front 1 The endocrine system regulates long term processes such as what? | back 1 Growth Development Reproduction |
front 2 What does the endocrine system use to relay information between cells? | back 2 Chemical messengers called hormones |
front 3 The exchange of ions and molecules between adjacent cells across gap junctions that occurs between two cells of the same type is known as what? | back 3 Direct communication |
front 4 This uses chemical signals to transfer information from cell to cell within a single tissue and is the most common form of intracellular communication. | back 4 Paracrine Coimmunication |
front 5 This is when endocrine cells release hormones into the bloodstream and alters metabolic activities of many tissues and organs simultaneously. | back 5 Endocrine Communication |
front 6 These are specific cells that possess receptors needed to bind and read hormonal signals. | back 6 Target cells |
front 7 These stimulates synthesis of enzymes or structural proteins, can increase or decrease rate of synthesis, or turn existing enzyme or membrane channel "on" or "off". | back 7 Hormones |
front 8 This is ideal for crisis management, occurs across synaptic clefts, chemical message is "neurotransmitter" and is limited to a very specific area. | back 8 Synaptic communication |
front 9 What are the three classes of hormones? | back 9 Amino acid derivatives Peptide hormones Lipid derivatives |
front 10 What are the two ways that hormones travel in the body? | back 10 they can circulate freely or travel bound to special carrier proteins |
front 11 These are small molecules structurally related to amino acids and are derivatives of tyrosine. | back 11 Amino Acid Derivatives |
front 12 Give examples of amino acid derivatives. | back 12 Epinephrine Norepinephrine Dopamine Serotonin Melatonin |
front 13 These are a chains of amino acids and most are synthesized as prohormones. | back 13 Peptide Hormones |
front 14 These proteins are more than 200 amino acids long and have carbohydrates side chains. | back 14 Glycoproteins |
front 15 Give an example of short chain polypeptides. | back 15 ADH (antidiuretic hormone) OXT (oxytocin) each 9 amino acids long |
front 16 Give an example of peptide hormones with small proteins. | back 16 GH (growth hormone) - 191 amino acids PRL (prolactin) - 196 amino acids |
front 17 What glands secret short chain polypeptides and small proteins? | back 17 Hypothalamus thymus heart GI tract others |
front 18 These are steroid hormones derived from cholesterol. | back 18 Lipid derivatives |
front 19 Lipid derivatives are released by what? | back 19 reproductive organs cortex of adrenal glands kidneys |
front 20 Why do circulating steroid hormones remain in circulation longer than secreted peptide hormones? | back 20 they are bound to specific transport proteins in the plasma |
front 21 What kind of hormones remain functional for less than 1 hr? | back 21 Free Hormones |
front 22 Free hormones are broken down and absorbed by cells of the what? | back 22 Liver or Kidneys Enzymes in plasma or interstitial fluids |
front 23 Why do thyroid and steroid hormones remain in circulation for so long? | back 23 Because they are bound` |
front 24 The thyroid and steroid hormones, upon entering the bloodstream, become attached to what? | back 24 Transport Protiens |
front 25 The blood stream contains substantial reserves of bound what? | back 25 Hormones |
front 26 This is a protein molecule to which a particular molecule binds strongly and responds to several different hormones. | back 26 Hormone Receptors |
front 27 In regards to hormone receptors, different tissues have different combinations of what? | back 27 Receptors |
front 28 In regards to hormone receptors, presence or absence of specific receptor determines what? | back 28 Hormonal sensitivity |
front 29 These kinds of hormone are NOT lipid soluble and unable to penetrate plasma membranes. Rather, they bind to receptor proteins at outer surface of plasma membrane. | back 29 Catecholamines and Peptide Hormones |
front 30 These hormones ARE lipid soluble and diffuse across the plasma membrane to reach receptor proteins. | back 30 Eicosanoids |
front 31 What are the rules with first and second messengers? | back 31 bind to receptors in plasma membrane cannot have direct effect on activities inside target cell use intracellular intermediary to exert effects. |
front 32 The first messenger leads to the second messenger. The first messenger may act as an enzyme what? | back 32 Activator inhibitor cofactor |
front 33 The first messenger results in change in rates of what? | back 33 metabolic reactions |
front 34 Give three examples of important Second Messengers. | back 34 Cyclic - AMP (cAMP) Cyclic - GMP (cGMP) Calcium ions |
front 35 Cyclic - AMP (cAMP) is a derivite of what? | back 35 ATP |
front 36 Cyclic - GMP (cGMP) is a derivative of what? | back 36 GTP |
front 37 This is the binding of a small number of hormone molecules to membrane receptors and leads to thousands of second messenger cells. | back 37 The process of Amplification |
front 38 The process of amplification magnifies effects of hormone on what? | back 38 Target Cell |
front 39 The presence of a hormone triggers a decrease in the number of hormone receptors. | back 39 Down-regulation |
front 40 In down-regulation, when levels of particular hormones are high, cells become more or less sensitive to it? | back 40 Less |
front 41 The absence of a hormone trigger increases in number of hormone receptors. This is known as? | back 41 Up- regulation |
front 42 In up-regulation, when levels of particular hormones are low, cells become more or less sensitive to it? | back 42 More |
front 43 This enzyme complex couples to a membrane receptor and is involved in the ling between the firs messenger and second messenger. | back 43 G Protien |
front 44 Adenylate cyclase is activated when hormones bind to receptor at membrane surfaces and what else happens? | back 44 Changes concentration of second messenger cyclic - AMP within the cell |
front 45 Opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane, release of calcium ions from intracellular stores are triggered by what? | back 45 Activated G proteins |
front 46 The building bricks of a peptide bond are what? | back 46 Amino acids |
front 47 Hormones and intracellular receptors alter the rate of DNA what in the nucleus? | back 47 Transcription |
front 48 How is it possible for the hormones and intracellular receptors to change the rate of DNA transcription in the nucleus? | back 48 Changes the patterns of proteins synthesis |
front 49 Hormones directly affect what part of the target cell? | back 49 Metabolic activity and structure |
front 50 These are a functional counterpart of neural reflexes, and in most cases controlled by negative feedback. | back 50 Endocrine Reflexes |
front 51 Endocrine Reflexes can be triggered in what three ways? | back 51 Humoral stimuli Hormonal stimuli Neural stimuli |
front 52 What is humoral stimuli? | back 52 Changes in composition of extracellular fluid. |
front 53 What is a hormonal stimuli? | back 53 Arrival or removal of specific hormone |
front 54 What is neural stimuili? | back 54 arrival of neurotransmitters at neuroglandular junctions |
front 55 This kind of endocrine reflex involves only one hormone and controls hormone secretion by the heart, pancreas, parathyroid gland, and digestive tract. | back 55 Simple Endocrine Reflex |
front 56 This kind of endocrine reflex involves one or more intermediary steps and has two or more hormones. | back 56 Complex Endocrine Reflex |
front 57 This gland provides the highest level of endocrine control. | back 57 They hypothalamus |
front 58 Reflexes that have pathways that include both neural and endocrine components are known as what? | back 58 Neuroendocrine Reflexes |
front 59 Complex commands are issued by changing what two things?q | back 59 The amount of hormones secreted and the pattern of hormones release |
front 60 What two hormones tend to be released in sudden bursts? | back 60 Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones |