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Comprehensive Exam

front 1 Vasodilation is one of the mechanisms for reducing heat loss from the body.	back 1 false
front 2 Apoptosis indicates that something has gone wrong with a cell's homeostasis and caused it to die prematurely.	back 2 false
front 3 Red blood cells are the largest cells in the human body.	back 3 false
front 4 Programmed cell death is carried out by a process called autophagy.	back 4 false

front 5 All anatomy is the result of physiology and all physiology is made possible by anatomy.	back 5 true
front 6 The solution D5W consists of _____ grams dextrose in ___________________	back 6 5; 100 ml total solution.
front 7 Which of the following correctly lists the levels of human structural complexity from smaller to the larger structural units?	back 7 organelles-cells-tissues-organs-organ systems
front 8 The smallest structures that biologists consider to be alive are…	back 8 cells

front 9 Studying anatomy by touch, for example during a physical examination, is called	back 9 palpation
front 10 Studying anatomy by listening to natural sounds of the heart or lungs is called…	back 10 auscultation
front 11 Which of the following processes can occur without involving a semi-permeable membrane?	back 11 simple diffusion
front 12 White blood cells engulf bacteria by means of	back 12 phagocytosis

front 13 Cells dispose of worn-out organelles by a process called	back 13 autophagy
front 14 The modern cell theory includes all of the following generalizations except	back 14 All cells are enclosed in a cell wall.
front 15 Which function is associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum?	back 15 protein synthesis
front 16 Which of the following cellular structures is nonliving?	back 16 -glycogen granules -mitochondria -lysosomes -DNA -enzymes -nucleus

front 17 What organelle is most active in causing programmed cell death?	back 17 lysosome
front 18 What function would immediately cease if the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed?	back 18 protein synthesis
front 19 You put half a maraschino cherry on each dish of pudding you plan to serve for dessert. A few hours later, you notice the red color has spread through the pudding in the area surrounding the cherry. This resulted from...	back 19 diffusion
front 20 Which of the following is the term for the study of “cells”?	back 20 cytology

front 21 Which of the following is the term for the study of function?	back 21 physiology
front 22 The largest organelle of the cell is …	back 22 nucleus
front 23 Which of the following terms describes human structures visible with the unaided eye?	back 23 gross anatomy
front 24 Which term is used to describe the maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions in the body?	back 24 homeostasis

front 25 A ______ consists of a relatively abundant _____ and a relatively less abundant _____.	back 25 solution, solvent, solute
front 26 The movement of water molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration through a semi-permeable membrane without the addition of energy is …	back 26 osmosis
front 27 The process where specific molecules or ions are “escorted” through a semi-permeable membrane by a Special Carrier Protein or Gate from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is …	back 27 facilitated diffusion
front 28 The process where specific molecules or ions are “escorted” through a semi-permeable membrane by a Special Carrier Protein or Gate from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration is …	back 28 active transport

front 29 Which of the following terms refers to general bulk transport of any or all materials into the cell?	back 29 endocytosis
front 30 Which of the following terms refers to specific bulk transport of water into the cell?	back 30 pinocytosis
front 31 Which of the following terms refers to specific bulk transport of food or pathogens into the cell?	back 31 phagocytosis
front 32 Which of the following terms refers to general bulk transport of any or all materials out of the cell?	back 32 exocytosis

front 33 Which of the following terms refers to the programmed death of cells after a certain number of divisions?	back 33 apoptosis
front 34 If the fluid in a cell is 0.9% salt, and it is put into a fluid of 1.5% salt, the fluid on the outside of the cell would be _____ to the cell.	back 34 hypertonic
front 35 Which of the following is opaque?	back 35 suspension
front 36 Which of the following is heterogeneous?	back 36 suspension

front 37 The relatively less abundant part of a fluid mixture (example: the salt in a salt and water mixture.)	back 37 solute
front 38 The relatively more abundant part of a fluid mixture (example: the water in a salt and water mixture.)	back 38 solvent
front 39 Sand plus water mixture.	back 39 suspension
front 40 Dextrose plus water mixture.	back 40 solution

front 41 Blood is a…	back 41 suspension
front 42 Causes crenation.	back 42 hypertonic solution
front 43 Causes hemolysis.	back 43 hypotonic solution
front 44 Causes no change in the cell.	back 44 isotonic solution

front 45 The beaker solution with a cell with 0.9% salt solution in a beaker with a 0.5% salt solution.	back 45 hypotonic solution
front 46 The beaker solution with a cell with 0.9% salt solution in a beaker with a 0.9% salt solution.	back 46 isotonic solution
front 47 The beaker solution with a cell with 0.9% salt solution in a beaker with a 0.1% salt solution.	back 47 hypotonic solution
front 48 Which of the following is NOT a major human tissue type?	back 48 cutaneous tissue

front 49 Which of these tissues cover or line all of the body’s “free” surfaces?	back 49 epithelial tissue
front 50 Which of these tissues is characterized by wide interstitial spaces?	back 50 connective tissue
front 51 Which of these tissues can be simple or stratified?	back 51 epithelial tissue
front 52 Which of these tissues can contain fibroblasts?	back 52 connective tissue

front 53 Which of these tissues is characterized by little interstitial space?	back 53 epithelial tissue
front 54 Which of the following make up your epidermis?	back 54 stratified squamous epithelium
front 55 When you think of simple diffusion, you think of…	back 55 simple squamous epithelium
front 56 Which of the following are associated with exfoliation?	back 56 stratified squamous epithelium

front 57 Which of the following can be either keratinized or non-keratinized?	back 57 stratified squamous epithelium
front 58 Which of the following occur where dissolved matter needs to pass through a membrane quickly?	back 58 simple squamous epithelium
front 59 Which of the following occur in the kidney tubules and most glands?	back 59 simple cuboidal epithelium
front 60 Which of the following line your blood vessels?	back 60 simple squamous epithelium

front 61 Which of the following are characterized by the presence of cilia?	back 61 pseudostratified columnar epithelium
front 62 Which of the following resist abrasion and penetration by pathogenic organisms?	back 62 stratified squamous epithelium
front 63 Which of the following can contain melanocytes?	back 63 stratified squamous epithelium
front 64 Which of the following are characterized by the absence of cilia and the presence of goblet cells?	back 64 simple columnar epithelium

front 65 Which of the following line your oral cavity?	back 65 stratified squamous
front 66 Which of these tissues is characterized by protein fibers and ground substance?	back 66 connective tissue
front 67 Which of these tissues is characterized by containing fibroblasts?	back 67 connective tissue
front 68 Which part of the nail is the hyponychium?	back 68 the area under the part you clip with nail clippers

front 69 Which part of the nail is the eponychium?	back 69 the cuticle
front 70 Which part of the nail is the small moon-shaped part of the nail?	back 70 the lunule
front 71 Which part of the nail is the free edge?	back 71 the part you clip with nail clippers
front 72 Which of the following do not develop until puberty?	back 72 apocrine sweat glands

front 73 Which of the following secrete an oil to lubricate and soften the hair shaft?	back 73 sebaceous glands
front 74 Which of the following secrete only water salt and urea?	back 74 merocrine sweat glands
front 75 Which of the following secrete water salt and urea plus a milky protein?	back 75 apocrine sweat glands
front 76 Which of the following is located with the hair in the hair follicle?	back 76 sebaceous glands

front 77 Which of the following is located away from the hair follicle, but secretes into the hair follicle?	back 77 apocrine sweat glands
front 78 Deepest layer of the skin?	back 78 Stratum basale
front 79 Layer superficial to the deepest layer?	back 79 stratum spinosum
front 80 Middle layer?	back 80 stratum granulosum

front 81 Layer just deep to the superficial layer?	back 81 stratum lucidum
front 82 Superficial layer?	back 82 stratum corneum
front 83 Which one of these layers is not found in thin skin?	back 83 stratum lucidum
front 84 Which one of these layers invaginates into the dermis of the skin to form a hair follicle?	back 84 stratum basale

front 85 Which of the following secrete through ducts?	back 85 exocrine glands
front 86 Which of the following secrete directly into the bloodstream?	back 86 endocrine glands
front 87 Apocrine sweat glands are which of these?	back 87 exocrine glands
front 88 Merocrine sweat glands are which of these?	back 88 exocrine glands

front 89 Which of the following secrete hormones?	back 89 endocrine glands
front 90 Which of the following can be white or brown?	back 90 adipose tissue
front 91 Which of the following is highly vascular?	back 91 areolar connective tissue
front 92 Which of the following is not the major tissue of the dermis, but found in the dermal papilla?	back 92 areolar connective tissue

front 93 Which of the following is the major tissue of the dermis?	back 93 dense irregular connective tissue
front 94 Which of the following is the major tissue of the hypodermis?	back 94 adipose tissue
front 95 In which of the following do the cells contain little cytoplasm but instead a large vacuole?	back 95 adipose tissue
front 96 Which of the following is found in tendons and ligaments?	back 96 dense regular connective tissue

front 97 Which of the following contain wide interstitial space?	back 97 -areolar connective tissue -dense regular connective tissue -dense irregular connective tissue -connective tissue
front 98 Which of the following is transparent?	back 98 solution
front 99 Which of the following is homogeneous and transparent?	back 99 solution
front 100 The movement of molecules or ions from a higher concentration to a lower concentration without added energy is …	back 100 simple diffusion

front 101 Exocrine glands are ductless glands.	back 101 false
front 102 Endocrine glands produce neurotransmitters.	back 102 false
front 103 A neutral pH indicates equal amounts of H+ and OH- ions in solution.	back 103 true
front 104 Acid-Base Balance is one of the most important aspects of homeostasis	back 104 true

front 105 The blood and tissue fluids normally have a pH of 7.35-7.45	back 105 true
front 106 Only free hydrogen ions (H+) determine the pH of a solution	back 106 true
front 107 The carbonic acid buffer system has the formula CO2 + H2O <=> H2CO3 <=> HCO3- + H+	back 107 true
front 108 Oxygen contributes to 65% of your body weight.	back 108 true

front 109 Carbon contributes to 18% of your body weight.	back 109 true
front 110 Hydrogen contributes to 10% of your body weight.	back 110 true
front 111 Which of the following are physiologically important cations?	back 111 -Na+ -K+ -Ca++ -H+
front 112 Which of the following ions is the most significant solute in determining total body water and its distribution?	back 112 Na+

front 113 Which of the following is the most accessible body fluid for measuring electrolyte concentrations?	back 113 blood
front 114 What is true regarding sodium ions?	back 114 one of the principal ions responsible for the resting membrane potential in cells
front 115 What is true regarding calcium ions?	back 115 -gives strength to the skeleton -activates the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction -activates exocytosis of neurotransmitters and other cellular secretions -an essential factor in blood clotting
front 116 What is true regarding the carbonic buffer cycle?	back 116 -it is reversible -carbonic acid acts as a weak acid by releasing H+ and lowering pH. -bicarbonate acts as a weak base by binding H+, removing the ions from solution, and raising pH -forms by the hydration of CO2 and then dissociates into bicarbonate (HCO3-) and H+

front 117 What is true for the protein buffer cycle?	back 117 -has the equation COOH -> COO- + H+ -has the equation NH2 + H+ -> NH3+ -is a weak acid to neutralize a strong base -is a weak base to neutralize a strong acid
front 118 What is true regarding potassium ions?	back 118 -where sodium goes, potassium leaves -are an important cofactor in protein synthesis -are involved with production of the resting membrane potential -are designated as K+
front 119 A chemical that releases H+ ions in solution is…	back 119 an acid
front 120 A chemical that binds H+ ions in solution is…	back 120 a base

front 121 A substance that binds and removes H+ ions from a solution when their concentration gets too high is…	back 121 a buffer
front 122 A substance that releases H+ ions into a solution when their concentration gets too low is…	back 122 a buffer
front 123 Can restore normal pH within a fraction of a second	back 123 chemical buffer
front 124 Stabilizes pH by controlling the body’s output of acids, bases, or CO2	back 124 physiological buffer

front 125 pH 6	back 125 acid
front 126 pH 9	back 126 base
front 127 pH 1	back 127 acid
front 128 pH 12	back 128 base

front 129 Which of these produces a hormone that stimulates milk production?	back 129 anterior pituitary
front 130 Which of these produces a hormone that stimulates milk letdown?	back 130 posterior pituitary
front 131 Which of these produces a hormone that stimulates calcium deposition in bone?	back 131 thyroid gland
front 132 Which of these produces a hormone that stimulates calcium release from bone?	back 132 parathyroid gland

front 133 Which of these produces a hormone that stimulates growth and development?	back 133 anterior pituitary
front 134 Which of these produces a hormone that stimulates increased metabolism?	back 134 thyroid gland
front 135 Which of these produces gonadotropins?	back 135 anterior pituitary
front 136 One organ on the list controls one of the other organs listed with hormone stimulation. Which one of these is that controlled organ?	back 136 anterior pituitary

front 137 Which of these produces all stimulating hormones?	back 137 anterior pituitary
front 138 Which of these produces all releasing hormones?	back 138 hypothalamus
front 139 Which of these produces all tropic hormones?	back 139 anterior pituitary
front 140 Which of these produces all prostaglandins?	back 140 various tissues

front 141 One organ on the list controls one of the other organs listed with nervous stimulation instead of hormone stimulation. Which one of these is that controlling organ?	back 141 hypothalamus
front 142 One organ on the list controls one of the other organs listed with nervous stimulation instead of hormone stimulation. Which one of these is that controlled organ?	back 142 posterior pituitary
front 143 Children have more bones than adults do.	back 143 true
front 144 Each osteocyte of compact bone is nourished by blood capillaries in its lacuna.	back 144 false

front 145 ATP is the energy molecule produced used by the cells.	back 145 true
front 146 Autocrine signals are locally acting signals	back 146 false
front 147 Tori are extra bones in the mouth.	back 147 true
front 148 Sesamoid bones are also known as sutural bones.	back 148 false

front 149 The patella is a sesamoid bone.	back 149 true
front 150 Epinephrine and norepinephrine are considered antagonistic.	back 150 false
front 151 Sutural bones are found where damaged tissue has been sutured back together.	back 151 false
front 152 The thyroid gland and the thymus both go through involution.	back 152 false

front 153 Hormone regulation occurs primarily by positive feedback.	back 153 false
front 154 Paracrine signals act on the same cell from which it is synthesized.	back 154 false
front 155 Sesamoid bones are found in tendons adjacent to joints	back 155 true
front 156 Bone cells that build compact bone are called	back 156 osteoblast

front 157 The outer layer of a bone is called the:	back 157 periosteum
front 158 Bone cells that consume or breakdown compact bone are called	back 158 osteoclasts
front 159 Mature bone cells trapped in lacunae are called	back 159 osteocytes
front 160 The location of longitudinal growth in the long bones of children is called	back 160 epiphyseal plate

front 161 The division of the skeleton containing the most red bone marrow in adults is the	back 161 axial skeleton
front 162 Cancers of the muscles or connective tissues are…	back 162 sarcomas
front 163 Cancers of the epithelial tissues are…	back 163 carcinomas
front 164 Mature bone cells reside in small oval cavities in bones called…	back 164 lacunae

front 165 Bone is laid down in concentric rings around the blood vessels. Those concentric rings are called…	back 165 lamellae
front 166 The structures that allow oxygen and nutrients to diffuse from one mature bone cell to another are called……	back 166 canaliculi
front 167 The shaft of a long bone.	back 167 diaphysis
front 168 The lining of the medullary cavity	back 168 endosteum

front 169 Is continuous with the tendons and ligaments	back 169 periosteum
front 170 Which of the following is a bacterial infection of joints?	back 170 septic arthritis
front 171 Which of the following is characterized by uric acid deposits in the big toe?	back 171 gout
front 172 Which of the following is characterized by very painful, inflamed thickened synovial membranes?	back 172 rheumatoid arthritis

front 173 Which of the following is characterized by painful degradation of the hyaline cartilage on the epiphysis of long bones?	back 173 osteoarthritis
front 174 Tennis elbow is an example of…	back 174 bursitis
front 175 Which of the following afflicts women three times more often than men?	back 175 rheumatoid arthritis
front 176 Which of the following afflicts men more often than women?	back 176 gout

front 177 Shoulder joints are synovial joints.	back 177 true
front 178 Gomphoses are synovial joints.	back 178 false
front 179 Hip joints are synovial joints.	back 179 true
front 180 Sutures are synovial joints.	back 180 false

front 181 Elbow joints are synovial joints.	back 181 true
front 182 Pubic symphyses are synovial joints.	back 182 false
front 183 Knee joints are synovial joints.	back 183 true
front 184 Which of the following have no charge?	back 184 neutron

front 185 C6H12O6 is an example of …	back 185 empirical formula
front 186 Bonds between cations and anions are called…	back 186 ionic bonds
front 187 What is true about the elements in the column at the far right (column VIIIA) of the periodic table?	back 187 -have a full valence shell -are electroneutral -are inert therefore will not react with other atoms -are considered “happy atoms”.
front 188 96% of your body by weight is…	back 188 -oxygen -carbon -hydrogen -nitrogen

front 189 The first shell or orbital of an atom can have a maximum of how many electrons?	back 189 2
front 190 The second shell or orbital of an atom (for our purposes) can have a maximum of how many electrons?	back 190 8
front 191 Chemistry is the scientific study of…	back 191 matter
front 192 Any substance that prevents a drastic pH shift by converting a “stronger” acid or base into a “weaker” acid or base is a…	back 192 buffer

front 193 Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds are…	back 193 molecules
front 194 If an atom has seven shells or orbitals, which is the valence shell?	back 194 the seventh one
front 195 What pH reading is considered to be neutral?	back 195 7.0
front 196 Bonds between individual water molecules are called…	back 196 hydrogen bonds

front 197 The general name for any atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons is…	back 197 ion
front 198 The fundamental substance of matter is the…	back 198 element
front 199 For an atom to be “happy”, as we discussed in class, it requires which of these? Select ALL that apply!	back 199 -electroneutral -full valence shell
front 200 Which of the following hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?	back 200 -epinephrine -norepinephrine

front 201 Which of the following hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex?	back 201 -aldosterone -cortisol
front 202 Salts dissolved in water…	back 202 -electrolyte -anion -cation
front 203 What pH readings are considered basic?	back 203 7.1-14
front 204 What pH readings are considered acidic?	back 204 0-6.9

front 205 Which of the following have a negative charge?	back 205 -electron -anion
front 206 A substance that absorbs H+ or releases OH- in detectible amounts in solution is a (an)…? Select ALL that apply!	back 206 -organic base -inorganic base
front 207 A substance that releases H+ in detectible amounts in solution is a (an)…? Select ALL that apply!	back 207 -organic acid -inorganic acid
front 208 Which of the following is/are found in the nucleus of an atom?	back 208 -protons -neutrons

front 209 Substances that dissociate in water to release cations and anions (except H+ and OH-) and thus conduct electricity in solution are…? Select ALL that apply!	back 209 -electrolytes -salts
front 210 Which of the following have a positive charge?	back 210 -proton -cation
front 211 Bonds between atoms where electrons are shared are called…?	back 211 -covalent bonds -polar covalent bonds
front 212 For this adult long bone, identify the indicated structure:	back 212 epiphysis

front 213 For this adult long bone, identify the indicated structure:	back 213 diaphysis
front 214 For this adult long bone, identify the indicated structure:	back 214 epiphyseal line
front 215 For this adult long bone, identify the indicated structure:	back 215 epiphysis
front 216 For this adult long bone, identify the type of bone tissue indicated:	back 216 spongy bone

front 217 Identify the hollow center of this bone:	back 217 medullary cavity
front 218 For this adult long bone, identify the type of bone tissue indicated:	back 218 compact bone
front 219 Identify the structure with the * (asterisk):	back 219 central canal
front 220 Identify the “squiggly lines” in the illustration:	back 220 canaliculi

front 221 Identify the “dark ovals” in the illustration:	back 221 lacunae
front 222 Identify the “concentric rings like in an onion” in the illustration:	back 222 lamellae
front 223 Identify the entire structure in the bracket in the illustration:	back 223 osteon
front 224 List a hormone that regulates calcium in bone.	back 224 -calcitonin -PTH -parathyroid hormone