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51 notecards = 13 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

Blood

front 1

Cardiovascular System consists of......

back 1

-a pump (heart)
-a conducting system (blood vessels)
-a fluid medium (blood)

front 2

Blood

back 2

-a specialized fluid of connective tissue that contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix

front 3

Important functions of blood...

back 3

-Transportation of dissolved substances
-Regulation of pH and ions
-Restriction of fluid losses at injury sites
-Defense against toxins and pathogens
-Stabilization of body temperature

front 4

Whole Blood

back 4

-combination of plasma and formed elements

front 5

Plasma

back 5

fluid matrix of blood consisting of:
1.water
2.dissolved plasma proteins
3.other solutes

front 6

Formed Elements

back 6

-blood cells and cell fragments that are suspended in plasma

front 7

Three Types of Formed Elements

back 7

-red blood cells/erythrocytes
-white blood cells/leukocytes
-platelets/thrombocytes

front 8

Red Blood Cells/Erythrocytes

back 8

-transport oxygen from lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs)
-make up 99.9% of blood's formed elements
-small and highly specialized discs
-thin in middle and thicker at edge
-lack nuclei, mitochondria, and ribosomes (means no repair and anaerobic metabolism)
-lives for about 120 days

front 9

White Blood Cells/Leukocytes

back 9

-part of the immune system
-ex: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes
-does not have hemoglobin
-have nuclei and other organelles

front 10

Platelets/Thrombocytes

back 10

-cell fragments involved in clotting

front 11

Hemopoiesis

back 11

-process of producing formed elements by myeloid and lymphoid stem cells

front 12

Fractionation

back 12

-process of separating whole blood for clinical analysis

front 13

General Characteristics of Blood

back 13

1. 38 degrees C (100.4 degress F) is normal temperature, slightly above normal body temperature
2.High Viscosity
3.SLightly alkaline pH (7.35-7.45)
4.Blood volume (liters)= 7% of body weight (adult male 5-6 liters; female 4-5 liters)

front 14

The Composition of Plasma

back 14

-makes up 50-60% of blood volume
-more than 90% of plasma is water

front 15

Plasma Proteins

back 15

-Albumins (60%)
-Globulins (35%)
-Fibrinogen (4%)

front 16

Albumins

back 16

-makes up 60% of the plasma proteins
-transports nutrients such as fatty acids, thyroid hormones, and steroid hormones

front 17

Three Important Effects of RBC Shape on FUnction

back 17

-high surface to volume ratio (quickly absorbs and releases oxygen)
-discs form stacks called rouleax (smooth the flow through narrow blood vessels)
-discs bend and flex entering small capillaries

front 18

Globulins

back 18

--makes up 35% of the plasma proteins
-antibodies, also called immunoglobulins
-transport globulins (small molecules): hormone-binding proteins, metalloproteins, apolipoprotein (lipoproteins), and steroid-binding proteins

front 19

Fibrinogen

back 19

-makes up only 4% of plasma proteins
-molecules that form clots and produce long, insoluble strands of fibrin

front 20

Serum

back 20

-liquid part of a blood sample, in which dissolved fibrinogen has converted to solid fibrin

front 21

Other Plasma Proteins

back 21

-1% of plasma proteins
-changing quantities of specialized plasma proteins

front 22

Origins of Plasma Proteins

back 22

-more than 90% is made in the liver
-antibodies made by plasma cells
-peptide hormones made by endocrine organs

front 23

Hemoglobin

back 23

-the red pigment that gives whole blood its color
-binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
-complex quaternary structure

front 24

Fetal Hemoglobin

back 24

-strong form of hemoglobin found in embryos
-takes oxygen from mothers hemoglobin

front 25

Erythropoiesis

back 25

-red blood cell formation, occurs only in myeloid tissue (red bone marrow) in adults
-stem cells mature to become RBCs

front 26

Stages of RBC Maturation

back 26

1.Myeloid stem cell
2.Proerythroblast
3.Erythroblasts
4.Reticulocyte
5.Mature RBC

front 27

RBC Formation and Turnover

back 27

-1% of circulating RBCs are replaced each day
-3 million new RBCs enter the bloodstream each second

front 28

Hemoglobin Conversion and Recycling

back 28

-macrophages of liver, spleen, and bone marrow play a role in recycling RBC components
-each heme unit is stripped of its iron and converted to biliverdin

front 29

Biliverdin

back 29

-an organic compound with a green color

front 30

Breakdown of Biliverdin

back 30

-biliverdin is converted to bilirubin

front 31

Iron Recycling

back 31

-iron removed from heme leaving biliverdin

front 32

Hemocytoblasts

back 32

-stem cells in myeloid tissue divide to produce:
(1) Myeloid stem cells, which become RBCs and some WBCs
(2) Lymphoid stem cells, become lymphocytes

front 33

Regulation of Erythropoiesis

back 33

-building red blood cells requires:
(1) Amino Acids
(2) Iron
(3) Vitamins - B12, B6, and folic acid

front 34

Pernicious Anemia

back 34

-Vitamin B12 deficiency
-Low RBC production

front 35

Erythropoietin (Erythropoiesis-stimulating hormone)

back 35

-secreted when oxygen in peripheral tissues is low (hypoxia)

front 36

Hematocrit (Hct)

back 36

-percentage of formed elements in whole blood
-normal hematocrit 37-54%%

front 37

Reticulocyte Count

back 37

-percentage of circulating reticulocytes
-normal reticulocyte count 0.8%

front 38

Hemoglobin Concentration

back 38

-concentration of hemoglobin in blood
-normal 12-18 g/dl

front 39

Surface Antigens

back 39

-surface proteins that identify cells to immune system
-normal cells are ignored and foreign cells are attacked

front 40

Blood Types

back 40

-genetically determined, by presence or absence of RBC surface antigens A, B, or RH

front 41

Four Blood Types

back 41

A, B, AB, O

front 42

Type A (blood type)

back 42

surface antigen A
*anti-B antibodies will attack type B surface antigens

front 43

Type B (blood type)

back 43

surface antigen B
*anti-A antibodies will attack type A surface antigens

front 44

Type AB (blood type)

back 44

antigens A and B
*has neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies

front 45

Type O (blood type)

back 45

-has neither A or B antigens

front 46

Agglutinogens

back 46

-antigens on surface of RBCs
-screened by immune system

front 47

Cross-Reactions in Transfusions

back 47

-plasma antibody meets its specific surface antigen, blood will clump and hemolyze
-occurs if donor and recipient blood types are not compatible

front 48

WBC Functions

back 48

-defend against pathogens
-remove toxins and wastes
-attack abnormal cells

front 49

Granulocytes

back 49

-cells with abundant stained granules
*neutrophils
*eosinophils
*basophils

front 50

Aggranulocytes

back 50

-few if any stained granules
*monocytes
*lymphocytes

front 51

Neutrophils

back 51

makes up 50-70% of circulating WBC
-nucleus can have 2 to 5 lobes (resembling beads on a string)
-cytoplasm is packed with pale granules containing lysosomal enzymes and bactericidal compounds
-very to attack bacteria