front 1 What are the vital signs? | back 1 pulse and blood pressure, respiratory rate and body temperature |
front 2 What is the pressure wave caused by the expansion and recoil of arteries? | back 2 pulse |
front 3 What pulse, taken at the wrist, is routinely used? | back 3 radial pulse |
front 4 Systemic arterial blood pressure is measured using what? | back 4 sphygmomanometer |
front 5 When measuring blood pressure, sounds first occur when the blood ? | back 5 starts to spurt through the artery |
front 6 When measuring blood pressure, sounds disappear when? | back 6 the artery is no longer constricted and blood is flowing freely |
front 7 What type of pressure is heard first? | back 7 systolic |
front 8 What type of pressure is heard when sounds disappear? | back 8 diastolic |
front 9 What is the normal range of systolic blood pressure? | back 9 110-140 mm Hg |
front 10 What is the normal range of systolic blood pressure? | back 10 70-80 mm Hg |
front 11 When does blood pressure peak, and why? | back 11 in the morning, due to levels of hormones |
front 12 What is low blood pressure called? | back 12 hypotension |
front 13 In hypotension, the systolic blood pressure is below ? | back 13 100 mm Hg |
front 14 What alteration in blood pressure is often associated with long life and lack of cardiovascular illness? | back 14 hypotension |
front 15 What type of hypotension occurs with a temporary low BP and dizziness when suddenly rising from a sitting or reclining position? | back 15 orthostatic hypotension |
front 16 What type of hypotension hints of poor nutrition and is a warning sign of Addison's disease or hypothyroidism? | back 16 chronic hypotension |
front 17 What type of hypotension is an important sign of circulatory shock? | back 17 acute hypotension |
front 18 What is high blood pressure called? | back 18 hypertension |
front 19 Hypertension requires a sustained elevated arterial pressure of what? | back 19 140/90 mm Hg or higher |
front 20 What type of hypertension is due to risk factors like heredity, diet, obesity, age, stress, diabetes mellitus, and smoking? | back 20 primary or essential hypertension |
front 21 What type of hypertension is less common and is due to identifiable disorders like kidney disease, arteriosclerosis, and endocrine disorders like hyperthyroidism and Cushing's syndrome? | back 21 secondary hypertension |
front 22 What allows for adequate time for exchange between blood and tissues? | back 22 slow capillary flow |
front 23 What is the automatic adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requirements at any given point in time? | back 23 autoregulation |
front 24 What are the types of autoregulation | back 24 metabolic and myogenic |
front 25 What type of autoregulation involves the vasodilation of arterioles and relaxation of precapillary sphincters that occur in response to declining tissue O2 and substances from metabolically active tissues? | back 25 metabolic |
front 26 What are the effects of metabolic controls? | back 26 relaxation of vascular smooth muscle and release of NO from vascular endothelial cells |
front 27 What is the major factor causing vasodilation in metabolic autoregulation? | back 27 nitrous oxide |
front 28 What type of autoregulation keep tissue perfusion constant despite most fluctuations in systemic pressure? | back 28 myogenic |
front 29 In myogenic controls, what promotes increased tone and vasoconstriction? | back 29 passive stretch (increased intravascular pressure) |
front 30 In myogenic controls, what promotes vasodilation and increases blood flow to the tissue? | back 30 reduced stretch |
front 31 What is the formation of new blood vessels called? | back 31 angiogenesis |
front 32 Long-term autoregulation (angiogenesis) occurs when? | back 32 When more blood flow is needed and when short-term autoregulation cannot meet tissue nutrient requirements |
front 33 What is syncope and when does it occur? | back 33 fainting/dizziness; when MAP is below 60 mm Hg |
front 34 When can cerebral edema occur? | back 34 When MAP is above 160 |
front 35 What is any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled or blood cannot circulate normally? | back 35 circulatory shock |
front 36 What type of shock results from large-scale blood loss? | back 36 hypovolemic shock |
front 37 What type of circulatory shock results from extreme vasodilation and descreased peripheral resistance (caused by some poisons)? | back 37 vascular shock |
front 38 What type of circulatory shock results when an inefficient heart cannot sustain adequate circulation (when heart is failing/dying)? | back 38 cardiogenic shock |
front 39 What are the two main circulations? | back 39 pulmonary and systemic |
front 40 What type of circulation is the short loop that runs from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart? | back 40 pulmonary |
front 41 What type of circulation is a long loop to all parts of the body and back to the heart? | back 41 systemic |