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Chapter 19 Cardiovascular System - Blood Vessels: Part A

front 1

What is the delivery system of dynamic structures that begins and ends at the heart?

back 1

Blood vessels

front 2

What type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart

back 2

Arteries

front 3

Is the blood carried by arteries oxygenated or de-oxygenated?

back 3

Oxygenated

front 4

Name the exceptions in arteries - the areas where the blood carried by arteries is NOT oxygenated.

back 4

pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of the fetus

front 5

Which blood vessels are contact tissue cells that directly serve cellular needs?

back 5

Capillaries

front 6

Which blood vessels care blood from cells and organs towards the heart?

back 6

Veins

front 7

How many layers to arteries and veins have?

back 7

Three

front 8

What is the central blood-containing space in arteries and veins?

back 8

Lumen

front 9

How many layers do capillaries have?

back 9

One

front 10

What is the layer of capillaries called?

back 10

Endothelium wiht a sparse basal lamina

front 11

What are the layers of arteries and veins called?

back 11

Tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima

front 12

What is the tunica media composed of?

back 12

smooth muscle and sheets of elastin

front 13

What controls vasoconstriction and vasodilation in the tunica media of vessels?

back 13

sympathetic vasomotor nerve fibers

front 14

What is the tunica externa composed of?

back 14

collagen fibers that protect and reinforce

front 15

In the tunica externa of larger vessels, what helps nourish the external layer?

back 15

vasa vasorum (arteries supply artery, vessel supplies vessel)

front 16

What are the types of arteries?

back 16

Elastic (conducting) and Muscular (distributing)

front 17

What is located in all three tunics of elastic arteries?

back 17

elastin

front 18

What are the elastic/conducting arteries?

back 18

aorta and its major branches

front 19

The elastic arteries give rise to branches called?

back 19

muscular arteries

front 20

What do the muscular/distributing arteries and arterioles do?

back 20

deliver blood to body organs; active in vasoconstriction

front 21

What are the smallest arteries that lead to capillary beds?

back 21

arterioles

front 22

What do arterioles do?

back 22

control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasoconstriction

front 23

What do arterioles lead to?

back 23

tissues/groups of cells to supply the blood

front 24

What are microscopic blood vessels that are only one cell thick?

back 24

capillaries

front 25

What helps stabilize capillary walls and control permeability?

back 25

pericytes (structural cells)

front 26

Where are capillaries NOT found?

back 26

cartilage, epithelia, cornea and lens of the eye

front 27

What are the functions of capillaries?

back 27

exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc.

front 28

What are the types of capillaries?

back 28

continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal

front 29

Which type of capillary is abundant in the skin and muscles?

back 29

continuous capillaries

front 30

Which type of capillary forms the blood-brain barrier?

back 30

continuous capillaries

front 31

Which type of capillaries have tight junctions that connect endothelial cells, and intercellular clefts that allow the passage of fluids and small solutes?

back 31

continuous capillaries

front 32

Which type of capillary has some endothelial cells that contain pores?

back 32

fenestrated capillaries

front 33

Which type of capillary is more permeable than continuous capillaries?

back 33

fenestrated capillaries

front 34

Which type of capillary functions in absorption or filtrate formation in the small intestines, endocrine glands and kidneys?

back 34

fenestrated capillaries

front 35

Which type of capillary has fewer tight junctions, larger intercellular clefts, and large lumens?

back 35

sinusoidal capillaries

front 36

Are sinusoidal capillaries usually fenestrated?

back 36

yes

front 37

Which type of capillary allows large molecules and blood cells to pass between the blood and surrounding tissues?

back 37

sinusoidal capillaries

front 38

Which type of capillary is found in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen?

back 38

sinusoidal capillaries

front 39

What are interwoven networks of capillaries that form the micro-circulation between arterioles and venules (starting points for the venous system)?

back 39

capillary beds

front 40

What are the types of vessels that comprise capillary beds?

back 40

vascular shunt and true capillaries

front 41

What is the thoroughfare channel in capillary beds that directly connects the terminal arteriole and a post-capillary venule?

back 41

vascular shunt

front 42

What type of blood vessel in capillary beds branch off the metarteriole or terminal arteriole?

back 42

true capillaries

front 43

What regulates blood flow into true capillaries?

back 43

precapillary sphincters

front 44

What are formed when capillary beds unite?

back 44

venules

front 45

What is very porous and allows fluids and WBCs into tissues?

back 45

venules

front 46

What are formed when venules converge?

back 46

veins

front 47

Which type of blood vessel has thinner walls and larger lumen than corresponding arteries?

back 47

veins

front 48

Is blood pressure lower in veins than in arteries?

back 48

yes

front 49

Veins called capacitance vessels contain how much of the blood supply?

back 49

65%

front 50

Veins have adaptations that ensure the return of blood to the heart. They are:

back 50

large diameter lumens and valves that prevent the backflow of blood

front 51

What are flattened veins with extremely thin walls (in the coronary sinus of the heart and dural sinuses of the brain)?

back 51

venous sinuses

front 52

What are interconnections of blood vessels?

back 52

vascular anastomoses

front 53

What provides alternate pathways to a given body region, common at joints, in abdominal organs, the brain and the heart?

back 53

arterial anastomoses

front 54

What is an example of arteriovenous anastomoses?

back 54

vascular shunts of capillaries

front 55

What is the volume of blood flowing through a vessel, organ, or the entire circulation in a given period?

back 55

blood flow

front 56

How is blood flow measured?

back 56

ml/min

front 57

Blood flow is equivalent to what?

back 57

the cardiac output for entire vascular system

front 58

What is the force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by the blood?

back 58

blood pressure

front 59

How is blood pressure measured?

back 59

mm Hg

front 60

What provides the driving force that keeps blood moving from higher to lower pressure areas?

back 60

the pressure gradient

front 61

What is the opposition to flow, a measure of the amount of friction blood encounters?

back 61

resistance

front 62

Where is resistance in circulation generally found?

back 62

in the peripheral systemic circulation (limbs)

front 63

What are the sources of resistance to circulation?

back 63

blood viscosity, total blood vessel length, and blood vessel diameter

front 64

What are the factors of resistance that remain relatively constant?

back 64

blood viscosity and blood vessel length

front 65

What is due to formed elements and plasma proteins?

back 65

blood viscosity

front 66

Resistance varies inversely with the fourth power of ?

back 66

vessel radius

front 67

What are the major determinants of peripheral resistance?

back 67

small-diameter arterioles

front 68

What dramatically increases resistance?

back 68

abrupt changes in diameter or fatty plaques from atherosclerosis

front 69

Blood flow is directly proportional to the ?

back 69

blood (hydrostatic) pressure gradient

front 70

Blood flow is inversely proportional to ?

back 70

peripheral resistance

front 71

What results when flow is opposed by resistance?

back 71

blood pressure

front 72

Systemic pressure is highest where?

back 72

in the aorta

front 73

The steepest drop in pressure occurs where?

back 73

in arterioles

front 74

Arterial blood pressure reflects two factors of the arteries close to the heart. They are?

back 74

elasticity (compliance or distensibility) and volume of blood forced into them at any time

front 75

Arterial blood pressure: What is the pressure exerted during ventricular contraction?

back 75

systolic pressure

front 76

Arterial blood pressure: what is the lowest level of arterial pressure?

back 76

diastolic pressure

front 77

Arterial blood pressure: what is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure?

back 77

pulse pressure

front 78

Arterial blood pressure: what is the pressure that propels the blood to the tissues?

back 78

mean arterial pressure (map)

front 79

mean arterial pressure (MAP) =

back 79

diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

front 80

Pulse pressure and MAP both __________ with increasing distance from the heart.

back 80

decline

front 81

What type of blood pressure ranges from 15 to 35 mm Hg?

back 81

capillary blood pressure

front 82

What would rupture fragile, thin-walled capillaries?

back 82

high blood pressure

front 83

Which type of blood pressure changes little during the cardiac cycle and has a small pressure gradient?

back 83

venous blood pressure

front 84

What are the factors aiding venous return?

back 84

respiratory pump, muscular pump, vasoconstriction of veins under sympathetic control

front 85

What describes pressure changes created during breathing, which moves blood toward the heart by squeezing abdominal veins as thoracic veins expand?

back 85

respiratory pump

front 86

What describes the contraction of skeletal muscles that "milk" blood towards the heart and valves prevent backflow?

back 86

muscular pump

front 87

Maintaining blood pressure requires cooperation of what?

back 87

heart, blood vessels, and kidneys

front 88

What are the main factors influencing blood pressure?

back 88

cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and blood volume

front 89

What is determined by venous return and neural and hormonal controls (that go into the kidneys)?

back 89

cardiac output

front 90

What is a cluster of sympathetic neurons in the medulla that oversee changes in blood vessel diameter?

back 90

the vasomotor center

front 91

Where are baroreceptors located?

back 91

carotid sinuses, aortic arch, and the walls of large arteries of the neck and thorax

front 92

Chemoreceptors respond to what?

back 92

rise in CO2, drop in pH or O2

front 93

Which adrenal hormones cause generalized vasoconstriction and increase cardiac output?

back 93

norepinephrine and epinephrine

front 94

What, when generated by kidney release of renin, causes vasoconstriction?

back 94

angiotensin II

front 95

What hormone, when secreted by the heart, causes blood volume and blood pressure to decline, causing general vasodilation?

back 95

atrial natriuretic peptide

front 96

What hormone causes intense vasoconstriction in cases of extremely low blood pressure?

back 96

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin)

front 97

Increased blood pressure or blood volumen causes the kidneys to do what?

back 97

eliminate more urine, reducing blood pressure

front 98

Antiogensin II is a what?

back 98

potent vasoconstrictor