front 1 Catabolism | back 1 Breakdown pathways - breaking down of complex molecules to simpler compounds IE: Cellular respiration |
front 2 Metabolism | back 2 An emergent property of life. The totality of all an organism's chemical reactions *It is never at equilibrium. If it were, we'd be dead |
front 3 Anabolism | back 3 consume energy to build complicated pathways from simpler ones. IE: synthesis of protein from an amino acid |
front 4 dehydration reaction | back 4 a chemical reaction in which 2 molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule |
front 5 metabolic pathway | back 5 begins with a specific product and ends with a product. It is catalyzed by a specific enzyme @ each step |
front 6 synthesis reaction | back 6 a type of chemical reaction in which two or more simple substances combine to form a more complex product |
front 7 catalyst | back 7 chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction |
front 8 Exergonic Reaction | back 8 Energy is released in the reaction. Delta G is (-). Occurs spontaneously if energetically favorable. |
front 9 Endergonic Reaction | back 9 Energy is absorbed from surroundings Delta G is (+) Non Spontaneous reaction |
front 10 Spontaneous Reaction | back 10 Reactions that are going to happen anyway. Like water falling downhill. Does NOT mean quickly!! Goes without an input of energy |
front 11 Nonspontaneous Reaction | back 11 process that leads to a decrease in energy. Like water being pumped uphill. |
front 12 Entropy | back 12 measure of disorder or randomness in the universe |
front 13 enzymes | back 13 is a catalytic protein. Speed up metabolic reactions that would happen anyways by lowering energy barriers. Enzymes end in -ase DO NOT affect the change in free energy (Delta G) |
front 14 Feedback Inhibition | back 14 the end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway. Prevents a cell from wasting chemical resources by synthesizing more product than is needed. |
front 15 Allosteric Inhibition | back 15 stabilizes the inactive form of an enzyme |
front 16 cooperative inhibition | back 16 form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity |
front 17 noncooperative inhibition | back 17 the inhibitors exert their effects independently. |
front 18 free energy | back 18 Energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform as in a living cell. (-) Delta G is Spontaneous |
front 19 change in free energy formula | back 19 Delta G = Delta H - T(Delta S) Delta H = total energy Delta S = change in entropy T = temperature in Kelvin |
front 20 Enthalpy | back 20 is the amount of heat content used or released in a system at constant pressure. |
front 21 substrate | back 21 reactant that an enzyme acts on |
front 22 active site | back 22 region on the enzyme where the substrate binds |
front 23 cofactors | back 23 nonprotein enzyme helpers |
front 24 Coenzyme | back 24 organic cofactors. Vitamins |
front 25 Proton Motive Force | back 25 generated by an electron transport chain which acts as a proton pump, using the energy of electrons from an electron carrier (Gibbs free energy of redox reactions) to pump protons (hydrogen ions) out across the membrane, separating the charge across the membrane. |
front 26 autotrophs | back 26 organisms capable of generating their own food. IE: Plants Use photosynthesis or chemosynthesis *Producers! |
front 27 heterotrophs | back 27 obtain all of their organic material from other organisms. IE: Animals, fungi *Consumers of the biosphere |
front 28 substrate level phosphorylation | back 28 ATP made by direct transfer of a phosphate group from an organic substrate and ADP by an enzyme |
front 29 oxidative phosphorylation | back 29 Electron transport & chemiosmosis. Produces 90% of ATP in cellular respiration. Powered by Redox Reactions |
front 30 alkaline | back 30 pH greater than 7 |
front 31 1st Law of Thermodynamics | back 31 Energy cannot be created nor destroyed |
front 32 2nd Law of Thermodynamics | back 32 Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. *Ergo, heat is disorganized form of energy |
front 33 Oxidation | back 33 removing electrons |
front 34 reduction | back 34 addition of electrons |
front 35 Purpose of Oxygen in Cellular Respiration | back 35 Final Electron Acceptor |