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BIO 202 Unit 2 Test Review

front 1

Stimuli for breathing

back 1

  • Rising CO2 levels
  • Arterial Po2 below 60 mm Hg
  • Arterial pH resulting from CO2 retention

front 2

Plasma cells release antibodies that play a role in..

back 2

  • Humoral immunity
  • Immediate hypersensitivity reactions
  • Autoimmune disorders

front 3

Functions of the inflammatory process

back 3

  • Prevents spread of injurious agent to nearby tissue
  • Disposes of cellular debris and pathogens
  • Sets the stage for the repair process

front 4

What happens when lymph structures in a limb are blocked by a tumor?

back 4

Severe localized edema distal to the blockage

front 5

Lymphocytes become immunocompetent due to what?

back 5

Thymic hormone, secreted by the thyroid gland

front 6

Events needed to supply body with O2 and dispose of CO2

back 6

Internal and external respiration and pulmonary ventilation

front 7

What is an antigen?

back 7

  • Substances that can mobilize the adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response
  • Ultimate targets of all immune responses

front 8

Examples of a delayed hypersensitivity reaction

back 8

  • Allergic contact dermatitis
  • Skin test for TB

front 9

What are Natural Killer (NK) cells?

back 9

  • Police body, blood and lymph
  • are a unique group of defensive cells that can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells before the adaptive immune system is activated
  • Sometimes called the “pit bulls” of the defense system, NK cells are part of a small group of large granular lymphocytes.
  • Not specific and not phagocytic

front 10

What is required for T cell activation?

back 10

Signal 1: TCR:MHC

Signal 2: CD28:CD80/86

front 11

What is chemotaxis?

back 11

  • Chemical trail of molecules released by damaged cells or other leukocytes
  • Pinpoint areas of tissue damage and infection and gather there in large numbers to destroy foreign substances and dead cells

front 12

What type of cells secrete surfactant?

back 12

Type II alveolar cells

front 13

What determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

back 13

Partial pressure gradient

front 14

What is a sentinel node?

back 14

The first node to receive lymph from an area suspected to be cancerous

front 15

Types of T Cells

back 15

  • Cytotoxic T Cell: The only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells
  • Helper T Cell: Play a central role in adaptive immunity, mobilizing both its humoral and cellular arms
  • Regulatory T Cell: dampen the immune response, they act either by direct contact or by releasing inhibitory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β, important in preventing autoimmune diseases

front 16

What is involved in lymph transport?

back 16

Lymph transport depends on the movement of adjacent tissues, such as skeletal muscles

front 17

What is the respiratory rate in newborns?

back 17

40 - 80 respirations per minute

front 18

What type of cells are capable of killing both cancer and viral cells?

back 18

NK cells

front 19

What role do interferons play against disease?

back 19

Protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses

front 20

What is vasodilation?

back 20

Redness and heat of an inflamed area due to a local hyperemia

front 21

What is Boyle's Law?

back 21

The pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to the volume of its container. Increase the volume, pressure decreases. Decrease the volume, pressure increases.

front 22

What are some functions of the nose?

back 22

  • provides an airway for respiration
  • moistens & warms entering air filters
  • cleans inspired air
  • serves as a resonating chamber for speech
  • houses the olfactory receptors

front 23

What is Tidal Volume?

back 23

Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions (500ml)

front 24

Where are the tonsils located?

back 24

Found at the entrance to the pharynx

front 25

Most inspired particles never reach the lungs due to what?

back 25

Ciliated mucous lining in the nose

front 26

Which cell is most critical in our immunity?

back 26

Helper T Cell

front 27

What primarily makes up lymph tissue?

back 27

Reticular connective tissue

front 28

What is intrapulmonary pressure?

back 28

Pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

front 29

Where do you find Peyer's patches?

back 29

The distal portion of the small intestine contains clumps of lymph follicles

front 30

What are some causes of hypoxia?

back 30

  • Too little oxygen in the air
  • Too few RBCs (anemic hypoxia)
  • Blocked Blood Circulation (stagnant hypoxia)

front 31

What is the most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing?

back 31

Increase of CO2

front 32

Some facts about phagocytes

back 32

  • Neutrophils are most abundant, become phagocytic on encountering infectious material in tissue
  • Macrophages (big eaters) derive from monocytes that leave blood stream, enter tissues, eat cellular debris and foreign invaders

front 33

What are haptens?

back 33

Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances

front 34

Normal components of lymph

back 34

Water, plasma, ions

front 35

Where are the lingual tonsils?

back 35

Base of the tongue

front 36

What is Vital Capacity?

back 36

The total amount of exchangeable air, it's what you have control over. Tidal volume plus Inspiratory reserve volume plus Expiratory reserve volume. TV t IRV t ERV which equals 4800 ml.

front 37

What cells release cytokines in order to mobilize immune cells?

back 37

Activated T cells and macrophages to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area

front 38

What interferes with viral replication within cells?

back 38

Interferons

front 39

What is opsonization?

back 39

Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism

front 40

Where are respiratory control centers located?

back 40

Medulla and pons

front 41

Why do RBCs increase temporarily when moving to a higher altitude?

back 41

Any prolonged period of oxygen deprivation will result in a higher RBC count

front 42

Complement Activation Pathways

back 42

Classical pathway: Activated by antibodies coating target cell

Lectin pathway: Activated by lectins binding to specific sugars on microorganism's surface

Alternative pathway: Activated spontaneously, lack of inhibitors on microorganism's surface allows process to proceed

front 43

Where are lymph capillaries found?

back 43

Digestive organs

front 44

Which cells may prevent autoimmune reactions?

back 44

Regulatory T cells

front 45

Air moves in and out of lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is what?

back 45

Greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

front 46

What are bubos?

back 46

Infected lymph nodes

front 47

Characteristics of Adaptive Immune System

back 47

  • Antigen-specific
  • Systemic
  • It has memory

front 48

What determines lung compliance?

back 48

Alveolar surface tension

front 49

What are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells?

back 49

Cytotoxic T Cells

front 50

How are O2 and CO2 exchanged in the lungs?

back 50

Diffusion through cell membranes

front 51

IgG passing from mother to fetus is what type of immunity?

back 51

Naturally acquired passive immunity

front 52

What makes the thymus different from all other lymphoid organs?

back 52

All, except the Thymus, are composed of reticular connective tissue.

front 53

How do antibodies work?

back 53

  • Neutralize antigen
  • Enhance phagocytosis
  • Agglutination and precipitating antigen

front 54

The respiratory membrane should be how thick?

back 54

0.5 to 1 micrometer thick

front 55

What is immunocompetence?

back 55

The ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it

front 56

What methods help maintain lymph flow?

back 56

  • Skeletal muscle contraction
  • Breathing
  • Valves in lymph vessel walls

front 57

Where do B cells develop their immunocompetence?

back 57

Bone marrow

front 58

Structures associated with MALT

back 58

  • Appendix,
  • Tonsils
  • Peyer's patches

front 59

Four Types of Tissue Grafts

back 59

  • Autograft: Taken from the patient
  • Xenograft: Taken from another animal species
  • Allograft: Taken from individuals who are not genetically identical but belong to the same species
  • Isograft: Taken from someone genetically identical to the patient (identical twin)

front 60

What is the main site of gas exchange?

back 60

Respiratory zone - respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, & alveoli

front 61

Functions of lymph nodes

back 61

Filtering and protection

front 62

Forms of lung cancer

back 62

  • Adenocarcinoma
  • Small cell carcinoma
  • Squamous cell carcinoma

front 63

Functions of lymph nodes

back 63

  • Act as lymph filters and activate the immune system
  • Produce lymphoid cells and granular WBCs
  • Serve as antigen surveillance areas

front 64

Examples of digestive tract lymph tissue

back 64

  • Peyer's patches
  • Palatine tonsils
  • Lingual tonsils

front 65

What is Inspiratory Capacity?

back 65

The total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration

front 66

When is the thymus most active?

back 66

Childhood

front 67

Functions of lymph system

back 67

  • Draining excess interstitial fluid
  • Carrying out immune responses
  • Transporting dietary fats

front 68

Helper T Cells are part of what system?

back 68

Immune System

front 69

Where is thyroid cartilage found?

back 69

Attached to the hyoid bone

front 70

In the fetus, where does respiratory exchange take place?

back 70

Respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta.

front 71

What is involved in phagocyte mobilization?

back 71

Mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas

front 72

The predominate cell at sites of chronic infections

back 72

Macrophages

front 73

What areas does the right lymphatic duct drain?

back 73

  • Right upper arm
  • Right side of the head
  • And the throrax

front 74

What is Inspiratory Reserve?

back 74

After a normal inhalation, if you force in air ( suck in air), that is the inspiratory reserve volume which is about 3100 ml.

front 75

Actions of T and B Cells

back 75

T cells and B cells become fully immunocompetent when they bind with recognized antigens

front 76

Where does the auditory tube drain into?

back 76

Nasopharynx

front 77

Functions of the spleen

back 77

  • Removal of old or defective blood cells from the blood
  • Storage of blood platelets
  • Storage of iron

front 78

What is responsible for determining which cells will be cloned?

back 78

Antigens

front 79

Large clusters of lymph nodes are found where?

back 79

  • Inguinal region
  • Cervical region
  • Axillary region

front 80

Therapeutic management of an anaphylactic reaction

back 80

Therapeutic management includes speed in recognition of signs and symptoms of an anaphylactic reaction because death can occur within minutes. Maintaining an open airway is critical, because the bronchioles constrict, making it difficult to breathe.

front 81

Why is the prognosis of cancer best when there has been no metastasis?

back 81

The lymphatic system consists of a meandering network of lymphatic vessels. Cancer cells that break free from the primary tumor can metastasize via the lymph system.