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31 notecards = 8 pages (4 cards per page)

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bio chap 9

front 1

List the diseases caused by viruses

back 1

AIDS, hepatitis, encephalitis, rabies, colds, warts, or chicken pox.

front 2

Bacteria are helpful to humans in what ways?

back 2

it helps digest our foods, and its used to treat some bacterial infections

front 3

Viruses and bacteria both contain what?

back 3

DNA

front 4

the bubonic plaque epidemic was induced by?

back 4

from animals, rats with fleas.

front 5

Once a prion enters a nerve cell, it essentially becomes?

back 5

self-propagating, one prion produces another and so on.

front 6

what is the function of the lymph nodes?

back 6

they remove microorganisms, cellular debris, and abnormal cells from the lymph before returning it to the cardiovascular system.

front 7

what is located in the tonsils that filters out many of the microorganisms that enter the throat?

back 7

lymphocytes

front 8

skin is able to prevent most microorganisms from entering the body by?

back 8

its structure, the fact that it is constantly being replaced, and its acidic pH and the production of an antibiotic by sweat glands

front 9

why do doctors advise patients with a bladder infection to drink cranberry juice?

back 9

because its acidic and will kill the bacteria.

front 10

physical and chemical berriers that form the bodys first line of defense against pathogens include?

back 10

defenses include, tears, saliva, earwax, digestive and vaginal acids and mucus

front 11

antibodies are generated by?

back 11

B cells

front 12

the release of chemicals from injured cells triggers histamine release from?

back 12

it binds to the IgE antibodies on mast cells and basophils which causes them to release histamine. mast cells

front 13

what are the steps involved in the process of phagocytosis?

back 13

a phagocyte first captures a bacterium with its cytoplasmic extensions

then it draws the bacterium in, engulfing it. and enclosing it in a membrane-bound vesicle.

the vesicle fuses with lysosomes, and the powerful enzymes in the lysosomes dissolve the bacterial membranes.

once digestive is complete, the phagocyte jettisons the bacterial wastes by exocytosis.

front 14

what leukocytes are most likely to be directly involved in the destruction of flukes?

back 14

eosinophils

front 15

what leukocyte kills its target cells by releasing chemicals that break down the target cell membrane?

back 15

macrophages

front 16

what is the common type of immunoglobin?

back 16

IgG

front 17

what type of cell is responsible for producing and releasing antibodies is?

back 17

B cells

front 18

once a macrophage engulfs a bacterium what is the fate of the foreign cell?

back 18

its destroyed or dies

front 19

what antibody would most likely be involved with the immune response against microorganism entering the digestive or reproductive tract?

back 19

IgG

front 20

during cytotoxic T cells attack of a target cell, what is released to pierce the cell membrane of the foreign cell, which ultimately kills the target cell?

back 20

chemicals

front 21

what T cell is a critical component of the immune system because it stimulates and enhances the activity of other components of the immune system?

back 21

helper T cell

front 22

what chemical is released by cytotoxic T cells is used to treat hepatitis C?

back 22

gamma interferon

front 23

what antibody activates the inflammatory response by causing the release of histamine?

back 23

mast cell

front 24

vaccines contain?

back 24

dead or weakened pathogens

front 25

any substance that produces an inappropriate response of the immune system is referred to as?

back 25

alergen

front 26

passive immunity differs from active immunity in the passive immunity?

back 26

protection is not as long lasting. it cant confer long-term immunity against a second exposure because the persons own b cells aren't activated and so memory cells for the pathogen do not develop.

front 27

HIV is classified as a retrovirus because it makes?

back 27

a copy of its self

front 28

what body fluid does not transmit HIV from human to human?

back 28

saliva

front 29

what best describes phase 1 of HIV infection?

back 29

flu like symptoms are present. t cells population may decline. it is undetected in most cases.

front 30

what antiviral drug is used to cure HIV/AIDS

back 30

antiretroviral drugs

front 31

lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disorder in which the body attacks?

back 31

its own connective tissue