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Outside Hours Mosby's Essential Sciences for Therapeutic Massage

front 1

back 1

1. sternal end

2. acromial end

front 2

back 2

  1. spine
  2. acromion
  3. coracoid process
  4. gleniod cavity
  5. supraspinous fossa
  6. infraspinous fossa
  7. subscapular fossa

front 3

back 3

  1. head
  2. anatomical neck
  3. surgical neck
  4. greater tubercle
  5. lesser tubercle
  6. deltoid tuberosity
  7. trochlea
  8. capitulum
  9. coronoid fossa
  10. olecranon fossa
  11. medial epicondyle
  12. lateral epicondyle

front 4

ulna

back 4

  1. olecranon
  2. coroniod process
  3. trochlear notch
  4. radial notch
  5. ulnar tuberosity
  6. head
  7. styloid process

front 5

radius

back 5

  1. head
  2. neck
  3. radial tuberosity
  4. ulnar notch
  5. styloid process

front 6

back 6

Carpals

  1. scaphoid
  2. lunate
  3. triquetrum
  4. pisiform
  5. hamate
  6. capitate
  7. trapezoid
  8. trapezium

front 7

back 7

Metacarpals

front 8

back 8

Phalanges

  1. proximal
  2. middle
  3. distal

front 9

back 9

  1. body
  2. spinous process
  3. transverse process
  4. vertebral foramen
  5. superior articular facets
  6. inferior articular facets

front 10

back 10

cervical vertebrae

  1. atlas
  2. axis

front 11

back 11

thoracic vertebrae

  1. costal facets

front 12

back 12

lumbar vertebrae

front 13

back 13

sacrum

  1. sacral promontory
  2. coccyx

front 14

back 14

  1. manubrium
  2. body
  3. xiphoid process
  4. jugular notch
  5. cavicular notch
  6. articulating facets for costal cartilage

front 15

back 15

  1. head
  2. articular facets
  3. neck
  4. sternal end

front 16

back 16

Hyoid

front 17

back 17

Middle Ear

  1. malleus
  2. incus
  3. stapes

front 18

back 18

  1. ilium
  2. iliac crest
  3. anterior superior iliac spine
  4. anterior inferior iliac spine
  5. posterior superior iliac spine
  6. posterior superior iliac spine
  7. greater sciatic notch
  8. articular surface
  9. ischium
  10. ischeal tuberosity
  11. pubis
  12. pubic symphysis

front 19

back 19

  1. femur
    head
  2. neck
  3. greater trochanter
  4. lesser trochanter
  5. linea aspera
  6. later condyle
  7. medial condyle
  8. intercondylar fossa
  9. lateral epicondyle
  10. medial epicondyle
  11. patellar groove

front 20

back 20

  1. tibia
  2. later condyle
  3. medial condyle
  4. tibial tuberosity
  5. medial malleolus
  6. fibula
  7. head
  8. lateral malleolus

front 21

back 21

  1. Tarsals
  2. calcaneous
  3. talus
  4. navicular
  5. cuboid
  6. medial cuneiform
  7. middle cuneiform
  8. lateral cuneiform
  9. metatarsals
  10. phalanges
  11. proximal
  12. middle
  13. distal

front 22

back 22

  1. Frontal Bone
  2. Parietal Bones
  3. Temporal bones
  4. Zygomatic process
  5. mastiod
  6. styloid
  7. mandibular fossa
  8. Occipital bone
  9. occipital condyles
  10. ethmoid
  11. sphenoid
  12. zygoma
  13. maxilla
  14. palatine
  15. vomer
  16. nasal
  17. lacrimal
  18. inferior nasal concha
  19. mandible
  20. mandibular process
  21. Coronal suture
  22. sagittal suture
  23. squamous suture
  24. lambdiodal suture
  25. fontanels

front 23

back 23

occipitofrontalis

O: Two occipital bellies and two frontal bellies
I: Galea aponeurotica
A: Raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead

front 24

back 24

auricularis anterior

O: Temporal fascia
I: Major Helix (ear)
A: Pulls ear forward

front 25

back 25

auricularis posterior

O: Mastoid Process
I: Posterior ear
A: Pulls ear backward

front 26

back 26

auricularis superior

O: Temporal fascia
I: Above the ear
A: Pulls ear upward

front 27

back 27

orbicularis oculi

O: frontal bone; medial palpebral ligament; lacrimal bone
I: lateral palpebral raphe
A: closes eyelids

front 28

back 28

orbicularis oris

O: Maxilla and mandible
I: Skin around the lips
A: It is sometimes known as the kissing muscle because it is used to pucker the lips.

front 29

back 29

buccinator

O: from the alveolar processes of the maxillary bone and mandible, temporomandibular joint
I: in the fibers of the orbicularis oris
A: The buccinator compresses the cheeks against the teeth and is used in acts such as blowing. It is an assistant muscle of mastication (chewing) and in neonates it is used to suckle.

front 30

back 30

platysma

O: subcutaneous tissue of infraclavicular and supraclavicular regions
I: base of mandible; skin of cheek and lower lip; angle of mouth; orbicularis oris
A: Draws the corners of the mouth inferiorly and widens it (as in expressions of sadness and fright). Also draws the skin of the neck superiorly when teeth are clenched

front 31

back 31

masseter

O: zygomatic arch and maxilla
I: coronoid process, ramus of mandible, cementomaxillary tendon and cementomandibular tendon
A: elevation (as in closing of the mouth) and protraction of mandible

front 32

back 32

temporalis

O: Temporal lines on the parietal bone of the skull and the superior temporal surface of the sphenoid bone.
I: Coronoid process of the mandible.
A: Elevation and retraction of mandible

front 33

back 33

lateral pterygoid

O: Great wing of sphenoid and pterygoid plate
I: Condyloid process of the mandible
A: depresses mandible, protrude mandible, side to side movement of mandible

front 34

back 34

medial pterygoid

O: deep head: medial side of lateral pterygoid plate behind the upper teeth, superficial head: pyramidal process of palatine bone and maxillary tuberosity
I: medial angle of the mandible
A: elevates mandible, closes jaw, helps lateral pterygoids in moving the jaw from side to side

front 35

back 35

sternocleidomastoid

O: Manubrium sterni and medial portion of the clavicle
I: Mastoid process of the temporal bone, superior nuchal line
A: Unilaterally; cervical rotation to opposite side, cervical lateral flexion to same side, Bilaterally; cervical flexion, raises the sternum and assists in forced inspiration

front 36

back 36

anterior scalene

O: Transverse processes of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebræ (C3, C4, C5 and C6)
I: First rib
A: Elevates first rib, rotate the neck to the opposite side

front 37

back 37

middle scalene

O: Posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the lower six cervical vertebræ (C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 and C7)
I: Upper surface of the first rib
A: Elevate 1st rib, rotate the neck to the opposite side

front 38

back 38

posterior scalene

O: Transverse processes of C4, C5 and C6
I: Second rib
A: Elevate second rib, tilt the neck to the same side

front 39

back 39

serratus posterior superior

O: Nuchal ligament (or ligamentum nuchae) and the spinous processes of the vertebrae C7 through T3
I: The upper borders of the 2nd through 5th ribs
A: Elevates the ribs which aids in inspiration

front 40

back 40

serratus posterior inferior

O: Vertebrae T11 - L2
I: The inferior borders of the 9th through 12th ribs
A: Depress the lower ribs, aiding in expiration

front 41

back 41

diaphragm

O: Attaches to the sternum and xiphoid process anteriorly, the L1 through the L3 lumbar vertebrae and the arcuate ligaments posteriorly, and the costal margin peripherally
I: Attaches to the central aponeurotic tendon
A: Inspiration

front 42

back 42

external intercostals

O: lower border of ribs
I: upper border of rib below
A: Inhalation

front 43

back 43

internal intercostals

O: Rib - inferior border
I: Rib - superior border
A: Hold ribs steady

front 44

back 44

transversus thoracis

O: Costal cartilages of last 3-4 true ribs, body of sternum and xiphoid process
I: Ribs/costal cartilages 2-6
A: Depresses ribs

front 45

back 45

quadratus lumborum

O: iliac crest and iliolumbar ligament
I: Last rib and transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
A: Alone, lateral flexion of vertebral column; Together, depression of thoracic rib cage

front 46

back 46

Psoas Major (iliopsoas)

O: Transverse processes of T12-L5 and the lateral aspects of the discs between them
I: In the lesser trochanter of the femur
A: Flexion in the hip joint

front 47

back 47

Iliacus (iliopsoas)

O: upper two-third of the iliac fossa
I: base of the lesser trochanter of femur
A: flexes and rotates laterally thigh

front 48

back 48

1. external abdominal oblique

O: Ribs 5-12
I: Iliac crest, Pubic tubercle, Linea alba
A: Contralateral rotation of torso

front 49

back 49

2. internal abdominal oblique

O: Inguinal ligament, Iliac crest and the Lumbodorsal fascia.
I: Linea alba, Pecten Pubis (via Conjoint tendon) and ribs 10-12
A: Compresses abdomen; unilateral contraction rotates vertebral column to same side

front 50

back 50

3. transversus abdominis

O: Iliac crest, inguinal ligament, thoracolumbar fascia, and costal cartilages 7-12
I: Xiphoid process, linea alba, pubic crest and pecten pubis via conjoint tendon
A: Compresses abdominal contents

front 51

back 51

4. Rectus abdominis

O: crest of pubis
I: Costal cartilage of ribs 5-7, xiphoid process of sternum
A: Flexion of the lumbar spine

front 52

back 52

splenius capitis

O: Nuchal ligament and spinous process of C7-T3
I: Mastoid process of temporal and occipital bone
A: Extend, rotate, and laterally flex the head

front 53

back 53

splenius cervicis

O: Spinous processes of T3-T6
I: Transverse processes of C1-C3
A: Bilaterally: Extend the head & neck, Unilaterally: Lateral flexion to the same side, Rotation to the same side.

front 54

back 54

iliocostalis (erector spinae group)

O: Sacrum/Illiac Crest/Spinous Processes of lower lumbar/thoracic vertebrae
I: Ribs
A: Unilaterally: Flex the head and neck to the same side. Bilaterally: Extend the vertebral column.

front 55

back 55

longissimus (erector spinae group)

O: transverse process
I: transverse process
A: Laterally: Flex the head and neck to the same side. Bilaterally: Extend the vertebral column.

front 56

back 56

spinalis (erector spinae group)

O: Thoracis: Spinous process of upper lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae. .Cervicis: nuchal ligament and spinous process of C7
I: Thoracis: Spinous process of upper thoracic vertebrae. Cervicis: Spinous process of cervical vertebrae except atlas.
A: Laterally: Flex the head and neck to the same side. Bilaterally: Extend the vertebral column.

front 57

back 57

semispinalis

O: Transverse processes of lower cervical and higher thoracic columna
I: Area between superior and inferior nuchal line
A: Extends the head

front 58

back 58

multifidus

O: Sacrum, Erector spinae Aponeurosis, PSIS, and Iliac crest
I: spinous process
A: Provides proprioceptive feedback and input due to high muscle spindle density

front 59

back 59

suboccipital group

front 60

back 60

gluteus maximus

O: Gluteal surface of ilium, lumbar fascia, sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament
I: Gluteal tuberosity of the femur and iliotibial tract
A: External rotation and extension of the hip joint, supports the extended knee through the iliotibial tract, chief antigravity muscle in sitting and abduction of the hip

front 61

back 61

gluteus medius

O: Gluteal surface of ilium, under gluteus maximus
I: Greater trochanter of the femur
A: abduction of the hip; preventing adduction of the hip. Medial rotation of thigh.

front 62

back 62

gluteus minimus

O: From area in between the anterior gluteal line and inferior gluteal line of Gluteal surface ilium, under gluteus medius.
I: Greater trochanter of the femur
A: Works in concert with gluteus medius: abduction of the hip; preventing adduction of the hip. Medial rotation of thigh.

front 63

back 63

tensor fascia latae

O: Iliac crest
I: Iliotibial tract
A: Thigh - flexion, medial rotation, abduction. Trunk stabilization.

front 64

back 64

piriformis (deep lateral rotator group)

O: Sacrum
I: Greater trochanter
A: External rotator of the thigh

front 65

back 65

obturator internus (deep lateral rotator group)

O: Ischiopubic ramus & obturator membrane
I: Medial aspect of the greater trochanterA: Abducts & laterally rotates the extended hip and abducts the flexed thigh at the hip, and stabilizer of the hip during walking

front 66

back 66

obturator externus (deep lateral rotator group)

O: obturator foramen and obturatory membrane
I: trochanteric fossa of femur
A: adduct thigh, rotate laterally thigh

front 67

back 67

quadratus femoris (deep lateral rotator group)

O: Ischial tuberosity
I: Intertrochanteric crest
A: lateral rotation and adduction of thigh

front 68

back 68

gemellus superior (deep lateral rotator group)

O: spine of the ischium
I: Obturator Internus tendon
A: Rotates laterally thigh

front 69

back 69

gemellus inferior (deep lateral rotator group)

O: Ischial tuberosity
I: Obturator internus tendon
A: Rotates laterally thigh

front 70

back 70

biceps femoris (hamstring group)

O: tuberosity of the ischium, linea aspera, femur
I: the head of the fibula which articulates with the back of the lateral tibial condyle
A: flexes knee joint, laterally rotates knee joint (when knee is flexed), extends hip joint (long head only)

front 71

back 71

semitendinosus (hamstring group)

O: Tuberosity of the ischium
I: Pes anserinus (tibia)
A: Flexion of knee, extension of the hip joint

front 72

back 72

semimembranosus

O: Ischial tuberosity
I: Medial tibial condyle
A: Extension of hip and flexion of knee

front 73

back 73

pectineus

O: Pectineal line of the pubic bone
I: Pectineal line of the femur
A: Thigh - flexion, adduction

front 74

back 74

adductor brevis (adductor group)

O: anterior surface of the inferior ramus and body of the pubis
I: the lesser trochanter and linea aspera of the femur
A: adduction of hip

front 75

back 75

adductor longus (adductor group)

O: pubic body just below the pubic crest
I: middle third of linea aspera
A: adduction of hip, flexion of hip joint

front 76

back 76

adductor magnus (adductor group)

O: Pubis, tuberosity of the ischium
I: Linea aspera and adductor tubercle of femur
A: Adduction of hip (both portions), flexion of hip (adductor portion), extension of hip (hamstring portion)

front 77

back 77

gracilis

O: ischiopubic ramus
I: tibia (pes anserinus)
A: flexes, medially rotates, and adducts the hip, flexes the knee

front 78

back 78

rectus femoris (quadriceps group)

O: anterior inferior iliac spine and the exterior surface of the bony ridge which forms the groove on the iliac portion of the acetabulum
I: inserts into the patellar tendon as one of the four quadriceps muscles
A: knee extension; hip flexion

front 79

back 79

vastus lateralis (quadriceps group)

O: Greater trochanter, Intertrochanteric line, and Linea aspera of the Femur
I: Patella via the Quadriceps tendon and Tibial tuberosity via the Patellar ligament
A: Extends and stabilizes knee

front 80

back 80

vastus medialis (quadriceps group)

O: Medial side of femur
I: Quadriceps tendon
A: Extends leg

front 81

back 81

vastus intermedius (quadriceps group)

O: antero/ lateral femur
I: Quadriceps tendon
A: Extension of knee joint

front 82

back 82

tibialis anterior

O: Upper 1/2 & Lateral Condyle of Tibia
I: medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bones of the foot
A: Dorsiflexion and Inversion of the foot

front 83

back 83

extensor digitorum longus

O: Anterior lateral condyle of tibia, anterior shaft of fibula and superior 3⁄4 of interosseous membrane
I: Dorsal surface; middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits
A: extension of toes and dorsiflexion of ankle

front 84

back 84

extensor hallicus longus

O: Arises from the middle portion of the fibula on the anterior surface and the interosseous membrane
I: Inserts on the dorsal side of the base of the distal phalanx of the big toe
A: Extends the big toe and assists in dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle. Also is a weak evertor/ invertor

front 85

back 85

fibularis (peroneus) tertius

O: distal anterior surface of the fibula also the interosseous membrane
I: dorsal surface of metatarsal 5
A: dorsiflexion and eversion of the foot

front 86

back 86

fibularis (peroneus) longus

O: Upper lateral shaft of fibula
I: first metatarsal, medial cuneiformA: plantarflexion, eversion, support arches

front 87

back 87

fibularis (peroneus) brevis

O: Lower two-thirds of lateral fibula
I: Fifth metatarsal
A: Plantarflexion, eversion

front 88

back 88

popliteus

O: Lateral condyle of the femur, and the lateral meniscus and joint capsule
I: posterior surface of upper tibia
A: Medially rotates tibia on the femur if the femur is fixed (sitting down) or laterally rotates femur on the tibia if tibia is fixed (standing up), unlocks the knee to allow flexion (bending), helps to prevent the forward dislocation of the femur while crouching

front 89

back 89

tibialis posterior

O: Tibia and fibula
I: Navicular and medial cuneiform bone
A: Inversion of the foot and plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle

front 90

back 90

flexor digitorum longus

O: Posterior surface of the body of the tibia
I: Plantar surface; base of the distal phalanges of the four lesser toesA: Primary action is Flex digits

front 91

back 91

flexor hallicus longus

O: fibula, posterior aspect of middle 1/3
I: Plantar surface; base of distal phalanx of hallux
A: flexes all joints of the big toe, plantar flexion of the ankle joint

front 92

back 92

plantaris

O: Lateral supracondylar ridge of femur above lateral head of gastrocnemius
I: Tendo calcaneus (medial side, deep to gastrocnemius tendon)
A: Plantar flexes foot and flexes knee

front 93

back 93

soleus

O: fibula, medial border of tibia (soleal line)
I: tendo calcaneus
A: plantarflexion

front 94

back 94

gastrocnemius

O: superior to articular surfaces of lateral condyle of femur and medial condyle of femur
I: tendo calcaneus (achilles tendon) into mid-posterior calcaneus
A: plantar flexes foot, flexes knee

front 95

back 95

trapezius

O: external occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, medial superior nuchal line, spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T12
I: posterior border of the lateral third of the clavicle, acromion process, and spine of scapula
A: rotation, retraction, elevation, and depression of scapula

front 96

back 96

rhomboid major

O: spinous processes of the T2 to T5 vertebrae
I: medial border of the scapula, inferior to the insertion of rhomboid minor muscle
A: Retracts the scapula and rotates it to depress the glenoid cavity. It also fixes the scapula to the thoracic wall.

front 97

back 97

rhomboid minor

O: nuchal ligaments and spinous processes of C7–T1
I: Medial border of scapula, superior to the insertion of rhomboid major muscle
A: Retracts and rotates scapula, fixes scapula to thoracic wall

front 98

back 98

levator scapula

O: Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1 - C4 vertebrae
I: Superior part of medial border of scapula
A: Elevates scapula and tilts its glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating scapula

front 99

back 99

pectoralis minor

O: Third to fifth ribs, near their costal cartilages
I: Medial border and superior surface of the coracoid process of the scapula
A: Stabilizes the scapula by drawing it inferiorly and anteriorly against the thoracic wall, Rises ribs in inspiration

front 100

back 100

serratus anterior

O: fleshy slips from the outer surface of upper 8 or 9 ribs
I: costal aspect of medial margin of the scapula
A: protracts and stabilizes scapula, assists in upward rotation.

front 101

back 101

supraspinatus

O: supraspinous fossa of scapula
I: superior facet of greater tubercle of humerus
A: abduction of arm and stabilizes humerus see part on controversy of action.

front 102

back 102

infraspinatus

O: infraspinous fossa of the scapula
I: middle facet of greater tubercle of the humerus
A: Lateral rotation of arm and stabilizes humerus

front 103

back 103

teres minor

O: lateral border of the scapula
I: inferior facet of greater tubercle of the humerus
A: laterally rotates the arm, stabilizes humerus

front 104

back 104

subscapularis

O: Subscapular fossa
I: Lesser tubercle of humerus
A: Internally (medially) rotates humerus; stabilizes shoulder

front 105

back 105

deltoid

O: the anterior border and upper surface of the lateral third of the clavicle, acromion, spine of the scapula
I: deltoid tuberosity of humerus
A: shoulder abduction, flexion and extension

front 106

back 106

pectoralis major

O: Clavicular head: anterior surface of the medial half of the clavicle. Sternocostal head: anterior surface of the sternum, the superior six costal cartilages, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle
I: Lateral lip of the bicipital groove of the humerus
A: As a whole, adducts and medially rotates the humerus. It also draws the scapula anteriorly and inferiorly.

front 107

back 107

subclavius

O: first rib and cartilage
I: subclavian groove of clavicle
A: depression of clavicle

front 108

back 108

latissimus dorsi

O: Spinous processes of vertebrae T7-L5, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, inferior 3 or 4 ribs and inferior angle of scapula
I: Floor of intertubercular groove of the humerus
A: Adducts, extends and internally rotates the arm when the insertion is moved towards the origin. When observing the muscle action of the origin towards the insertion, the lats are a very powerful rotator of the trunk

front 109

back 109

teres major

O: Posterior aspect of the inferior angle of the scapula
I: Medial lip of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus
A: Internal rotation (medial rotation) of the humerus, Protracts scapula, Depress shoulder

front 110

back 110

coracobrachialis

O: Coracoid process of scapula
I: Medial humerus
A: adducts humerus , flexes the arm at glenohumeral joint

front 111

back 111

biceps brachii

O: Short head: coracoid process of the scapula Long head: supraglenoid tubercle
I: Radial tuberosity and bicipital aponeurosis into deep fascia on medial part of forearm
A: Flexes elbow, flexes and abducts shoulder and supinates radioulnar joint in the forearm

front 112

back 112

brachialis

O: anterior surface of the humerus, particularly the distal half of this bone
I: coronoid process and the tuberosity of the ulna
A: flexion at elbow joint

front 113

back 113

brachioradialis

O: Lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus
I: Distal radius (Radial styloid process)
A: Flexion of Elbow

front 114

back 114

pronator teres

O: humeral head: medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon) ulnar head: coronoid process of ulna
I: Middle of the lateral surface of the body of the radius
A: pronation of forearm, flexes elbow

front 115

back 115

supinator

O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus, supinator crest of ulna, radial collateral ligament, annular ligament
I: Lateral proximal radial shaft
A: Supinates forearm

front 116

back 116

pronator quadratus

O: medial, anterior surface of the ulna
I: lateral, anterior surface of the radius
A: pronates the forearm

front 117

back 117

triceps brachii

O: Long head: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula Lateral head: above the radial sulcus Medial head: below the radial sulcus
I: Olecranon process of ulna
A: Extends forearm, long head extends,adducts arm ,Extendsshoulder

front 118

back 118

anconeus

O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus proximally
I: lateral surface of the olecranon process and the superior part of the posterior ulna distally
A: It is partly blended in with the triceps, which it assists in extension of the forearm.

front 119

back 119

flexor carpi radialis

O: medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon)
I: Bases of second and third metacarpal bones
A: Flexion and abduction at wrist

front 120

back 120

palmaris longus

O: medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon)
I: palmar aponeurosis
A: wrist flexor

front 121

back 121

flexor carpi ulnaris

O: medial epicondyle (common flexor tendon) and medial margin on olecranon of ulna
I: pisiform, hook of the hamate, base of the fifth metacarpal bone
A: flexion and adduction of wrist

front 122

back 122

flexor digitorum superficialis

O: medial epicondyle of the humerus (common flexor tendon) as well as parts of the radius and ulna.
I: anterior margins on the bases of the middle phalanges of the four fingers
A: flexor of fingers (primarily at proximal interphalangeal joints)

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flexor digitorum profundus

O: upper 3/4 of the volar and medial surfaces of the body of the ulna, interosseous membrane and deep fascia of the forearm
I: base of the distal phalanges of the fingers
A: flex hand, interphalangeal joints

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flexor pollicis longus

O: The middle 2/4 of the volar surface of the radius and the adjacent interosseus membrane.
I: The base of the distal phalanx of the thumb
A: Flexion of the thumb.

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extensor carpi radialis longus

O: lateral supracondylar ridge
I: 2nd metacarpal
A: extensor at the wrist joint, abducts the hand at the wrist

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extensor carpi radialis brevis

O: humerus at the anterior of lateral epicondyle (common extensor tendon)
I: Posterior base of the 3rd metacarpal
A: extensor and abductor of the hand at the wrist joint

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extensor digitorum

O: lateral epicondyle (common extensor tendon)
I: extensor expansion of middle and distal phalanges of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th fingers
A: extension of hand, wrist and fingers

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extensor digiti minimi

O: the anterior portion of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus (common extensor tendon)
I: at the extensor expansion, located at the base of the proximal phalanx of digit V on the dorsal side
A: extends the wrist and the little finger at all joints

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extensor carpi ulnaris

O: Common extensor tendon (lateral epicondyle), ulna
I: 5th metacarpal
A: extends and adducts the wrist

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extensor pollicis brevis

O: radius and the interosseous membrane
I: thumb, proximal phalanx
A: extension of thumb at metacarpophalangeal joint

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abductor pollicis longus

O: ulna, radius, Interosseous membrane
I: first metacarpal
A: abduction, extension of thumb

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extensor pollicis longus

O: Middle third of posterior surface of ulna, interosseous membrane
I: thumb, distal phalanx
A: extension of the thumb (metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal)

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extensor indicis

O: posterior distal third of ulna and interosseous membrane
I: index finger (extensor hood)
A: extends index finger, wrist