front 1 Structural Functional Paradigm | back 1 The theoretical paradigm in sociology that assumes society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote stability |
front 2 Anomie | back 2 During the stock market crash of 1929 and the depression that followed many people lost their jobs and their life savings; their everyday lives were in turmoil. These individuals were likely to suffer: |
front 3 Values | back 3 Collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable, and proper are |
front 4 Variable | back 4 A measurable trait that is subject to change under different conditions |
front 5 Hawthorne Effect | back 5 A sociologist decides to study the interactions among college students in a school's computer center to see whether sharing of technical information encourages new social relationships to develop. However, the students realize that they are under observation and become much shyer than they normally would be is an example of |
front 6 Conflict Perspective | back 6 Alvin Gouldner has suggested that sociologists may use objectivity as a sacred justification for remaining uncritical of existing institutions and centers of power. |
front 7 Mechanical Solidarity | back 7 According to Durkheim, the shared consciousness that people experience as a result of performing the same or similar tasks is called: |
front 8 Impression Management | back 8 Goffman's term for the ways in which individuals, in various settings, attempt to control how others perceive them. |
front 9 The Peter Principle | back 9 The notion that every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence |
front 10 Sensorimotor Stage | back 10 A child spends a lot of time putting objects into his mouth and touching everything in sight. |
front 11 Social Structure | back 11 The way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships. |
front 12 Interactionists Perspective | back 12 The size and shape of a room, the type of chairs that are used, and the shape of a table may influence a small group's performance. |
front 13 Looking Glass Self | back 13 The term Charles Horton Cooley coined to describe the process by which we develop a sense of self |
front 14 Reference Group | back 14 A college law enforcement major watches the behavior of television police detectives with great admiration and wants to emulate their behavior, these detectives should be considered: |
front 15 Ideal Type | back 15 A construct or model that serves as a measuring rod against which specific cases can be evaluated |
front 16 Thomas Theorem | back 16 "If you define a situation as real. it is real in its consequences." If you believe you'll do bad, you probably will. |
front 17 Gemeinschaft | back 17 Tunnies- community, small, rural, primary, homogenous, ascribed. |
front 18 Degradation Ceremony | back 18 When someone has to go through something to be somewhere else. A soldiers head being shaved, him being stripped of normal clothes and then given a uniform. |
front 19 Five Characteristics of Bureaucracy | back 19 Division of labor, hierarchy of authority, written rules and regulations, impersonality, employment based on technical qualifications. |
front 20 Attitude is to Behavior | back 20 as prejudice is to discrimination |
front 21 Functionalist Perspective | back 21 Most likely suggest that multinational corporations help create social stability within a society by creating jobs and global enterprise. |
front 22 Segregation | back 22 The intergroup strategy that involves separating minority groups from dominant groups so that minimal contact occurs between them. |
front 23 Scapegoat | back 23 Refers to racial, ethnic, or religious minority that a member of the dominant group uses to blame for their failure to achieve desired goals. |
front 24 The Means of Production | back 24 Marx believed that social class depends on this: |
front 25 Deviance | back 25 a behavior that violates the standards or expectations of a group or society |
front 26 Ritualists | back 26 In strain theory, Merton terms people who overzealously and cruelly enforce bureaucratic regulations |
front 27 Institutional Discrimination | back 27 "Patterns of discrimination that are woven into the fabric of society." |
front 28 The Proletariat | back 28 Karl Marx called those who work in the factories and other productive enterprises: |
front 29 Labeling Theory stresses: | back 29 relativity of deviance because the same act can be either deviant or not |
front 30 Feminization of Poverty | back 30 the term that refers to a trend in U.S. poverty whereby most poor families are headed by women |
front 31 Social Control Theory | back 31 Developed by sociologist Travis Hirschi to emphasize that we are bonded to our family members, friends, and peers in a way that leads us to follow the mores and folkways of our society, while giving little conscious thought whether we will be sanctioned if we fail to conform. |
front 32 Colonialism | back 32 At one point, the British empire controlled much of North America, including what is now the U.S. is an example of: |
front 33 Conflict Perspective | back 33 Viewing the global economic system as divided between nations who control wealth and those from whom capital is taken, sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein draws on: |
front 34 Industrial Revolution | back 34 Extreme inequality of resources in the world was initiated by: |
front 35 Colonialism | back 35 The continuing economic dependence of former colonies on foreign countries is called: |
front 36 Periphery | back 36 According to world systems analysis, poor and developing nations are on the: |
front 37 Stratification: | back 37 used by sociologists to refer to a structured ranking of groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in society. |
front 38 Caste System | back 38 Some sociologists have suggested that in the southern US in the pre-civil rights era, an African-American individual was born into a status that would always be subordinate to the status of all of the white members of the community is an example of: |
front 39 Status | back 39 The ability to exercise one's will over others. |
front 40 Conflict Perspective | back 40 argues that competition for scarce resources results in significant political, economic, and social inequality. |
front 41 Informal Social Control | back 41 a college student interrupts the instructor during a seminar; the instructor responds with an angry glare. This is an example of: |
front 42 Anomie | back 42 used in the sociological literature to describe a loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective |
front 43 Conformity | back 43 the most common and non-deviant adaptation in Robert Merton's anomie theory of deviance |
front 44 William I. Thomas | back 44 sociologist observed that people respond not only to the objective features of a situation or person but also to the meaning that situation or person has for them. |
front 45 Ethnocentrsim | back 45 Joe grew up in an Italian household in an Italian community in New Jersey. He believes that the traditional Italian celebration of Easter, which includes a large number of family members and mountains of food consumed during a long dinner, is the best way to celebrate this holiday. |
front 46 The Contact Hypothesis | back 46 A colombain woman and an Italian man, working together as members of a construction crew, overcome their initial prejudices and come to appreciate each others talents and strengths is an example of: |
front 47 The glass Ceiling | back 47 an invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individuals gender, race, or ethnicity |
front 48 Functionalists Perspective | back 48 stresses that the teachings of religion help people adjust to lifes problems and provide guidelines for daily life |
front 49 Medicalization of Society | back 49 refers to the growing role of medicine as a major institution of social control |
front 50 Holistic | back 50 type of medicine refers to therapies in which the health care practitioner considers the persons physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual characteristics. |
front 51 Social Intergration | back 51 function performed by American schools stresses making students similar in their speech, appearance, and ways of thinking |
front 52 the Protestant ethic | back 52 Weber called the self-denying approach to life practiced by members of various religions |
front 53 The hidden curriculum | back 53 the process of determining which people will enter what occupations through tracking and placing select students in ability groups and advanced classes |
front 54 cult | back 54 another term for religion |
front 55 The medicalization of society | back 55 the growing role of medicine as a major institution of social control |
front 56 Human Ecology | back 56 area of study is concerned with the interrelationships among people in their spatial setting and physical environment. |
front 57 Manifest Functions | back 57 giving meaning to the divine and defining the spiritual world are part of religions: |
front 58 Tracking | back 58 system used in schools to sort students into different educational programs on the basis of their perceived abilities |
front 59 Ecclesia | back 59 a religious organization that is recognized as the national or official religion is known as: |
front 60 Matrix of domination | back 60 refers to the convergance of social forces that contributes to the subordinate status of poor non-White women |
front 61 Instrumentality | back 61 used by Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales to refer to an emphasis on tasks, a focus on more distant goals, and a concern for the external relationship between one's family and other social institutions. |
front 62 Assimilation refers to the pattern by which: | back 62 minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant category |
front 63 Modernization Theory | back 63 global stratification theory views the economic development of countries as stemming from technological change and will gradually improve the lives of those in developing countries. |
front 64 Gross National Income | back 64 the total output of goods and services produced by residents of a country each year plus the income from nonresident sources, divided by the size of the population |
front 65 Neocolonialism | back 65 the practice by industrialized nations of controlling the least industrialized nations through debts owed to the most industrialized nations but not through direct political involvement |
front 66 Exchange Mobility | back 66 the upward or downward movement in social class by family members from one generation to the next |
front 67 Structural Mobility | back 67 changes in society that cause large numbers of people to move up or down in a class ladder |
front 68 Deviance refers to: | back 68 crime |
front 69 Master Status | back 69 Madeleines position as president of the local university overshadows her work as a wife, mother, and volunteer for the salvation army. The university president is her? |
front 70 Hunting and Gathering society | back 70 a preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available in order to live |
front 71 Mechanical solidarity | back 71 According to Durkheim, the shared consciousness that people experience as a result of performing the same or similar tasks |
front 72 Social Institutions | back 72 used to refer to organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs. |
front 73 Socialization | back 73 lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture |
front 74 Impression Management | back 74 Bob is on his first with Mary, whom he really likes. He tries to act in the manner that will cause her to like him, too and to want to go out with him again. This is an example of: |
front 75 Culture | back 75 used to describe the language, beliefs, values, norms, behavior, and material objects shared by members of society that are also passed from one generation to the next |
front 76 Culture Shock | back 76 feelings of disorientation and confusion when encountering values, behaviors, and expectations totally different from those to which one is accustomed. |
front 77 Cultural relativism | back 77 Marshall is exploring how the various aspects of the Lenape Culture fit together, including their religion, family values, agricultural efforts, and customs, without judging those elements as being inferior of superior to modern Western ways |
front 78 Language | back 78 system of symbols that can be strung together in an infinite number of ways for the purpose of communicating abstract thoughts |
front 79 the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis | back 79 how our language determines our consciousness and perceptions of objects and events |
front 80 Norms | back 80 the expectations or rules of behavior that develop out of groups values |
front 81 Value cluster | back 81 When related values overlap and reinforce one another, as with the values of hard work, education, and achievement |
front 82 Scientific Method | back 82 the steps in the research process, including observation, hypothesis testing, etc |
front 83 Random Sample | back 83 everyone in the population has the same chance of being included in the study |
front 84 Field work | back 84 the research method referred to as participant observation |
front 85 Survey (example) | back 85 Jose in conducting research on organized crime. Rather than going undercover, he is interviewing convicted criminals that have been linked to organized crime. |
front 86 Reliability of measurement | back 86 whether repeating the measurement yields consistent results |
front 87 Dependent variable | back 87 a theory that states that increasing a persons formal education results in increased earnings over a lifetime. Formal education is? |
front 88 Invalid Response | back 88 refers to any change in a subjects behavior caused by the awareness of being studied. |
front 89 Spurious Correlation | back 89 an apparent, although false, association between two variables that is caused by some third variable |
front 90 Inductive Logic | back 90 a way of arriving at general conclusions from specific observations |
front 91 Sociology is | back 91 the systematic study of social behavior and human groups |
front 92 C. Wright Mills | back 92 the thinker who introduced the concept of the sociological imagination |
front 93 Social-conflict paradigm | back 93 the framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates a conflict and change |
front 94 Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim | back 94 the 3 sociologist who played a part in the development of sociologys structural-functional paradigm |
front 95 Robert Merton's contributions to Society | back 95 successfully combing theory and research, producing a theory that is one of the most frequent cited in deviant behavior, an attempt to bring macro and micro level analysis together |
front 96 Herbert Spencer | back 96 described human society as having much in common with the human body |