The external portion of the nose is made of (1)_____ and (2)_____ and is lined with(3) _____ _____. Openings to the exterior are the(4) _____ _____. The internal portion communicates with the paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx through the (5)_____ _____. The inside of both the external and internal nose is called the (6)_____ _____. It is divided into right and left sides by the (7)_____ _____. The anterior portion of the cavity is called the (8)_____.

(1)cartilage
(2)skin
(3)mucous membrane
(4)external nares
(5)internal nares(choanae)
(6)nasal cavity
(7)nasal septum
(8)vestibule

_____ is a surgical procedure in which the structure of the external nose is altered for cosmetic or functional reasons.

Rhinoplasty(nose job)

What are the functions of the nose.

*warming
*moistening
*filtering air
*receives olfactory stimuli and provides resonating chambers to modify speech sounds.

The _____ is a muscular tube lined by a mucous membrane.

pharynx (throat)

The branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ears, nose, and throat is called _____.

otorhinolaryngology (or otolaryngology)

What are the three anatomic regions of the pharynx? What are their functions?

*nasopharynx-respiration
*oropharynx-digestion and in respiration(serving as a passageway for both air and food.
*laryngopharynx-digestion and in respiration(serving as a passageway for both air and food.

The (1)_____ is a passageway that connects the pharynx with the trachea. It contains the (2)_____ _____; the (3)_____, which prevents food from entering the larynx; the (4)_____ _____,which connects the larynx and trachea; and the paired (5)_____,(6)_____, and (7)_____ _____.

(1)larynx(voice box)
(2)thyroid cartilage(Adam's apple)
(3)epiglottis
(4)cricoid cartilage
(5)arytenoid
(6)corniculate
(7)cuneiform cartilages

The larynx contains _____ _____, which produce sound. Taut _____ _____ produce high pitches, and relaxed ones produce low pitches.

Vocal folds(true vocal cords)

_____ is an inflammation of the larynx that is most often brought on by a respiratory infection or irritants such as cigarette smoke; it causes horseness or loss of voice by interfering with the contraction of the folds or by causing them to swell to the point where they cannot vibrate freely.

Laryngitis

The _____ extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi. It is composed of smooth muscle and C-shaped rings of cartilage and is lined with pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium.

trachea (windpipe)

What are two methods of bypassing obstructions from the respiratory passageways?

*tracheostomy
*intubation

What does the bronchial tree consist of?

*trachea
*primary bronchi
*secondary bronchi
*tertiary bronchi
*bronchioles
*terminal bronchioles

Walls of bronchi contain ...

rings of cartilage.

Walls of bronchioles contain...

smooth muscle.

A _____ is an x-ray of the bronchial tree taken after introduction of an opaque contrast medium, usually containing iodine.

bronchogram

(1)_____ is the visual examination of the bronchi through a (2)_____, an illuminated, tubular instrument that is passed through the trachea into the bronchi. The examiner can view the interior of the trachea and bronchi to biopsy a tumor, clear an obstructing object or secretions from an airway, take cultures or smears for microscopic examination, stop bleeding, or deliver drugs.

(1)bronchoscopy
(2)bronchoscope

During an _____ _____, the bronchiole smooth muscle contracts, reducing the diameter of the airways. Because there is no supporting cartilage, the spasms can even close off the air passageways, a life-threatening situation.

asthma attack

_____ are paired organs in the thoracic cavity.

Lungs

The lungs are enclosed and protected by the _____ _____.

pleural membrane

The _____ _____ is the outer layer of the lungs, attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity.

parietal pleura

The _____ _____ is the inner layer of the lungs, covering the lungs themselves.

visceral pleura

Between the pleura is a small potential space, the _____ _____, which contains a lubricating fluid secreted by the membranes.

pleural cavity

The potential space between the pleurae occasionally becomes an actual space when it fills with air(1)(_____), blood(2)(_____),pus, or fluid due to wounds, surgery, infection, or inflammation.

(1)pneumothorax
(2)hemothorax

Pleural inflammation in its early stages is called _____.

pleurisy

Fluid accumulation from uncontrolled infection or cancer is referred to as _____ _____.

pleural effusion

The (1)_____ lung has three lobes separated by two fissures; the (2)_____ lung has two lobes separated by one fissure and a depression, the (3)_____ _____.

(1)right
(2)left
(3)cardiac notch

The secondary bronchi give rise to branches called (1)_____ _____, which supply segments of lung tissue called (2)______ _____.

(1)tertiary (segmental) bronchi
(2)bronchopulmonary segments

Each bronchopulmonary segment consists of many small compartments called _____.

lobules

Lobules contain ...

*lymphatics
*arterioles
*venules
*terminal bronchioles
*respiratory bronchioles
*alveolar ducts
*alveolar sacs
*alveoli

Alveolar walls consist of ...

*type I alveolar(squamous pulmonary epithelial)cells
*type II alveolar(septal) cells
*alveolar macrophages(dust cells)

Type II alveolar cells secrete alveolar fluid, which keeps the alveolar cells moist and which contains a component called _____, which lowers the surface tension of alveolar fluid, preventing the collapse of alveoli with each expiration.

surfactant

Gas exchange occurs across the...

alveolar-capillary(respiratory)membrane

(1)_____ _____ is the first of three basic processes of respiration; it consists of inspiration and expiration. The other two processes are (2)_____ _____ and (3)_____ _____.

(1)Pulmonary ventilation(breathing)
(2)external(pulmonary) respiration
(3)internal(tissue) respiration

_____ is the process of bringing air into the lungs.

Inspiration(inhalation)

The movement of air into and out of the lungs depends on pressure changes governed in part by _____ _____, which states that the volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure, assuming that temperature is constant.

Boyle's Law

Inspiration occurs when (1)_____ _____ falls below atmospheric pressure. Contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles increases the size of hte thorax, thus decreasing the (2)_____ _____ so that the lungs expand. Expansion of the lungs decreases alveolar pressure so that air moves along the pressure gradient from the atmosphere into the lungs.

(1)alveolar(intrapulmonic) pressure
(2)intrapleural(inrathoracic)pressure

During forced inspiration, accessory muscles of inspiration(_____,_____,and _____ _____) are also used.

sternocleidomastoids,scalenes, and pectoralis minor

_____ is the movement of air out of the lungs.

Expiration(exhalation)

Expiration occurs when alveolar pressure is _____ than atmospheric pressure.

higher

What is the passive process of expiration?

Relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles. This results in elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs, which increases intrapleural pressure, decreases lung volume, and increases alveolar pressure so that air moves from the lungs to the atmosphere. There is also an inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid.`

Expiration becomes active during...

labored breathing and when air movement out of the lungs is impeded.

Forced expiration employs contraction of the _____ _____ and _____ ______.

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

A collapsed lung or portion of a lung is called _____.

atelectasis

The presence of _____, a phospholipid produced by the type II alveolar (septal) cells in the alveolar walls, allows alteration of the surface tension of the alveoli and prevents their collapse following expiration.

surfactant

_____ is the ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded.