The body’s first line of defense against infections is

a physical barrier and the nonspecific chemicals
of the healthy skin and mucous membranes.

True or False
Some pathogens can penetrate mucous membranes.

true

_______ traps many microorganisms that enter the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts

Mucus

in the lower respiratory tract, the _____________ moves mucus up and out.

ciliary escalator

Second line of defense A microbe’s penetration of the first line of defense encourages production of phagocytes, inflammation,
fever, and antimicrobial substances.

encourages production of phagocytes, inflammation,
fever, and antimicrobial substances.

True or False During many infections, the number of leukocytes increases (leukocytosis);

True

True or False some infections are characterized by leukopenia (decrease in leukocytes).

True

Phagocytosis is the

ingestion of microorganisms or particulate matter by a cell

__________ are the most important phagocytes

neutrophils

___________ is a bodily response to cell damage;

Inflammation

Inflammation is characterized by
-
-
-
-
-

redness,
pain,
heat,
swelling,
and sometimes the loss of function

List the steps of Inflammation
-
-
-

1. Chemicals released by damaged cells. (histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and cytokines)

2. Blood clot forms

3. Abscess starts to form (dark yellow area

_________ can form around an abscess to prevent dissemination of the infection

Blood clots

Fever is an

an abnormally high body temperature produced in response to a bacterial or viral infection

Compliment 3 does nothing until it splits into

C3A and C3B

C3B causes

opsonization

opsonization

coats the intruder to make him more delicious to the wbc's

__________ consists of a group of serum proteins that activate one another to destroy
invading microorganisms

The complement system

Complement proteins are activated in a ________

cascade

_____ activation can result in cell lysis, inflammation, and opsonization

C3

Interferons (IFNs) are

antiviral proteins produced in response to viral infection

True or False
Interferons are host-cell–specific but not virus-specific

True

The study of reactions between antibodies and antigens

Serology

Antiserum

The generic term for serum because it contains Ab

Globulins:

Serum proteins

Immunoglobulins:

Antibodies

Gamma () globulin:

Gamma () globulin: Serum fraction containing Ab

4 Types of Adaptive Immunity

1. Naturally acquired active Immunity
2. Naturally acquired passive immunity
3. Artificially acquired active immunity
4. Artificially acquired passive immunity

Resulting from infection

An antigen (or immunogen) is a

chemical substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies

antigens are proteins or large polysaccharides

proteins or large polysaccharides

The Y part of the antibody is called the
a) variable
b) constang

A. variable

the variable reason can pick up

2

what are the 5 antibodies

IgG
IgM

True or False
Antibodies are formed against specific
regions on antigens called epitopes, or antigenic determinants.

True

An antibody, or immunoglobulin, is a protein produced by __________

B cells

Typical monomers consist of _______ polypeptide chains:

four

The 4 Typical polypeptide chains:

two heavy chains and two light chains.

Is the antibody produced by b cells humoral or adaptive

Humoral

__________ immunity involves antibodies

Humoral

_________ immunity involves T cells

Cellular

1.___________ region that binds the epitope and a 2.___________ region that distinguishes the different classes of antibodies.
a)constant (c)
b)variable (V)

1. B
2. C

An antibody monomer is ___-shaped or ____-shaped:

Y or T

the 1.______ form the tips, the 2.______ form the
base and FC (stem) region

1. V recions form the tips
2. the C regions form the Base