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82 notecards = 21 pages (4 cards per page)

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Chapter 1: The Human Body

front 1

Anatomy and physiology are absolutely interrelated subjects in which...

back 1

Structures at all levels are defined and also used to understand the dynamic function of a living organism

front 2

Specialized systems within the body support each other’s operation so that...

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Complex responses are possible to a myriad of changing environmental conditions

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The skin provides protection and vitamin D for the skeletal system, which in turn...

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Provides structural support, calcium storage, and blood cells for the skin

front 4

The definition of anatomy

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The study of structure and the relationships among structures

front 5

Subdivisions of anatomy

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Surface anatomy, gross anatomy, systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, radiographic anatomy, developmental anatomy, embryology, cytology, and pathological anatomy

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The definition of physiology

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The study of how body structures function

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Subdivisions of physiology

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Cell physiology, systems physiology, pathophysiology, exercise physiology, neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiovascular physiology, immunophysiology, respiratory physiology, renal physiology, and reproductive physiology

front 8

The human body consist of these several levels of structural organizations

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Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems, and Organism

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Cells

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Basic structural and functional units of a living organism

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Tissues

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Groups of similarly specialized cells and the substance surrounding them that usually arise from a common ancestor and perform certain special functions

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Organs

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Structures of definite form that are composed of two or more different tissues and have specific functions

front 12

Systems

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Associations of organs that have a common function

front 13

Human Organism

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Collection of structurally and functionally integrated systems

front 14

The systems of the human body

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Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive

front 15

Life processes in humans

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Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction

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Metabolism

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Sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body, including catabolism and anabolism

Ex. Blood work

front 17

Responsiveness

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Ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment

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Movement

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Motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or even organelles inside cells

front 19

Growth

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Increase in size and complexity, due to an increase in the number of cells, size of cells, or both

front 20

Differentiation

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Change in a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state

Ex. Cells come of of mitosis and do what they are specialized to do depending on the type of DNA

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Reproduction

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The formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement (Mitosis), or to the production of a new individual

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The definition of homeostasis

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Condition in which the body's internal environment remains within certain physiological limits

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Fluid outside body cells

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Extracellular fluid (ECF)

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Extracellular fluid (EFC) is found in

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Filling the narrow spaces between cells or in blood/lymphatic vessels

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Extracellular fluid (ECF) filling the narrow spaces between cells of tissue

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Interstitial fluid, intercellular fluid, or tissue fluid

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Extracellular fluid (ECF) in blood vessels

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Plasma

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Extracellular fluid (ECF) in lymphatic vessels

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Lymph

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Fluid within cells

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Intracellular fluid (ICF)

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Because extracellular fluid (ECF) is in constant motion throughout the body and also surrounds all body cells

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Body's internal environment

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An organism is said to be in homeostasis when its internal environment:

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Contains the optimum concentration of gases, nutrients, ions, and water; has an optimal temperature (100.4 oF), and has an optimal volume for the health of the cells

front 31

Stress

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Any external or internal stimulus that creates and imbalance in the internal environment

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If a stress acts on the body, homeostatic mechanisms attempt to

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Counteract the effects of the stress and bring the condition back to normal

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Homeostasis is regulated by

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The nervous and endocrine systems acting together or independently

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In order to regulate homeostasis, the nervous system

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Detects body changes and sends nerve impulses to counteract the stress

front 35

In order to regulate homeostasis, the endocrine system

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Secretes hormones

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Nerve impulses cause _____ changes, while hormones work more _____.

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Rapid; Slowly

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Feedback system (loop)

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A cycle of events in which information about the status of a condition is continually monitored and fed back (reported) to a central control region

front 38

Any stress that changes a controlled condition

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Stimulus

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Three basic components in a feedback system

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Control center, receptor, and effector

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Control center

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Determines that point at which a controlled condition should be maintained

front 41

Receptor

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Monitors changes in the controlled condition and then sends the information, called the input, to the control center

front 42

Effector

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Receives information, called the output, from the control center and produces a response (effect)

Will always include muscle response

front 43

If a response reverses the original stimulus; Maintain conditions that require frequent monitoring and adjustment within physiological limits

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The definition of negative feedback system (loop)

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If a response enhances the original stimulus; Regulate conditions that do not occur often and do not require continual fine-tuning

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The definition of positive feedback system (loop)

front 45

Example of negative feedback

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Homeostasis of Blood Pressure

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Example of positive feedback

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Labor contractions

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Disruptions of homeostasis can lead to

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Disease or death

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Disease

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Any change from a state of health, characterized by symptom or sign

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Local disease

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One that affects one part or a limited area of the body

front 50

Systemic disease

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Affects either the entire body or several parts of the body

front 51

Symptoms

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Subjective changes in the body functions that are not apparent to an observer

front 52

Signs

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Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure

front 53

Examples of symptoms

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Pain, nausea, sensitivity, dizziness, weakness

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Examples of signs

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Discoloration, O2, HR, BP, fever, rash

front 55

Diagnosis

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Art of distinguishing one disease from another or determining the nature of a disease generally after taking of a medical history and the administration of a physical examination

front 56

Use of anatomical position

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Standardized method of observing or imagining the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references

front 57

Description of anatomical postition

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The subject stands erect facing the observer, the upper extremities are places at the sides, the palms of the hands are turned forward, and the feet are flat on the floor

front 58

Regional names

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Terms given to specific regions of the body for reference

front 59

Examples of regional names

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Cranial (skull), thoracic (chest), bracial ( arm), patellar (knee), cephalic (head) and gluteal (buttock)

front 60

Directional terms

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Used to precisely locate one part of the body relative to another and to reduce length of explanations

front 61

Examples of directional terms

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Dorsal, superior, inferior, medial, and distal

front 62

Planes

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Imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body or organs into definite areas

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Principal planes

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Midsagittal (median) and parasagittal, frontal (coronal), and transverse (cross-sectional or horizontal)

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Sections

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Flat surfaces resulting from cuts through body structures; named according to the plane on which the cut is made

front 65

Body cavities

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Spaces in the body that contain internal organs

6 ventral. 2 dorsal.

front 66

Body cavities are separated by these structures

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Muscles, bones, or ligaments

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The two principal body cavities

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Dorsal and central cavities

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Dorsal cavity is subdivided into

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The cranial cavity and the vertebral canal

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Cranial cavity contains

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The brain

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Vertebral canal contains

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The spinal cord and beginnings of spinal nerves

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The ventral cavity is subdivided by

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The diaphragm into an upper thoracic cavity and a lower abdominopelvic cavity

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Thoracic cavity contains

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Two pleural cavities and the mediastinum, which includes the pericardial cavity

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Pleural cavities _____ the lungs, while pericardial cavity _____ the heart

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Enclose; surround

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Pleural and pericardual cavities are lined by

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Serous membranes

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Mediastinum

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Broad, median partition between the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and contains all contents of the thoracic cavity except the lungs

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Abdominopelvic cavity

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Divided into a superior abdominal and an inferior pelvic cavity

front 77

Viscera of the abdominal cavity include

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Stomach, spleen, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine

front 78

Viscera of the pelvic cavity include

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Urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal female and male reproductive structures

front 79

The abdominopelvic cavity may divided into _____ regions by drawing ____ imaginary lines

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Nine; four

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The abdominopelvic cavity may be divided into _____ by passing imaginary horizontal and vertical lines through the umbilicus

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Quadrants

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Medical imaging

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Essentional for diagnosis of many disorders

front 82

Commonly used medical imaging techniques

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Conventional radiography, computer tomography (CT) scanning, dynamic spatial reconstruction (DSR), digital subtraction angiography (DSA), fluoroscopy, positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound (US)