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bio chap 5

front 1 Characterize a typical long bone in regards to its shaft	back 1 consists of a cylindrical shaft called the disthesis with an enlarged knob call the epiphysis - inside is the spongy bone. It is made up of compact bone that covers each end. the central cavity is filled with yellow bone marrow (primary fat) which can be used for energy. covered by a layer of connective tissue the eriostemon.
front 2 Characterize cartilage in regards to its support function.	back 2 it contains fibers of collagen and/or elastin in a ground substance of water and other material. it is smoother and more flexible than bone. cartilage can be found where support under pressure and where movement is necessary.
front 3 Cell responsible for production of red and white blood cells in the bone marrow.	back 3 stem cells
front 4 Know the sequence of events that occur in the ossification of a long bone.	back 4 1. future bones are created out of hyaline cartilage by cartilage-forming cells called chondroblasts. 2. the chondroblasts slowly die out and the cartilage models begin to dissolve and are replaced by bone. 3. the cartilage gradually breaks down inside the future shaft and epihysis of the bone, making room for blood vessels to develop. 4. the osteoblasts (bone forming cells) are carried into the area from the developing eriostemon 5. the osteoblasts secrete a mixture of proteins called osteoid which forms a matrix that provides internal structure and strength to the bone. 6. it secretes enzymes that help the the crystallization of hard mineral salts of calcium phosphate known as hydroxapatite around and between the osteoid matrix. 7. osteoblasts become inbedded in the hardening bone tissue. 8. one third of the structure is osteoid and 2/3rds is crystals of hydroxyapatite.

front 5 Why do bones continue to lengthen throughout childhood and adolescence?	back 5 a narrow strip of cartilage called the growth plate remains in each epiphysis.
front 6 Before organs begin to form, rudimentary forms of bone begin to form in a fetus due to what?	back 6 chondroblasts
front 7 What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do to the bones?	back 7 when blood levels of calcium fall below a given point, it stimulates the osteoclasts to secrete more bone-dissolving enzymes which in turn releases calcium and phosphate into the blood stream.
front 8 Osteoporosis is a common condition that essentially results when homeostatis cannot be maintained in __________ and ___________?	back 8 osteocasts and osteoblasts

front 9 When a bone break what forms until later being replaced with bone.	back 9 a callus
front 10 A typical long bone has an epiphysis at each end, which can be thought of as what?	back 10 spongy bone
front 11 Bones of trained athletes may be visibly thicker and heavier than those of non-athletes because of ?	back 11 exercise puts physical stress on your body causing to create more mineral salts and the production of collagen fibers. which makes the bones thicker to handle the activity.
front 12 If someone has a broken cheek bone what bone was affected?	back 12 zygomatic bone

front 13 What separates neighboring vertebrae and also functions as shock absorbers?	back 13 intervertebral disks
front 14 Know all the vertebrae areas from the skull to the pelvis in order.	back 14 top to bottom- cervical vertebrae thoracic vertebrae lumbar vertebrae sacrum coccyx
front 15 What bone articulates with the metatarsal bones?	back 15 phalanges
front 16 Dexterous movement is characterized by?	back 16 wide range of motions

front 17 Know what fibrous joints are and what develops from them in the adult stage.	back 17 are immovable joints that firmly connect the bones that protect and stabilize the skull and brain. they become thin lines or sutures between skull bones
front 18 What location would you find a cartilaginous joint?	back 18 the back bone and the lower ribs of the sternum.
front 19 What does synovial fluid lubricate?	back 19 the joints
front 20 Know the diseases of the bones from Chapter 5 Lecture notes.	back 20 sprains- stretched or torn ligaments Bursitis and tendinitis- inflammations of the bursae and the tendons Arthritis- inflammation of the joints osteoarthritis- the cartilage covering the ends of the bone wears out and joint friction increases. rheumatoid arthritis- chronic arthritis involving inflammation of the synovial membrane that lives certain joints osteoporosis- excessive bone loss over time.