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Bio 211

front 1

An incision into the wall of the GI tract would cut, in order, from outside to inside:
Amucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa.

back 1

serosa, muscularis, submucosa, and mucosa.

front 2

The numerous small elevations on the surface of the tongue that support taste buds are called:

back 2

papillae.

front 3

Which of the following papillae of the tongue lack taste buds?

back 3

filiform

front 4

The substance that forms the outer covering of the neck and root of a tooth is:

back 4

cementum.

front 5

The greatest proportion of the tooth shell consists of:

back 5

dentin.

front 6

A permanent set of teeth normally consists of ______ teeth.

back 6

32

front 7

Which of the following structures controls the opening of the stomach into the small intestine?

back 7

pyloric sphincter

front 8

In the stomach, hydrochloric acid is secreted by the:

back 8

parietal cells.

front 9

Which of the following is not associated with the large intestine?

back 9

pyloric sphincter

front 10

The longest portion of the small intestine is the:

back 10

ileum.

front 11

The contents of the stomach are emptied into the:

back 11

cecum

front 12

The part of the colon that lies in the vertical position, on the left side of the abdomen, extending from a point below the stomach and spleen to the level of the iliac crest is the:

back 12

descending colon.

front 13

The brush border of the intestinal mucosa consists of:

back 13

microvilli.

front 14

All of the following are classified as accessory organs of the digestive system except the:

back 14

mouth

front 15

The fan-shaped projection of peritoneum that connects the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall is the:

back 15

mesentery

front 16

The hard palate consists of portions of:

back 16

four bones: two maxillae and two palatines.

front 17

Bile salts aid in the absorption of:

back 17

fats.

front 18

Bile is secreted by:

back 18

hepatic cells.

front 19

Which of the following is not a function of the liver?

back 19

secretion of insulin

front 20

Which of the following organs is classified as a dual gland (both exocrine and endocrine)?

back 20

pancreas

front 21

The hormone glucagon is produced by:

back 21

alpha cells.

front 22

Main Organs of the digestive system

back 22

Begins with the mouth  pharynx, esophagus  stomach  GI tract small intestine (most of the absorption occurs in small intestine) and Large intestine

front 23

Major organs that contribute

back 23

*Pancreas (exocrine glands)

*Liver (bile)

front 24

Neural

back 24

A.)Enteric Nervous Sytem

B.) Myenteric plexus and submucosal plexus

front 25

Hormonal

back 25

Hormones secreted mainly by endocrine cells scattered in the epithelium of the stomach and small intestine.

◦ Includes secretin, choecystokinin and gastrin.

◦ Still not fully understood.

front 26

Accessory Organ of the digestive system

back 26

a. salivary glands

b.tongue

c.teeth

d.liver

e. gallbladder

f. pancreas

g. appendix

front 27

Primary Functions

Digestion

back 27

breakdown of nutrients ( complex to simple)

front 28

absoprtion

back 28

-passage of nutrients to blood

-majority in SI

front 29

Elimination

back 29

-removal of wastes from digestive system

-functionof LI

front 30

purposes of digestion

back 30

1. absorption

2.metabolism

front 31

Mouth

MASTICATION, Chewing (MOUTH: TEETH/TONGUE)

back 31

Mechanism ◦ Processes:

#1 & 2 Motility (Mixing and moving)

front 32

SALIVA

back 32

◦ Moistens food and lubrication

◦ Digestive enzyme to break down complex carbs (amylase)

◦ Dissolve food

◦ Antibacterial properties

front 33

DEGLUTITION, Swallowing (MOUTH, PHARYNX, ESOPHAGUS)

back 33

Movement of Food Bolus from Mouth

 Back of Pharynx 

Esophagus

 Stomach

front 34

3 stages of deglutition ( swallowing)

 ORAL STAGE (MOUTH TO OROPHARYNX)

back 34

◦ Voluntary (Cerebral Cortex)

◦ Tongue pushes food bolus

front 35

3 stages of deglutition ( swallowing)

PHARYNGEAL STAGE (OROPHARYNX TO ESOPHAGUS)

back 35

◦ Involuntary (Nervous Reflex: Reflex Center = Deglutition Center)

◦ Requires Closure of 3 Openings:

 1) Fauces (By Tongue)

 2) Nasopharynx (By Soft Palate, Uvula)

 3) Larynx (By Epiglottis)

front 36

ESOPHAGEAL STAGE (ESOPHAGUS TO STOMACH)

back 36

◦ Involuntary (Nervous Reflex)

◦ Involves Peristalsis

front 37

PERISTALSIS (ESOPHAGUS, STOMACH, SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINE)

back 37

Wavelike Muscle Contractions

◦ Progressive ◦ Organs Involved

◦ Involuntary (Nervous Reflex)

◦ Purpose: Motility (process

front 38

WALL OF THE GI TRACT (DIGESTIVE TUBE PROPER)

back 38

LAYERS ( INNERMOST TO OUTERMOST)

front 39

MUCOSA

back 39

INNERMOST (LINING)

front 40

SUBMUCOSA

back 40

CT ( SUPPORTS; BLOOD VESSELS AND NERVES

front 41

MUSCULARIS

MUSCLE TYPE

back 41

SMOOTH

front 42

MUSCLE LAYERS

back 42

CIRCULAR,LONGITUDINAL ( NERVES B/T)

front 43

SEROSA

back 43

OUTERMOST( COVERING ) AKA VISCERAL PERITONEUM

front 44

MOUTH ( ORAL/ BUCCAL CAVITY)

COMPOSED OF 4 STRUCTURES

back 44

COMPOSED OF 4 STRUCTURESA.

front 45

LIPS- ANTERIOR BOUNDARY OF ORAL CAVITY

back 45

1.PHILTRUM-

SHALLOW VERTICAL GROOVE IN MIDLINE ABOVE THE UPPER LIP

2.ORAL FISSURE-

LINE OF CONTACT BETWEEN CLOSED LIPS

front 46

CHEEKS- LATERAL BOUNDARIES OF THE ORAL CAVITY

back 46

1.BUCCINATOR MUSCLE

-MAJOR CHEEK MUSCLE

front 47

2. BUCCAL GLANDS-

back 47

-MUCOUS GLANDS; LOCATED WITHIN CHEEKS

-SECRETE MUCOUS INTO ORAL CAVITY

front 48

HARD SOFT PALLETE

back 48

-ROOF OF THE ORAL CAVITY

front 49

1. HARD PALATE

back 49

-BONE ( 2 MAXILLARY AND 2 PALATINE)

front 50

SOFT PALATE

back 50

- MUSCLE ) BEHIND THE HARD PALATE

front 51

FAUCES

back 51

OPENING BETWEEN ORAL CAVITY AND OROPHARNYX

front 52

UVULA

back 52

CONE SHAPED STRUCTURE SUSPENDED FROM CENTER OF CONE PALATE.

front 53

TONGUE-

back 53

FLOOR OF THE ORAL CAVITY

front 54

TONGUE MUSCLE

back 54

2 TYPES

front 55

INTRINSIC ( INTERNAL)

back 55

-COMPOSE OF THE TONGUE ( ORIGIN AND INSERTION WITHIN TONGUE)

note( the tongue is a solid mass of skeletal muscle covered with mucous membrane.

function: TONGUE MANEUVERABILITY ( ABILITY TO CHANGE SIZE AND SHAPE; IMPORTANT IN CHEWING AND SPEECH)

front 56

An incision into the wall of the GI tract would cut, in order, from outside to inside:
Amucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa.

back 56

serosa, muscularis, submucosa, and mucosa.

front 57

The numerous small elevations on the surface of the tongue that support taste buds are called:

back 57

papillae

front 58

Which of the following papillae of the tongue lack taste buds?

back 58

filiform

front 59

The substance that forms the outer covering of the neck and root of a tooth is:

back 59

cementum

front 60

The greatest proportion of the tooth shell consists of:

back 60

dentin.

front 61

A permanent set of teeth normally consists of ______ teeth.

back 61

32

front 62

Which of the following structures controls the opening of the stomach into the small intestine?

back 62

pyloric sphincter

front 63

In the stomach, hydrochloric acid is secreted by the:

back 63

parietal cells.

front 64

Which of the following is not associated with the large intestine?

back 64

pyloric sphincter

front 65

The longest portion of the small intestine is the:

back 65

ileum.

front 66

The contents of the stomach are emptied into the:

back 66

duodenum.

front 67

Which of the following is not an anatomical part of the small intestine?

back 67

cecum

front 68

The part of the colon that lies in the vertical position, on the left side of the abdomen, extending from a point below the stomach and spleen to the level of the iliac crest is the:

back 68

descending colon.

front 69

The brush border of the intestinal mucosa consists of:

back 69

microvilli.

front 70

All of the following are classified as accessory organs of the digestive system except the:

back 70

mouth

front 71

The fan-shaped projection of peritoneum that connects the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall is the:

back 71

mesentery

front 72

The hard palate consists of portions of:

back 72

four bones: two maxillae and two palatines.

front 73

Bile salts aid in the absorption of:

back 73

fats.

front 74

Bile is secreted by:

back 74

hepatic cells.

front 75

Which of the following is not a function of the liver?

back 75

secretion of insulin

front 76

Which of the following organs is classified as a dual gland (both exocrine and endocrine)?

back 76

pancreas

front 77

The hormone glucagon is produced by:

back 77

alpha cells.