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bio 1442 ch. 40-44

front 1

* 13) Fat digestion yields fatty acids and glycerol, whereas protein digestion yields amino acids; both digestive processes

back 1

C) add a water molecule to break bonds (hydrolysis).

front 2

* 14) Ingested dietary substances must cross cell membranes to be used by the body, a process known as

back 2

D) absorption.

front 3

*10) A mineral that is especially important for preventing anemia is

back 3

B) iron.

front 4

*11) Folic acid supplements have become especially important for pregnant women because

back 4

D) folic acid deprivation is associated with neural tube abnormalities in a fetus.

front 5

*12) Excessive iron absorption and accumulation to toxic levels is associated with

back 5

D) the genetic disorder known as hemochromatosis.

front 6

*82) According to the graph, naive B cells will produce effector cells

back 6

A) between 0 and 7 days.

front 7

*83) According to the graph, naive memory cells will be produced

back 7

E) both between 0 and 7 days and between 28 and 35 days.

front 8

*84) According to the graph, antibodies will be produced

back 8

E) both between 3 and 7 days and between 28 and 35 days.

front 9

*85) Study the table. The mother could exhibit an anti-Rh-factor reaction to the developing fetus in

back 9

A) Case 1 only.

front 10

*86) In Cases 1 and 2 in the table, the mothers would be able, if needed, to supply blood to the newborn even seven to nine months after birth; the same would not be true for Case 3. This is because

back 10

B) the newborn in Case 3 would soon be able to make antibodies to the B antigen of the mother.

front 11

*87) Study the table. Giving the mother anti-Rh antibodies before delivering her baby would be a wise precaution in

back 11

A) Case 1 only.

front 12

*88) After a long and cold winter, Jim was excited to start exploring the woods behind his new home. His first adventure included exposure to poison ivy without any reaction. A month later, though, a second walk through the woods was not so great, since two days later Jim had a terrible rash that lasted for weeks. The fact that the rash took two days to develop indicates that this immune response was an example of

back 12

B) cell-mediated immunity.

front 13

*89) Her immune system's recognition of the second infection involves the

back 13

D) cytotoxic T cells.

front 14

*9) The most likely reason that some of the vitamins and minerals in this supplement are found at less than 100% is

back 14

D) it is dangerous to overdose on fat-soluble vitamins such as A and K.

front 15

*90) The EBV antigen fragments will be presented by the virus-infected cells along with

back 15

C) class I MHC molecules.

front 16

*91) Select the description that likely indicates a child with Bruton's disease.

back 16

C) baby boy Jeff, with no plasma cells following infection by bacterial pneumonia

front 17

*92) Bruton's disorder will likely include

back 17

A) the failure of heavy-chain gene rearrangement in B cells.

front 18

*93) Assume that a DGS-like phenotype was produced in a specific "gene-knockout" mouse, one lacking expression of HA3, a Hox gene known to be involved in developmental regulation in the mouse.

back 18

The phenotype of the HA3 knockout can be ascertained by

front 19

1) Gas exchange in the aquatic salamander known as the axolotl is correctly described as

back 19

D) simple diffusion of oxygen into the salamander from the water.

front 20

1) In a well-fed human eating a Western diet, the richest source of stored chemical energy in the body is

back 20

A) fat in adipose tissue.

front 21

1) Innate immunity

back 21

A) is activated immediately upon infection.

front 22

1) When the temperature of the outside air exceeds their internal body temperature, jackrabbits living in hot, arid lands will

back 22

B) constrict the blood vessels in their large ears to reduce transfer of external heat to the blood in their ears.

front 23

10) The complement system is

back 23

D) a group of antimicrobial proteins that act together in a cascade fashion.

front 24

10) The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the

back 24

C) fishes.

front 25

10) To increase the effectiveness of exchange surfaces lining the lungs and the intestines, evolutionary pressures have

back 25

A) increased the exchange surface area with folds and branches.

front 26

100) Which of the following would not help a virus avoid triggering an adaptive immune response?

back 26

C) producing proteins very similar to those of other viruses

front 27

11) Antihistamine treatment reduces

back 27

A) blood vessel dilation.

front 28

11) The specialized function shared by the cells that line the lungs and those that line the lumen of the gut is that both types of cells

back 28

B) provide abundant exchange surface.

front 29

11) To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n)

back 29

E) four-chambered heart.

front 30

12) A portal system is

back 30

E) a vessel or vessels connecting two capillary beds.

front 31

12) Cave art by early humans recognized the existence of the major signs of inflammation. The most inclusive set of symptoms of inflammation that might appear in such early human art is

back 31

E) swelling, heat, redness, and pain.

front 32

12) Interstitial fluid is

back 32

D) the route for the exchange of materials between blood and body cells.

front 33

13) Ancient peoples sought to identify the indicators of inflammation because

back 33

D) the presence of these signs suggests that healing was taking place; otherwise, the patient would likely die.

front 34

13) Multicellular organisms must keep their cells awash in an "internal pond" because

back 34

B) an aqueous medium is needed for the cellular exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes.

front 35

13) Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta?

back 35

C) systole of the left ventricle

front 36

14) The cells and signaling molecules that initiate inflammatory responses are

back 36

D) the mast cells and the histamines.

front 37

14) Tissues are composed of cells, and tissues functioning together make up

back 37

A) organs.

front 38

14) Which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels has blood that is the least similar in its gas content?

back 38

A) the pulmonary vein and the jugular vein

front 39

15) After several weeks of exercise, a human athlete's resting heart rate is typically lower than before because

back 39

C) the stroke volume has increased.

front 40

15) An exchange surface in direct contact with the external environment is found in the

back 40

A) lungs.

front 41

15) In marine sponges, intracellular digestion of peptides is usually immediately preceded by

back 41

B) endocytosis.

front 42

15) Inflammatory responses typically include

back 42

B) increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area.

front 43

16) A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery in the arm to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through

back 43

B) two capillary beds.

front 44

16) Bacteria entering the body through a small cut in the skin

back 44

E) activate a group of proteins called complement.

front 45

16) Of the following choices, the epithelium with the shortest diffusion distance is

back 45

A) simple squamous epithelium.

front 46

16) The large surface area in the gut directly facilitates

back 46

B) absorption.

front 47

17) An advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity is that the complete system

back 47

B) allows specialized functions in specialized regions.

front 48

17) An invertebrate, such as an insect, has innate immunity activity in its intestine that likely includes

back 48

B) lysozyme.

front 49

17) The absorptive epithelia in the gut are considered "polarized" because

back 49

E) the structures on the apical surface are different than those on the basal surface.

front 50

17) Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in reptiles and mammals?

back 50

D) vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary circuit

front 51

18) A patient with a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 40 beats/minute, a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat, and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/minute will have a cardiac output of

back 51

D) 2,800 mL/minute.

front 52

18) Earthworms, grasshoppers, and birds all have a

back 52

C) crop.

front 53

18) In some insects, such as Drosophila, fungal cell wall elements can activate the protein Toll, which

back 53

A) acts as a receptor that, when activated, signals synthesis of antimicrobial peptides.

front 54

18) Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with

back 54

D) epithelial tissue.

front 55

19) An example of a connective tissue is the

back 55

C) blood.

front 56

19) Because the foods eaten by animals are often composed largely of macromolecules, this requires the animals to have mechanisms for

back 56

C) enzymatic hydrolysis.

front 57

19) Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans

back 57

D) would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions.

front 58

19) Mammals have Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that can recognize a kind of macromolecule that is absent from vertebrates but present in/on certain groups of pathogens, including viral

back 58

C) double-stranded RNA.

front 59

2) Acidity in human urine is an example of

back 59

E) innate immunity.

front 60

2) Animals that migrate great distances would obtain the greatest energetic benefit of storing chemical energy as

back 60

E) fats.

front 61

2) Circulatory systems have the primary benefit of overcoming the shortcomings of

back 61

B) the slow rate at which diffusion occurs across cells.

front 62

2) If thermoregulation is considered to be a secondary function of the large ears of jackrabbits, then the primary function of the ears is

back 62

C) to detect predators by using the large size and flexible positioning of the external ears to channel sound waves into the ear canal.

front 63

20) A stroke volume in the heart of 70 mL/cycle, with a pulse of 72 cycles per minute, results in a cardiac output of

back 63

A) 5 L/minute.

front 64

20) Histamines trigger dilation of nearby blood vessels as well as an increase in their permeability, producing

back 64

D) redness, heat, and swelling.

front 65

20) In the digestive system, peristalsis is

back 65

E) smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus.

front 66

20) Stratified cuboidal epithelium is composed of

back 66

A) several layers of boxlike cells.

front 67

21) After ingestion by humans, the first category of macromolecules to be chemically digested by enzymes in the mouth is

back 67

B) carbohydrates.

front 68

21) Coordinating body functions via chemical signals is accomplished by

back 68

B) the endocrine system.

front 69

21) Septic shock, a systemic response including high fever and low blood pressure, is a response to

back 69

A) certain bacterial infections.

front 70

21) The semilunar valves of the mammalian heart

back 70

D) prevent backflow of blood in the aorta and pulmonary arteries.

front 71

22) Connective tissues typically have

back 71

D) relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix.

front 72

22) Infection by a bacterium that has elements on its surface that enhance its resistance to lysozyme will likely result in

back 72

B) successful reproduction of the bacterium and continued progression of the disease.

front 73

22) Salivary amylase digests

back 73

B) starches.

front 74

22) The material present in arterioles that is not present in capillaries is

back 74

D) circular smooth muscle cells that can alter the size of the arterioles.

front 75

23) Adaptive immunity depends on

back 75

B) pathogen-specific recognition.

front 76

23) Among mammals, it is generally true that

back 76

C) the epiglottis prevents swallowed food from entering the trachea.

front 77

23) The fibers responsible for the elastic resistance properties of tendons are

back 77

C) collagenous fibers.

front 78

23) The set of blood vessels with the slowest velocity of blood flow is

back 78

D) the capillaries.

front 79

24) Bacterial infection in a previously uninfected house cat would most quickly activate its

back 79

A) Toll-like receptors that bind to lipopolysaccharides.

front 80

24) Digestive secretions with a pH of 2 are characteristic of the

back 80

B) stomach.

front 81

24) If you gently twist your earlobe, it does not remain distorted because it contains

back 81

B) elastin fibers.

front 82

24) The set of blood vessels with the lowest blood pressure driving flow is

back 82

E) the veins.

front 83

25) A key part of the humoral immune response is

back 83

B) the production of antibodies by plasma cells.

front 84

25) An increased concentration of nitric oxide within a vascular bed is associated with

back 84

B) vasodilation.

front 85

<p>25) Pepsin is a digestive enzyme that</p> D) begins the hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach.

back 85

D) begins the hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach.

front 86

25) The nourishment, insulation, and support for neurons is the result of activity by the

back 86

E) glial cells.

front 87

26) Among the following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure?

back 87

E) giraffe

front 88

26) Fibroblasts secrete

back 88

E) proteins for connective fibers.

front 89

26) The receptors on T cells and B cells bind to

back 89

B) antigens.

front 90

26) Upon activation by stomach acidity, the secretions of the parietal cells

back 90

A) initiate the digestion of protein in the stomach.

front 91

27) An epitope is

back 91

D) that part of an antigen that actually binds to an antigen receptor.

front 92

27) Breathing is accomplished via the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of

back 92

B) skeletal muscle.

front 93

27) Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with

back 93

A) increased activity of the immune system.

front 94

27) The bile salts

back 94

C) emulsify fats in the duodenum.

front 95

28) B cells have antigen receptors that bind to antigens that are either freely dissolved or present on the surface of invading/foreign cells. T cells have antigen receptors that

back 95

D) bind to antigens presented on major histocompatability complexes by host cells.

front 96

28) Blood is best classified as connective tissue because

back 96

A) its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix.

front 97

28) Complex nutrients are digested and then absorbed into the lymph or bloodstream as

back 97

C) monomers.

front 98

28) The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because

back 98

E) the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system.

front 99

29) An enzyme with high activity in an acidic environment is

back 99

B) pepsin.

front 100

29) Muscles are joined to bones by

back 100

B) tendons.

front 101

<p>29) The blood pressure is lowest in the</p> E) venae cavae.

back 101

E) venae cavae.

front 102

29) Within a differentiated B cell, the rearrangement of DNA sequences between variable regions and joining regions is accomplished by

back 102

E) recombinase.

front 103

3) A fruit fly, internally infected by a potentially pathogenic fungus, is protected by

back 103

D) its antimicrobial peptides.

front 104

3) Certain nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of some animals because

back 104

C) these animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients.

front 105

3) To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in a mammal, atmospheric molecules of oxygen must cross

back 105

E) five membranes - in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining the pulmonary capillary, and into the red blood cell - to bind with hemoglobin.

front 106

3) Which choice best describes a reasonable mechanism for animal structures becoming better suited over evolutionary time to specific functions?

back 106

C) Animals with mutations that give rise to effective structures will become more abundant.

front 107

<p>30) Clonal selection of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to production of</p> E) short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen.

back 107

E) short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen.

front 108

30) Fluid is filtered out of the bloodstream into the surrounding interstitial fluid at the arteriole end of systemic capillaries because

back 108

C) the hydrostatic pressure of the blood is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood.

front 109

30) Most types of communication between cells utilize

back 109

C) the release of chemical signals by the cell sending the message.

front 110

30) The absorption of fats differs from that of carbohydrates in that the

back 110

D) most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood.

front 111

31) A nutritional monomer that can be transported in the blood after a typical meal is

back 111

C) fatty acid.

front 112

31) Antigens are

back 112

D) foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies.

front 113

31) If, during protein starvation, the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds drops below the hydrostatic pressure, then

back 113

B) fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues.

front 114

31) With its abundance of collagenous fibers, cartilage is an example of

back 114

A) connective tissue.

front 115

32) A matrix of connective tissue is apparent in

back 115

A) chondroitin sulfate of cartilage.

front 116

32) A newborn who is accidentally given a drug that destroys the thymus would most likely

back 116

D) be unable to differentiate and mature T cells.

front 117

32) For a nondiabetic person, the glucose concentration in this part of the vasculature varies more than in any other part.

back 117

D) hepatic portal vessel

front 118

32) What will be the long-term effect of blocking the lymphatic vessels associated with a capillary bed?

back 118

C) the accumulation of more fluid in the interstitial areas

front 119

33) A species that has a normal resting systolic blood pressure of >260 mm Hg is likely to be

back 119

D) an animal that has a very long distance between its heart and its brain.

front 120

33) Clonal selection implies that

back 120

B) antigens increase mitosis in specific lymphocytes.

front 121

33) Glandular secretions that are released initially as inactive precursors of digestive enzymes are the

back 121

A) protein-digesting enzymes.

front 122

33) In a typical nerve cell, the nucleus is found in the

back 122

A) cell body.

front 123

34) All types of muscle tissue have

back 123

E) interactions between actin and myosin.

front 124

34) Because adult lampreys attach onto the surface of large fish for long periods of time to feed on body fluids, they can accomplish nutritional balance without need for a

back 124

D) stomach.

front 125

34) Clonal selection is an explanation for how

back 125

C) an antigen can provoke production of high levels of specific antibodies.

front 126

34) Dialysis patients, who will have blood withdrawn, dialyzed, then replaced, are always weighed when they enter the facility and then weighed carefully again before they leave, because

back 126

A) even small changes in body weight may signify changes in blood volume and therefore

front 127

35) All skeletal muscle fibers are both

back 127

C) striated and under voluntary control.

front 128

35) Constipation can result from the consumption of a substance that

back 128

B) promotes water reabsorption in the large intestine.

front 129

35) Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the

back 129

B) development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls.

front 130

35) Secondary immune responses upon a second exposure to a pathogen are due to the activation of

back 130

A) memory cells.

front 131

36) Cardiac muscle cells are both

back 131

A) striated and interconnected by intercalated disks.

front 132

36) Historically inaccurate diagnosis of acid reflux disorders and gastric ulcers has been improved by

back 132

C) the diagnosis and treatment of H. pylori infection.

front 133

36) The MHC is important in a T cell's ability to

back 133

A) distinguish self from nonself.

front 134

36) Vasoconstriction in the gut is a likely response when an individual is

back 134

C) stressed and secreting stress hormones.

front 135

37) A hiatal hernia that disrupts the functional relationship between the smooth muscle in the esophagus and that in the stomach would be most likely to increase the frequency of

back 135

A) gastric reflux.

front 136

37) A patient who can produce antibodies against some bacterial pathogens, but not against viral infections, probably has a disorder in his

back 136

D) T cells.

front 137

37) The diagnosis of hypertension in adults is based on the

back 137

D) blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or >90 diastolic.

front 138

37) The type of muscle tissue surrounding internal organs, other than the heart, is

back 138

E) smooth muscle.

front 139

38) A significant contribution of intestinal bacteria to human nutrition is the benefit of bacterial

back 139

D) production of vitamin K.

front 140

38) Among these choices, the biggest set that includes only those "cells" that lack nuclei is

back 140

B) platelets and erythrocytes.

front 141

38) Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by

back 141

B) smooth muscle.

front 142

38) The activation of helper T cells is likely

back 142

A) when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell.

front 143

39) An immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule, of whatever class, with regions symbolized as C or V, H or L, has a light chain made up of

back 143

A) one C region and one V region.

front 144

39) In a healthy human, the typical life span of a red blood cell is

back 144

D) four months.

front 145

39) The cells lining the air sacs in the lungs make up a

back 145

B) simple squamous epithelium.

front 146

39) The cells that secrete acidic fluid in the stomach are

back 146

D) in the lumen of the stomach.

front 147

4) Engulfing-phagocytic cells of innate immunity include all of the following except

back 147

D) natural killer cells.

front 148

4) Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming, because

back 148

D) the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution to the need to reduce drag while swimming.

front 149

4) The fluid that moves around in the circulatory system of a typical arthropod is

back 149

E) the interstitial fluid.

front 150

4) To maintain adequate nutrition, animals require dietary access to certain amino acids. An amino acid that is referred to as "nonessential" would be best described as one that

back 150

A) can be made by the animal's body from other substances.

front 151

40) Stomach cells are moderately well adapted to the acidity and protein-digesting activities in the stomach by having

back 151

B) a thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells.

front 152

40) The ability of one person to produce over a million different antibody molecules does not require over a million different genes; rather, this wide range of antibody production is due to

back 152

C) DNA rearrangements.

front 153

40) The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment is termed

back 153

C) homeostasis.

front 154

40) The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells, and the organ where this hormone is synthesized, are

back 154

B) erythropoietin and kidney, respectively.

front 155

41) An example of a properly functioning homeostatic control system is seen when

back 155

B) the kidneys excrete salt into the urine when dietary salt levels rise.

front 156

41) Dissolved proteins in human plasma include which of the following?

back 156

I. fibrinogen and III.immunoglobulin only

front 157

41) Immunological memory accounts for

back 157

D) the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased.

front 158

41) The molar teeth of herbivorous mammals are especially effective at

back 158

C) grinding.

front 159

42) A group of animals among which a relatively long cecum is likely to be found is the

back 159

B) herbivores.

front 160

42) An example of effectors' roles in homeostatic responses is observable when

back 160

A) an increase in body temperature results from involuntary shivering.

front 161

42) The function of antibodies is to

back 161

E) mark pathogenic cells for destruction.

front 162

42) The plasma proteins in humans

back 162

A) maintain the blood's osmotic pressure.

front 163

43) Cyanide poisons mitochondria by blocking the final step in the electron transport chain. Human red blood cells placed in an isotonic solution containing cyanide are likely to

back 163

E) be unaffected.

front 164

43) Positive feedback has occurred when

back 164

C) uterine contractions needed for the birthing process are expedited by the pressure of a moving baby in its mother's uterus.

front 165

43) The adaptations suited to a carnivorous diet include

back 165

D) bile salts.

front 166

43) This type of immunity is present only when a newborn infant is being fed by actively nursing on its mother and ends when nursing ends.

back 166

C) passive immunity

front 167

44) Cattle are able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of plant material because

back 167

E) they have cellulose-digesting, symbiotic microorganisms in chambers of their stomachs.

front 168

44) Heart rate will increase in the presence of increased

back 168

D) epinephrine.

front 169

44) Positive feedback differs from negative feedback in that

back 169

<p>B) the positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite to it.</p> 44) Yearly vaccination of humans for influenza viruses is necessary because

front 170

44) Yearly vaccination of humans for influenza viruses is necessary because

back 170

D) rapid mutation in flu viruses alters the surface proteins in infected host cells.

front 171

45) Analysis of jawbones from the skeletal remains of a vertebrate animal reveal its dietary patterns owing to

back 171

B) the prevalence of specific kinds of teeth.

front 172

45) The cell-mediated immunity that destroys virally infected cells involves

back 172

A) cytotoxic T cells.

front 173

45) The production of red blood cells is stimulated by

back 173

C) erythropoietin.

front 174

45) To prepare flight muscles for use on a cool morning, hawkmouth moths

back 174

C) rapidly contract and relax these muscles to generate metabolic warmth.

front 175

46) An enlarged cecum is typical of

back 175

A) rabbits, horses, and herbivorous bears.

front 176

46) In a survivably cold environment, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm because the ectotherm

back 176

C) invests little energy in temperature regulation.

front 177

46) The meshwork that forms the fabric of a blood clot is

back 177

B) fibrin.

front 178

46) Which of the following cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity and also respond to class I MHC molecule-antigen complexes?

back 178

<p>A) cytotoxic T cells</p> 47) A normal event in the process of blood clotting is the

front 179

47) A normal event in the process of blood clotting is the

back 179

C) activation of prothrombin to thrombin.

front 180

47) Coprophagy, the nutrition-boosting ingestion of fecal material, is important for the nutritional balance of

back 180

C) rabbits and their relatives.

front 181

47) Humans can lose, but cannot gain, heat through the process of

back 181

D) evaporation.

front 182

47) The cells involved in innate immunity, whose absence increases the chances of developing malignant tumors, are

back 182

B) natural killer cells.

front 183

48) An example of an ectothermic organism that has few or no behavioral options when it comes to its ability to adjust its body temperature is a

back 183

B) sea star, a marine invertebrate.

front 184

48) PKU (phenylketonuria) is a hereditary condition in which infants and young children who ingest the amino acid phenylalanine risk serious neurological damage. However, the risk of damage can be substantially reduced by the severe restriction of phenylalanine in the diet. Which of the following is the nutritional concept that forms the basis for this preventive treatment?

back 184

B) essential nutrients

front 185

48) Select the pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells.

back 185

B) body cell becomes infected with a virus → new viral proteins appear → class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface

front 186

48) When the air in a testing chamber is specially mixed so that its oxygen content is 10% and its overall air pressure is 400 mm Hg, then PO₂ is

back 186

C) 40 mm Hg.

front 187

49) Among the last line of defenses against prolonged exposure to an extracellular pathogen is

back 187

C) antibody production by plasma cells.

front 188

49) An overheated and sick dog in a hot environment will have an impaired thermoregulatory response when its

back 188

C) body temperature increases to match the environmental temperature.

front 189

49) The sun shining on a tidal pool during a hot day heats the water. As some water evaporates, the pool becomes saltier, causing

back 189

B) a decrease in its oxygen content.

front 190

49) When the digestion and absorption of organic molecules results in more energy-rich molecules than are immediately required by an animal, the excess is

back 190

C) stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.

front 191

5) Circulatory systems in molluscs

back 191

D) are open in species of small-sized molluscs and are closed in species of large-sized molluscs.

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5) Evolutionary adaptations that help diverse animals directly exchange matter between cells and the environment include

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B) an external respiratory surface, a small body size, and a two-cell-layered body.

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5) The lymphatic fluid

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A) is a filtrate of the blood, as is urine.

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5) Which pair correctly associates a physiological process with the appropriate vitamin?

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B) normal vision and vitamin A

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50) Arrange these components of the mammalian immune system as it first responds to a pathogen in the correct sequence.

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III. Antigenic determinants from pathogen bind to antigen receptors on lymphocytes. --> IV. Lymphocytes specific to antigenic determinants from pathogen become numerous. --> II. Lymphocytes secrete antibodies. --> I. Pathogen is destroyed. --> V. Only memory cells remain.

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50) Endothermy

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B) is a characteristic of animals that have a fairly constant body temperature.

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50) Hypoglycemia, or low levels of glucose in the blood of a healthy human, is "corrected" by a(n)

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B) increase in the secretion of glucagon.

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50) Sponges, cnidarians, and flatworms lack a specialized gas exchange surface because

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E) nearly all of their cells are in direct contact with the external environment.

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51) A cell type that interacts with both the humoral and cell-mediated immune pathways is a

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E) helper T cell.

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51) A fasting animal whose energy needs exceed those provided in its diet draws on its stored resources in which order?

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C) liver glycogen, then muscle glycogen, then fat

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51) Flying insects do all of the following except

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B) switch from diffusion of tracheal gases to active transport during flight.

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51) The panting responses that are observed in overheated birds and mammals dissipates excess heat by

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E) evaporation.

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52) A nonfunctional CD4 protein on a helper T cell would result in the helper T cell being unable to

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E) interact with a class II MHC-antigen complex.

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52) An example of an organism that has only behavioral controls over its body temperature is the

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A) green frog.

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52) Obesity in humans is most clearly linked to

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D) type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

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52) The epiglottis of a human covers the glottis when he or she is

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C) swallowing.

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53) CD4 and CD8 are

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D) molecules present on the surface of T cells where they interact with MHC molecules.

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53) Examine the digestive system structures in the figure above. The agents that help emulsify fats are produced in

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E) 9

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53) In mammals, most gas exchange between the atmosphere and the pulmonary blood occurs in the

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E) alveoli.

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53) Most land-dwelling invertebrates and all of the amphibians

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<p>A) are ectothermic organisms with variable body temperatures.</p> 54) Examine the digestive system structures in the figure above. The highest rate of nutrient absorption occurs at location(s)

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54) Examine the digestive system structures in the figure above. The highest rate of nutrient absorption occurs at location(s)

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B) 4 only.

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54) Gas exchange is more difficult for aquatic animals with gills than for terrestrial animals with lungs because

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<p>B) water contains much less O₂ than air per unit volume.</p> 54) T cells of the immune system include

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54) T cells of the immune system include

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B) cytotoxic and helper cells.

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54) The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the

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C) hypothalamus.

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55) A female Burmese python incubating her eggs can warm them using

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E) shivering thermogenesis.

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55) B cells interacting with helper T cells are stimulated to differentiate when

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E) helper T cells release cytokines.

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55) Countercurrent exchange is evident in

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A) the flow of water across the gills of a fish and that of blood within those gills.

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55) Examine the digestive system structures in the figure above. Most of the digestion of fats occurs in section(s)

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B) 4 only.

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56) Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize

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C) diffusion.

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56) Examine the digestive system structures in the figure above. Bacteria that produce vitamins as products are residents of location

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C) 5.

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56) In mammals this response is known as fever, but it is known to raise body temperature in other bacterially infected animals, including lizards, fishes, and cockroaches.

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D) a change in the body's thermostat "set point"

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56) Normal immune responses can be described as polyclonal because

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D) diverse antibodies are produced for different epitopes of a specific antigen.

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57) Air-breathing insects carry out gas exchange

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D) across the membranes of their cells.

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57) Antibodies of the different classes IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE differ from each other

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B) in their heavy-chain structure.

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57) Ingested foods inside the digestive tract of snakes are typically digested by

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B) enzymatic hydrolysis.

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57) Leptin is a product of adipose cells. Therefore, a very obese mouse would be expected to have

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D) mutation of ob or db.

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58) An oil-water mixture works as an insecticidal spray against mosquitoes and other insects because it

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B) blocks the openings into the tracheal system.

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58) Many obese humans produce normal or increased levels of leptin without satiety, so the search for healthy regulation of food intake should focus on

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D) eliminating carbohydrates from the diet.

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58) Seasonal changes in snake activity are due to the fact that the snake

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D) is more active in summer because it can gain body heat by conduction.

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58) When antibodies bind antigens, the clumping of antigens results from

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A) the multivalence of the antibody having at least two binding regions.

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59) Atmospheric pressure at sea level is equal to a column of 760 mm Hg. Oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere by volume. The partial pressure of oxygen (PO₂) in such conditions is

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A) 160 mm Hg.

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59) Phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages is enhanced byD) the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes and antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes only.

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D) the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes and antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes only.

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59) Standard metabolic rate (SMR) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) are

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E) both measured in animals in a resting and fasting state.

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59) Which of the following animals is incorrectly paired with its feeding mechanism?

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A) lion --> substrate feeder

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6) An inflammation-causing signal released by mast cells at the site of an infection is

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C) histamine.

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6) The circulatory system of bony fishes, rays, and sharks is similar to

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B) the portal systems of mammals, where two capillary beds occur sequentially, without passage of blood through a pumping chamber.

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6) The fat-soluble vitamins include

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A) vitamin A.

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6) The similar fusiform body shape of diverse animals, such as sharks, penguins, and aquatic mammals, has evolved because

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C) this is the body shape that makes it possible for aquatic animals to swim rapidly.

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60) For adult human females, the metabolic "costs" of pregnancy and lactation are

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C) 5-8% more than when she was nonpregnant.

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60) Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of

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D) lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant.

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60) The mammalian trachea and esophagus both connect to the

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C) pharynx.

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60) The primary function of humoral immunity is

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D) to protect the body against extracellular pathogens.

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61) Among these choices, the least reliable indicator of an animal's metabolic rate is the amount of

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E) water consumed in one day.

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61) Naturally acquired passive immunity results from the

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C) placental transfer of antibodies.

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61) Of the following choices, impairment of a mammal's breathing cycle is most likely following neural damage in

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B) the medulla oblongata and the pons.

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61) Which of the following organs is incorrectly paired with its function?

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C) large intestine --> bile production

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62) Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because

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A) the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume.

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62) During its months-long hibernation in its burrow, the body temperature of a ground squirrel

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C) varies between 5°C and 37°C, depending on the frequency of arousals from hibernation.

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62) In active immunity, but not passive immunity, there is

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D) the requirement for direct exposure to a living or simulated pathogen.

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62) Which of the following is not a major activity of the stomach?

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D) nutrient absorption

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63) "Winter acclimatization" in cold-zone mammals can include

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C) hibernation for several weeks.

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63) After surgical removal of an infected gallbladder, a person must be especially careful to restrict dietary intake of

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D) fat.

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63) Jenner's successful use of cowpox virus as a vaccine against the smallpox virus is due to the fact that

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D) there are some antigenic determinants common to both pox viruses.

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63) The exhalation of air from human lungs is driven by

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A) a decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity.

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64) An individual who has been bitten by a poisonous snake that has a fast-acting toxin would likely benefit from

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B) injection of antibodies to the toxin.

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64) As a person goes from rest to full-effort exercise, there is an increase in the

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A) tidal volume.

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64) Hibernation and estivation during seasons of environmental stress are both examples of

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B) torpor.

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64) If you were to jog 1 km a few hours after lunch, which stored fuel would you probably tap?

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B) muscle and liver glycogen

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65) A person with a tidal volume of 450 mL, a vital capacity of 4,000 mL, and a residual volume of 1,000 mL would have a potential total lung capacity of

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D) 5,000 mL.

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65) For the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen, it is necessary that

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A) the surface antigens of the pathogen not change.

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65) Panting by an overheated dog achieves cooling by

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C) evaporation.

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66) A diseased patient is exposed to an unknown agent while out of the country. The patient's blood is found to have a high proportion of lymphocytes with CD8 surface proteins in her blood, a likely result of

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D) a viral infection eliciting proliferation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells.

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66) Catabolism of specialized brown fat depots in certain animals is substantially increased during

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D) nonshivering thermogenesis.

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66) During most daily activities, the human respiration rate is most closely linked to the blood levels of

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D) carbon dioxide.

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67) A moth preparing for flight on a cold morning warms its flight muscles via

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E) shivering thermogenesis.

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67) Breathing is usually regulated by

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D) CO₂ and O₂ concentration and pH-level sensors.

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67) The switch of one B cell from producing one class of antibody to another antibody class that is responsive to the same antigen is due to

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E) the rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy-chain C region DNA.

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68) At an atmospheric pressure of 870 mm Hg of 21% oxygen, the partial pressure of oxygen is

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D) 182 mm Hg.

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68) The number of MHC protein combinations possible in a given population is enormous. However, an individual in that diverse population has a far more limited array of MHC molecules because

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C) each of the MHC genes has a large number of alleles, but each individual only inherits two for each gene.

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68) The thin horizontal arrows in the figure above show that

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C) the warmer arterial blood transfers heat to the cooler venous blood.

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69) A bone marrow transplant may not be appropriate from a given donor (Jane) to a given recipient (Jane's cousin Bob), even though Jane has previously given blood for one of Bob's needed transfusions, because

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A) even though Jane's blood type is a match to Bob's, her MHC proteins may not be a match.

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69) At sea level, atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg. Oxygen gas is approximately 21% of the total gases in the atmosphere, so the approximate partial pressure of oxygen is

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D) 160.0 mm Hg.

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69) Examine the figure above. Near a goose's abdomen, the countercurrent arrangement of the arterial and venous blood vessels causes

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A) the temperature difference between the contents of the two sets of vessels to be minimized.

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7) A significant increase in the amount of interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary beds of a human's lungs will cause

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C) a decrease in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood.

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7) A systemic inflammatory response that is often life-threatening is

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C) septic shock.

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7) The specialized structures of complex animals have evolved because

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D) they permit adjustments to a wide range of environmental changes.

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7) Which pair correctly associates a biochemical process with the appropriate mineral associated with its use in animals?

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A) maintenance of bone and calcium

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70) At the summit of a high mountain, the atmospheric pressure is 380 mm Hg. If the atmosphere is still composed of 21% oxygen, then the partial pressure of oxygen at this altitude is

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<p>B) 80 mm Hg.</p> 70) Imagine that you are a biologist who is attempting to get an accurate measure of an animal's basal metabolic rate. The best time to measure the metabolic rate is when the animal

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70) Imagine that you are a biologist who is attempting to get an accurate measure of an animal's basal metabolic rate. The best time to measure the metabolic rate is when the animal

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A) is resting and has not eaten its first meal of the day.

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70) Infection with HIV typically

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A) increases the level of helper T cells for the first year after infection.

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71) Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid affect its pH. This enables the organism to sense a disturbance in gas levels as

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B) the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing.

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71) The body tissue that consists largely of material located outside of cells is

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B) connective tissue.

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71) The transfusion of type A blood to a person who has type O blood would result in

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B) the recipient's anti-A antibodies clumping the donated red blood cells.

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72) An immune response to a tissue graft will differ from an immune response to a bacterium because

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A) MHC molecules of the donor may stimulate rejection of the graft tissue, but bacteria lack MHC molecules.

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72) An increase from pH 7.2 to pH 7.4 around hemoglobin causes

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B) an increase in the affinity of hemoglobin to bind oxygen molecules.

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72) Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment?

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C) wind blowing across the body surface

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73) An "internal reservoir" of oxygen in rested muscle is found in oxygen molecules bound to

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E) myoglobin.

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73) Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a penguin, a mouse, and a snake. The ________ would have the highest total annual energy expenditure, and the ________ would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass.

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<p>A) elephant; mouse</p> 73) In the human disease known as lupus, there is an immune reaction against a patient's own DNA from broken or dying cells, which categorizes lupus as

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73) In the human disease known as lupus, there is an immune reaction against a patient's own DNA from broken or dying cells, which categorizes lupus as

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C) an autoimmune disease.

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74) A patient who undergoes a high level of mast cell degranulation, dilation of blood vessels, and acute drop in blood pressure is likely suffering from

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E) anaphylactic shock immediately following exposure to an allergen.

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74) Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has

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B) less surface area per unit of volume.

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74) Hemoglobin and hemocyanin

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D) both transport oxygen.

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75) An animal's inputs of energy and materials would exceed its outputs

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D) if it is growing and increasing its mass.

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75) An example of a pathogen that undergoes rapid changes resulting in antigenic variation is

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A) the influenza virus, which expresses alternative envelope proteins.

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75) The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in

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E) pH.

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76) Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is

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A) converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells.

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76) The ability of some viruses to remain inactive (latent) for a period of time is exemplified by

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B) herpes simplex viruses (oral or genital) whose reproduction is triggered by physiological or emotional stress in the host.

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76) You are studying a large tropical reptile that has a high and relatively stable body temperature. How would you determine whether this animal is an endotherm or an ectotherm?

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C) You subject this reptile to various temperatures in the lab and find that its body temperature and metabolic rate change with the ambient temperature. You conclude that it is an ectotherm.

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77) Hydrogen ions produced within human red blood cells are prevented from significantly lowering plasma pH because they bind to

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A) hemoglobin.

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77) Most newly emerging diseases result in

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C) the waning of the disease, due to evolutionary selection for resistant hosts and milder pathogens.

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77) Which of the following animals uses the largest percentage of its energy budget for homeostatic regulation?

back 301

E) a desert bird

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78) Preventing the appearance of the symptoms of an allergy attack would be the likely result of

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A) blocking the attachment of the IgE antibodies to the mast cells.

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78) The hemocyanin of arthropods and molluscs differ from the hemoglobin of mammals in that

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C) hemocyanin has protein coupled to copper rather than iron.

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79) A patient complaining of watery, itchy eyes and sneezing after being given a flower bouquet as a birthday gift should first be treated with

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<p>D) antihistamines.</p> 79) In an animal species known for endurance running rather than fast sprinting, you would expect to find

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79) In an animal species known for endurance running rather than fast sprinting, you would expect to find

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E) a much higher rate of oxygen consumption for its size.

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8) A general rule relating the capacity of a specific animal's digestive system to provide adequate access to substrates for biosynthesis of cellular components, as well as fuel molecules needed for ATP production, is that the animal should have access to

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D) a diet that matches the "food pyramid" for the species.

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8) All animals, whether large or small, have

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E) each living cell in contact with an aqueous medium.

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8) Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have

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B) a closed circulatory system.

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8) The eyes and the respiratory tract are both protected against infections by

back 309

D) the secretion of lysozyme onto their surfaces.

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80) A patient who has a parasitic worm infection and another patient responding to an allergen such as ragweed pollen have which of the following in common?

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E) an increase in the levels of IgE

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80) For this unusual capillary bed,

back 311

E) fluids will leave the capillaries on the arterial side of the bed and re-enter on the venous side.

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81) An anthropologist discovers the fossilized heart of an extinct animal. The evidence indicates that the organism's heart was large, well-formed, and had four chambers, with no connection between the right and left sides. A reasonable conclusion supported by these observations is that the

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B) animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate.

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81) The results shown in the graphs support the hypothesis that

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B) adding the drosomycin gene to such mutants protects them from fungal infection.

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82) A group of students was designing an experiment to test the effect of smoking on grass frogs. They hypothesized that keeping the frogs in a smoke-filled environment for defined periods would result in the animals developing lung cancer. However, when they searched for previously published information to shore up their hypothesis, they discovered they were quite wrong in their original assessment. Even though they were never going to go ahead with their experiment (so as not to harm frogs needlessly), they knew that a more likely outcome of putting carcinogens in the air would be the development of

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B) skin cancer.

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83) Which of the following respiratory systems is not closely associated with a blood supply?

back 315

C) the tracheal system of an insect

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84) Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the

back 316

B) left atrium.

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85) Pulse is a direct measure of

back 317

D) heart rate.

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86) When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe?

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<p>C) rising CO₂</p> 87) One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is

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87) One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is

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D) the number of circuits for circulation.

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88) If a molecule of CO₂ released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following except

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A) the pulmonary vein.

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89) Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these cells in arteries has a

back 321

A) higher PO₂.

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9) As body size increases in animals,

back 322

<p>A) there is a decrease in the surface-to-volume ratio.</p> 9) In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?

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9) In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?

back 323

D) frogs

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9) Salmonella bacterial poisoning can be initiated when

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A) the microbe survives the acidic environment of the stomach and resists lysosomal degradation in macrophages.

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90) Which of the following reactions prevails in red blood cells traveling through alveolar capillaries? (Hb = hemoglobin)

back 325

A) Hb + 4 O₂ → Hb(O₂)₄

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94) Which of these is not part of insect immunity?

back 326

B) activation of natural killer cells

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95) An epitope associates with which part of an antigen receptor or antibody?

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C) variable regions of a heavy chain and light chain combined

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96) Which statement best describes the difference in responses of effector B cells (plasma cells) and cytotoxic T cells?

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C) B cells secrete antibodies against a pathogen; cytotoxic T cells kill pathogen-infected host cells.

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97) Which of the following statements is not true?

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D) A lymphocyte has receptors for multiple different antigens.

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98) Which of the following should be the same in identical twins?

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<p>B) the set of MHC molecules produced</p> 99) Vaccination increases the number of

front 331

99) Vaccination increases the number of

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B) lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen.

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The phenotype of the HA3 knockout can be ascertained by

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D) the measurement of the proportion of CD4 cells to total lymphocytes.