????. | back 2 Seminiferous lumen |
front 3 These stem cells divide by mitosis to produce two daughter cells. | back 3 Spermatogonia |
front 4 When spermatogonia divide to produce two daughter cells, what do the two daughter cells do? | back 4 one remains as a spermatogonium second differentiates into primary spermatocyte |
front 5 A primary spermatocyte begins meiosis and forms a what? | back 5 Secondary spermatocytes |
front 6 Secondary spermatocytes differentiate into what? | back 6 Spermatids |
front 7 Spermatids differentiate into what? | back 7 spermatozoa |
front 8 Spermatozoa lose contact with the wall of the ???? and enter fluid in the ????. | back 8 Seminiferous tubule Lumen |
front 9 The contents of the seminiferous tubules include what? | back 9 Spermatogonia Spermatocytes (at various stages of meiosis) Spermatids Spermatozoa Large nurse cells |
front 10 Spermatogenesis involves three integrated processes. List them. | back 10 1. Mitosis 2. Meiosis 3. Spermiogenesis |
front 11 At spermiation, a spermatozoon loses attachments to ???? and enters the ?????? of the seminiferous tubules | back 11 Nurse cells lumen |
front 12 Nurse cells, or sertoli cells, affect what? | back 12 Mitosis Meiosis Spermiogenesis |
front 13 Nurse cells have 6 major functions. what are the? | back 13 1. Maintain a blood-testes barrier 2. Support mitosis and meiosis 3. Support spermiogenesis 4. Secrete inhibin 5. Secrete ABP 6. Secrete MIF |
front 14 The anatomy of a spermatozoon is fairly simple. give the 4 parts. | back 14 Head Neck Middle piece Tail |
front 15 A mature spermatozoon lacks many organelles such as? | back 15 RER Golgi apparatus Lysosomes peroxisomes |
front 16 The loss of organelles in a mature spermatozoon results in what? | back 16 Reduces sperm size and mass |
front 17 Where do mature spermatozoon get their nutrients from? | back 17 Fructose from surrounding fluids |
front 18 The testes produce physically mature spermatozoa. Are these cells able to fertilize an oocyte? | back 18 No |
front 19 Other parts besides the testes play a role in sperm maturation. What kind of tasks do they preform? | back 19 functional maturation nourishment storage transport |
front 20 As sperm mature in the testes they detach from the ????? and become free in the lumen of the ??????. | back 20 Nurse cells seminiferous tubule |
front 21 While the sperm is in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules, they are incapable of locomotion. How are the then moved to the next location? | back 21 Moved by cilia lining the efferent ductules |
front 22 This is the first organ after the testes that is the start of the male reproductive tract. | back 22 Epididymis |
front 23 What are the three parts of the Epididymis? | back 23 The head The body The tail |
front 24 What is the function of the epididymis? | back 24 Monitors and adjusts fluid produced by seminiferous tubules recycles damaged spermatozoa Stores and protects spermatozoa |
front 25 Identify A | back 25 Body of the epididymis |
front 26 Identify B | back 26 Tail of the Epididymis |
front 27 Identify C | back 27 Head of the Epididymis |
front 28 Even though the spermatozoa that leave the epididymis are mature, they remain ?????. | back 28 Immobile |
front 29 To become motile, spermatozoa undergo what? | back 29 Capacitation |
front 30 What are the two steps in capacitation? | back 30 1. Spermatozoa become mobilized when mixed with secretions of seminal glands 2. Spermatozoa become capable of fertilization when exposed to female reproductive tract |
front 31 What is another name for the Vas Deferens? | back 31 Ductus Deferens |
front 32 The Vas deferens begins at the tail of the ???? and as a part of the spermatic cord, ascends through the ?????. | back 32 tail of the epididymis inguinal canal |
front 33 The vas deferens passes along what two glands that add to the sperm? | back 33 prostate gland seminal gland |
front 34 The lumen of the vas deferens larges into a what? | back 34 ampulla |
front 35 The wall of ampulla of the vas deferens contains a thick layer of what? | back 35 smooth muscle |
front 36 The ductus deferens is lined by what? | back 36 ciliated epithelium |
front 37 Spermatozoa and other fluids are propelled through the ductus deferens by what? | back 37 Peristaltic contractions |
front 38 The ductus deferens can store spermatozoa for several months in a state of what? | back 38 suspended animation (low metabolic rates) |
front 39 This is a short passageway at the junction of ampulla and the seminal gland duct. | back 39 The ejaculatory duct |
front 40 The ejaculatory duct penetrates the wall of what gland? | back 40 the prostate gland |
front 41 The urethra is used by what two systems? | back 41 Urinary and reproductives |
front 42 The urethra is divided into what three regions? | back 42 1. Prostatic 2. Membranous 3. Spongy |
front 43 List the three accessory gland to the male reproductive system. | back 43 1. Seminal glands 2. Prostate glands 3. Bulbo-urethral glands |
front 44 The male reproductive accessory glands have 4 main functions. what are they? | back 44 1. Activating spermatozoa 2. Providing nutrients 3. Propelling spermatozoa (mainly by peristaltic contractions) 4. Producing buffers |
front 45 The seminal glands produce what kind of secretions? | back 45 Very alkaline and makes up about 60% of semen volume |
front 46 The secretion produce by the seminal gland has 4 defining characteristics. what are they? | back 46 1. Rich in fructose 2. Contains Prostaglandin 3. Contains fibrinogen 4. Is alkaline |
front 47 Why is the fructose produce by the seminal gland important? | back 47 it gives the spermatozoa nutrients |
front 48 Why is the prostaglandin that is produced by the seminal gland important? | back 48 It increases smooth muscle contractions |
front 49 Why is the fibrinogen produced the seminal gland important? | back 49 It forms a temporary clot in the vagina |
front 50 Why is the alkaline produced by the seminal gland important? | back 50 to neutralize acids from the prostate gland and vagina |
front 51 The first step in capacitation is initiated by what? | back 51 seminal fluid |
front 52 This gland is a small, muscular organ that encircles the proximal portion of the urethra found below the urinary bladder. | back 52 The prostate gland |
front 53 Prostatic fluid, in terms of pH, is very what? | back 53 Acidic |
front 54 Prostatic fluid has what effect on sperm? | back 54 Helps to activate them |
front 55 Prostatic fluid contains an antibiotic known as what? | back 55 Seminalplasmin |
front 56 What is another name for the Bulbo-urethral gland? | back 56 Cowpers gland |
front 57 The bulbo-urethral gland secretes what? | back 57 Thick, alkaline mucus |
front 58 What is the function of the secretions of the bulbo-urethral gland? | back 58 Helps to neutralize acids in urethra lubricates the glans (penis tip) |
front 59 The typical amount of semen ejaculated is what? | back 59 2-5 mL |
front 60 What is the normal range of spermatozoa that is ejaculated | back 60 20-100 Million/mL |
front 61 This is the volume of fluid produced by ejaculation | back 61 Ejaculate |
front 62 The ejaculate contains what three things? | back 62 1. Spermatozoa 2. Seminal fluid 3. Enzymes |
front 63 What is the main external male genitalia and what is its function? | back 63 Penis introduces semen into females vagina |
front 64 These hormones that are released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland play a part in male reproduction. | back 64 FSH LH |
front 65 FSH and LH are released in response to what other hormone? | back 65 GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) |
front 66 GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) is synthesized where? | back 66 In the hypothalamus |
front 67 GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) is carried to the pituitary by what? | back 67 hypophyseal portal system |
front 68 GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) is secreted in pulses at ????? minute intervals. | back 68 60-90 |
front 69 GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) controls the rate of secretion of what two hormones? | back 69 FSH and LH |
front 70 LH stimulates the release of what hormone? | back 70 testosterone |
front 71 FSH and testosterone target what cells of the seminiferous tubules? | back 71 The nurse cells |
front 72 Nurse cells promote what two things? | back 72 Spermatogenesis Spermiogenesis |
front 73 Nurse cells secrete what? | back 73 androgen-binding protein (ABP) |
front 74 Spermatogenesis is regulated by what three things? | back 74 GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) FSH inhibin |
front 75 As spermatogenesis accelerates, inhibin secretion does what? | back 75 Increases |
front 76 Inhibin does what two things? | back 76 inhibits FSH production in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland Suppresses secretion of GnRH at the hypothalamus |
front 77 When FSH levels goes up, what happens to inhibin production? | back 77 An increase of inhibin production |
front 78 If FSH levels decline, what happens to inhibin production? | back 78 Inhibin production falls |
front 79 LH targets what cells of what organs? | back 79 Interstitial cells of the testes |
front 80 LH induces the secretion of what hormone? | back 80 testosterone and other androgens |
front 81 What is the most important androgen hormone? | back 81 Testosteron |
front 82 This testosterone stimulates what? | back 82 Spermatogenesis |
front 83 What affect does testosterone on CNS functions? | back 83 Increases libido and related behaviors |
front 84 What effect does testosterone have on the metabolism? | back 84 stimulates metabolism especially protein synthesis stimulates blood cell formation and muscle growth |
front 85 What kind of secondary sex characteristics are started by testosterone? | back 85 Distribution of facial hair Increased muscle mass and body size Characteristic adipose tissue deposits |
front 86 Around what week of fetal development does the production of testosterone develop and when does it reach prenatal peak? | back 86 around the 7th week 6 months |
front 87 The secretion of this factor by nurse cells leads to regression of what ducts? | back 87 Mullerian-inhibiting factor Mullerian ducts |
front 88 An early surge in testosterone levels stimulates differentiation of ??????? system and ????? and affects ????? development. | back 88 male duct accessory organs CNS |
front 89 Testosterone programs hypothalamic centers that control what three things? | back 89 1. GnRH, FSH, and LH 2. Sexual behaviors 3. Sexual drive |
front 90 This hormone is produced in relatively small amounts, 70% is converted from circulating testosterone and the other 30% is secreted by interstitial nurse cells. | back 90 Estridol |