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Exam 3, Chapter 20

front 1

ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS

Chemotherapy

back 1

Treatment of disease with chemical substances.

front 2

ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS

Antimicrobial drugs

back 2

Act by killing or by interfering with the growth of microorganisms.

front 3

ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS

Selective toxicity

back 3

The property of some antimicrobial agents to be toxic for a microorganism and nontoxic for the host.

front 4

ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS

Antibiotic

back 4

A substance produced by microorganisms that in small amounts inhibits another microorganism.

front 5

ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS

1928

back 5

Fleming discovered penicillin, produced by Penicillium.

front 6

ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS

1940

back 6

Howard Florey and Ernst Chain performed first clinical trials of penicillin.

front 7

THE SPECTRUM OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY

Narrow Spectrum of microbial activity

back 7

Range of different microbial types they affect; affects either gram-positive OR gram-negative bacteria; one or the other, but not both.

front 8

THE SPECTRUM OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY

Broad-spectrum antibiotics

back 8

Antibiotics that affect a broad range of
gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria; both.

front 9

THE SPECTRUM OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY

Superinfection

back 9

Growth of a target pathogen that has developed resistance to antibiotics; overgrowth; broad-spectrum antibiotic.

front 10

THE ACTION OF ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS

Bactericidal

back 10

Kills microbes directly

front 11

THE ACTION OF ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS

Bacteriostatic

back 11

Prevent microbes from growing; inhibits growth

front 12

MAJOR ACTION MODES OF ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS

5 TYPES:

back 12

1. INHIBITION OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS:
Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Bacitracin,
Vancomycin.

2. INHIBITION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS:
Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin, Tetracyclines,
Streptomycin.

3. INHIBITION OF NUCLEIC ACID REPLICATION AND
TRANSCRIPTION:
Quinolones, Rifampin.

4. INJURY TO THE PLASMA MEMBRANE:
Polymyxin B

5. INHIBITION OF ESSENTIAL METABOLITE
SYNTHESIS:
Sulfanimide, Trimethoprim.

front 13

ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS

Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA)

back 13

PABA is the substrate for an enzymatic reaction leading to the synthesis of folic acid, a vitamin that functions as a coenzyme for the synthesis of the purine and pyrimidine bases of nucleic acids and many amino acids.

front 14

INHIBITOR OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS

Penicillin

back 14

A group of 50 chemically related antibiotics produced either by Penicillium (natural penicillins) or by adding side chains to the beta-lactam ring (semisynthetic penicillins); inhibitors of cell wall synthesis.

front 15

INHIBITOR OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS

What are the three types of penicillins?

back 15

1. Natural penicillin

2. Semisynthetic penicillin

3. Extended-spectrum penicillin

front 16

INHIBITOR OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS

Natural penicillin

back 16

Penicillin extracted from cultures of the mold Penicillium exists in several closely related forms.

front 17

INHIBITOR OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS

What are the 2 types of natural penicillin?

back 17

1. Penicillin G:
against gram-positive bacteria,
*REQUIRES INJECTION.

2. Penicillin V:
against gram-positive bacteria,
*ORAL ADMINISTRATION.

front 18

INHIBITOR OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS

Semisynthetic penicillins

back 18

Part of the penicillin is produced by the mold, and part is added synthetically; attempts to overcome the disadvantages of natural penicillins.

front 19

INHIBITOR OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS

Extended-spectrum penicillins

back 19

Changes made to the narrow spectrum of activity of natural penicillins giving them a broader-spectrum making them effective against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, although they are not resistant to penicillinases.

front 20

INHIBITOR OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS

Augmentin

back 20

An approach to the proliferation of penicillinase to combine penicillins (Amoxicillin) with potassium clavulanate (clavulanic acid), which is a noncompetitive inhibitor of penicillinase with no antimicrobial activity of its own. It is a product of a Streptomycete; Penicillins + β-lactamase inhibitors (combo drug).

front 21

INHIBITOR OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS

What are the 2 types of semisynthetic penicillins?

back 21

1. OXACILLIN:
narrow spectrum, only gram-positives, but
resistant to penicillinase.

2. AMPICILLIN:
Extended (broad)spectrum, many
gram-negatives.

front 22

β-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS

Penicillin

back 22

1. Penicillinase-resistant penicillins.

2. Penicillins + β-lactamase inhibitors.

front 23

β-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS

Carbapenems

back 23

Substitute a Carbon atom for a Sulfur and add a double bond to the penicillin nucleus.

front 24

β-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS

Monobactam

back 24

A Single ring.

front 25

INHIBITOR OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS

Cephalosporins: First Generation

back 25

Narrow spectrum; act against gram-positive bacteria.

front 26

INHIBITOR OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS

Cephalosporins: Second Generation

back 26

Extended spectrum includes gram-negative bacteria

front 27

INHIBITOR OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS

Cephalosporins: Third Generation

back 27

Includes pseudomonads; injected

front 28

INHIBITOR OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS

Cephalosporins: Fourth Generation

back 28

Oral

front 29

INHIBITOR OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS

Polypeptide antibiotics:

back 29

1. BACITRACIN:
topical application; against gram-positives

2. VANCOMYCIN:
glycopeptide; important "last line" against
antibiotic-resistant S. aureus.

front 30

INHIBITOR OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS

Antimycobacterial antibiotics

back 30

1. ISONIAZID (INH):
inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.

2. ETHAMBUTOL:
inhibits incorporation of mycolic acid.

front 31

THE INHIBITION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS BY ANTIBIOTICS

30s subunit portions of the 70s prokaryotic ribosomes.

back 31

STREPTOMYCIN:
changes shape of 30s portion, causing code on
mRNA to be read incorrectly.

front 32

THE INHIBITION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS BY ANTIBIOTICS

50s subunit portions of the 70s prokaryotic ribosomes.

back 32

CHLORAMPHENICOL:
binds to 50s portion and inhibits formation of peptide bond.

front 33

THE INHIBITION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS BY ANTIBIOTICS

Tetracyclines

back 33

Interfere with attachment of tRNA to mRNA-ribosome complex.

front 34

THE INHIBITION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS BY ANTIBIOTICS

70s prokaryotic ribosome

back 34

Occurs in translation.

front 35

INHIBITORS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Chloramphenicol

back 35

Broad spectrum; binds 50s subunit; inhibits peptide bond formation.

front 36

INHIBITORS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Aminoglycosides

back 36

Streptomycin, Neomycin, Gentamicin; broad spectrum; change shape of 30s subunit.

front 37

INHIBITORS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Tetracyclines

back 37

Broad spectrum; interfere with tRNA attachment.

front 38

INHIBITORS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Glycylcyclines

back 38

MRSA and Acinetobacter baumanii; bind 30s subunit; inhibit translation.

front 39

INHIBITORS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Macrolides

back 39

Gram-positives; bind 50s subunit; prevent translocation.

front 40

INHIBITORS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Streptogramins

back 40

Gram-positives; bind 50s subunit; inhibit translation.

front 41

INHIBITORS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Oxazolidinones

back 41

Linezolid; MRSA; binds 50s subunit; prevent formation of 70s ribosome.

front 42

INHIBITORS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Pleuromutilins

back 42

From the mushroom Pleurotis Mutilus; MRSA; binds 50s; prevent translocation.

front 43

INJURY TO THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

Lipopeptides

back 43

Structural changes in the membrane, followed by arrest of the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and protein; MRSA.

front 44

INJURY TO THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

Polymyxin B

back 44

Topical; Combined with Bacitracin and Neomycin in over-the-counter preparation.

front 45

INHIBITORS OF NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS

Rifamycin

back 45

Inhibits RNA synthesis; anti-tuberculosis.

front 46

INHIBITORS OF NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS

Quinolones and Fluoroquinolones

back 46

Nalidixic Acid (urinary infections); Ciprofloxacin; Inhibit DNA gyrase; urinary tract infections.

front 47

COMPETITIVE INHIBITORS

Sulfonamides (sulfa drugs)

back 47

Inhibit folic acid synthesis; broad spectrum.

front 48

ACTIONS OF THE ANTIBACTERIAL SYNTHETICS TRIMETHOPRIM AND SULFAMETHOXAZOLE

Sulfamethoxazole

back 48

A Sulfonamide that is a structural analog of PABA, competitively inhibits the synthesis of Dihydrofolic Acid from PABA.

front 49

ACTIONS OF THE ANTIBACTERIAL SYNTHETICS TRIMETHOPRIM AND SULFAMETHOXAZOLE

Trimethoprim

back 49

A structural analog of a portion of Dihydrofolic Acid, competitively inhibits the synthesis of Tetrahydrofolic Acid.

front 50

ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS: INHIBITION OF ERGOSTEROL SYNTHESIS

Polyenes

back 50

Amphotericin B.

front 51

ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS: INHIBITION OF ERGOSTEROL SYNTHESIS

Azoles

back 51

Miconazole; Triazole.

front 52

ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS: INHIBITION OF ERGOSTEROL SYNTHESIS

Allylamines

back 52

For Azole-resistant infections.

front 53

ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS: INHIBITING CELL WALL SYNTHESIS

Echinocandins

back 53

Inhibit synthesis of β-glucan; Cancidas is used against Candida and Pneumocystis.

front 54

INHIBITION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS

Flucytosine

back 54

Cytosine analog interferes with RNA synthesis.

front 55

INHIBITION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS

Pentamidine isethionate

back 55

Anti-Pneumocystis; may bind DNA.

front 56

OTHER ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS

Griseofulvin

back 56

Inhibits microtubule formation; superficial dermatophytes.

front 57

OTHER ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS

Tolnaftate

back 57

Action unknown.

front 58

THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE ANTIVIRAL DRUG ACYCLOVIR

back 58

A) Acyclovir structurally resembles the nucleoside deoxyguanosine.

B) The enzyme thymidine kinase combines phosphates with nucleosides to form nucleotides, which are then incorporated into DNA.

C) Acyclovir has no effect on a cell not infected by a virus, that is, with normal thymidine kinase. In a virally infected cell, the thymidine kinase is altered and converts the acyclovir (which resembles the nucleoside deoxyguanosine) to a false nucleotide, which blocks DNA polymerase.

front 59

ANITVIRAL DRUGS

Protease inhibitors

back 59

Indinavir:
HIV

front 60

ANITVIRAL DRUGS

Integrase inhibitors

back 60

HIV

front 61

ANITVIRAL DRUGS

Entry inibitors

back 61

Amantadine:
influenza

front 62

ANITVIRAL DRUGS

Fusion inhibitors

back 62

1. Zanamivir:
influenza

2. Block CCR5:
HIV

front 63

ANITVIRAL DRUGS: INTERFERONS

back 63

1. Prevent spread of viruses to new cells.

2. Alpha interferon:
viral Hepatitis

front 64

ANITVIRAL DRUGS: INTERFERONS

Imiquimod

back 64

Promotes interferon production.

front 65

ANTIPROTOZOAN DRUGS

Chloroquine

back 65

Inhibits DNA synthesis; Malaria.

front 66

ANTIPROTOZOAN DRUGS

Artemisinin

back 66

Kills Plasmodium sporozoites.

front 67

ANTIPROTOZOAN DRUGS

Metronidazole

back 67

Interferes with anaerobic metabolism; Trichomonas an Giardia.

front 68

ANTIHELMINTHIC DRUGS

Niclosamide

back 68

Prevents ATP generation; tapeworms.

front 69

ANTIHELMINTHIC DRUGS

Praziquantel

back 69

Alters membrane permeability; flatworms.

front 70

ANTIHELMINTHIC DRUGS

Mebendazole and Albendazole

back 70

Interfere with nutrient absorption; intestinal roundworms.

front 71

ANTIHELMINTHIC DRUGS

Ivermectin

back 71

Paralysis of helminthes; intestinal roundworms.

front 72

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

back 72

1. A variety of mutations can lead to antibiotic
resistance.

2. Resistance genes are often on plasmids or
transposons that can be transferred between
bacteria.

front 73

BACTERIAL RESISTANCE TO ANTIBIOTICS

4 STEPS:

back 73

1. Blocking entry.

2. Inactivation by enzymes.

3. Alterations of target molecule.

4. Efflux of antibiotic.

front 74

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

Misuse of antibiotics

back 74

1. Misuse of antibiotics selects for resistance
mutants.

2. Misuse includes:
a) Using outdated or weakened antibiotics.

b) Using antibiotics for the common cold and
other inappropriate conditions.

c) Using antibiotics in animal feed.

d) Failing to complete the prescribed regimen

e) Using someone else's left over prescription.

front 75

EFFECTS OF COMBINATIONS OF DRUGS

Synergism

back 75

Occurs when the effect of two drugs together is greater than the effect of either one alone; work with each other.

front 76

EFFECTS OF COMBINATIONS OF DRUGS

Antagonism

back 76

Occurs when the effect of two drugs together is less than the effect of either one alone; work against each other.

front 77

ANTIBIOTIC SAFETY

back 77

Therapeutic index:
risk versus benefit

front 78

FUTURE CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENT

Antimicrobial peptides

back 78

Broad spectrum antibiotics:
a) Nisin (lactic acid bacteria)

b) Defensins (human)

c) Magainin (frogs)

d) Squalamine (sharks)

front 79

FUTURE CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENT

back 79

Phage therapy

front 80

GENE SILENCING COULD PROVIDE TREATMENTS FOR A WIDE RANGE OF DISEASES

4 STEPS:

back 80

1. An abnormal gene, cancer gene, or virus gene is
transcribed in a host cell.

2. siRNA binds mRNA.

3. RISC breaks down the RNA complex.

4. No protein expressions occur.

front 81

The first antibiotic discovered was:

Salvarsan.
Penicillin.
Quinine.
Streptomycin.
Sulfa drugs.

back 81

Penicillin.

front 82

Which of the following antibiotics inhibits cell wall synthesis?

Chloramphenicol
Trimethoprim
Rifampin
Cephalosporin
Erythromycin

back 82

Cephalosporin.

front 83

Which of the following antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis?

Vancomycin
Streptomycin
Rifampin
Cephalosporin
Isoniazid

back 83

Streptomycin.

front 84

Which of the following is not used for treating bacterial infections?

Methicillin
Griseofulvin
Rifampin
Ampicillin
Tetracycline

back 84

Griseofulvin.

front 85

Which antimicrobial works by inhibiting the synthesis of mycolic acid?

Methicillin
Penicillin
Vancomycin
Chloramphenicol
Isoniazid

back 85

Isoniazid.

front 86

Which of the following antibiotics should be prescribed as a first choice for a streptococcal infection?

Tetracycline
Amoxicillin
Trimethoprim
Rifampin
Neomycin

back 86

Amoxicillin.

front 87

Which of the following antibiotics inhibits folic acid synthesis?

Chloramphenicol
Ampicillin
Sulfanilamide
Neomycin
Tetracycline

back 87

Sulfanilamide.

front 88

Which of the following drugs inhibits the synthesis of mRNA in bacteria?

Polymyxin B
Ampicillin
Rifampin
Ethambutol
Trimethoprim

back 88

Rifampin.

front 89

Which of the following antibiotics frequently used as an alternative for those who are allergic to penicillin?

Ethambutol
Vancomycin
Erthryomycin
Streptomycin
Amoxicillin

back 89

Erthryomycin.

front 90

All of the following antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis except:

Erthromycin.
Bacitracin.
Tetracycline.
Chloramphenicol.
Streptomycin.

back 90

Bacitracin.

front 91

Which drug would be used to treat athlete's foot?

Amantadine
Neomycin
Clotrimazole
Polymyxin B
Chloroquine

back 91

Clotrimazole.

front 92

Which antifungal drug is commonly used for systemic fungal infections?

Clotrimazole
Tolnaftate
Miconazole
Fluconazole
Amphotericin B

back 92

Fluconazole.

front 93

Tetracyclines are effective against all of the following except:

Gram-negative bacteria.
intracellular chlamydias.
Gram-positive bacteria.
fungi.
intracellular rickettsias.

back 93

Fungi.

front 94

A nucleoside analog used to treat HIV infection is:

Ribavirin.
Zidovudine.
Praziquantel.
Acyclovir.
Amantidine.

back 94

Zidovudine.

front 95

All of the following are anti-protozoan drugs except:

Mefloquine.
Metronidazole.
Mebendazole.
Quinacrine.
Chloroquine.

back 95

Mebendazole.

front 96

Which drug is not a nucleoside analog?

Lamivudine
Zidovudine
Neviraprine
Acyclovir
Ribavirin

back 96

Neviraprine.

front 97

Which is the drug of choice for the treatment of malaria?

Iodoquinol
Flagyl
Quinacrine
Nifurtimox
Chloroquine

back 97

Chloroquine.

front 98

The drug, Flagyl, is commonly used to treat an STD caused by:

Trichomonas vaginalis.
Herpesvirus.
HIV.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Treponema pallidum.

back 98

Trichomonas vaginalis.

front 99

Which of the following mechanisms is antifungal?

Inhibit ergosterol synthesis
Interfere with anaerobic metabolism
Cause muscle spasms
Inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis
Inhibit 70S ribosomes

back 99

Inhibit ergosterol synthesis.

front 100

Which of the following is used for treating influenza infections?

Indinivir
Acyclovir
Oseltamivir
Pentamidine isethionate
Interferon

back 100

Oseltamivir.

front 101

Antibiotic resistance can be minimized by the discriminating use of drugs in appropriate dosages.

True
False

back 101

True

front 102

The MIC is the lowest concentration of drug capable of preventing microbial growth.

True
False

back 102

True

front 103

It is relatively easy to find drugs that are effective against eukaryotic pathogens.

True
False

back 103

False

front 104

Bacteriostatic agents are ineffective as antibiotics.

True
False

back 104

False

front 105

Some drug combinations are antagonistic, therefore, when taken together they are more effective.

True
False

back 105

False

front 106

Semisynthetic penicillins are more effective antibiotics than natural penicillin.

True
False

back 106

True

front 107

In 1928, Alexander Fleming observed that the growth of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus was inhibited by a mold thereby discovering the first antibiotic.

True
False

back 107

True

front 108

Because antifungal drugs like amphotericin B target sterols in the plasma membrane they are ineffective as antibacterial drugs.

True
False

back 108

True

front 109

Ivermectin is an anti-protozoan drug.

True
False

back 109

False

front 110

A drug that inhibits translation at 70S ribosomes can be used to treat human viral infections.

True
False

back 110

False

front 111

Which mode of antibiotic activity is the most selective target for antibiotics since it will not affect eukaryotic cells?

A) Inhibition of transcription
B) Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
C) Inhibition of translation
D) Inhibition of DNA replication
E) Injury to the plasma membrane

back 111

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

front 112

Which of these antibiotics exerts its activity by changing the shape of 30S portion, causing the code on mRNA to be read incorrectly?

A) Tetracycline
B) Streptomycin
C) Erythromcyin
D) Chloramphenicol

back 112

Streptomycin

front 113

Which antibiotic pictured is not recommended for children due to possible discolorations of their teeth?

A) Penicillin
B) Amphotericin B
C) Tetracycline
D) Chloramphenicol

back 113

Tetracycline

front 114

All of the following are correct about the combination of trimethoprim and sufamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) EXCEPT:

A) The combination reduces the emergence of
resistant strains.
B) The drugs in combination have a broad spectrum.
C) The drugs in combination are antagonistic.
D) When used together, less of the drugs are
needed, compared to when each drug is used
alone.

back 114

The drugs in combination are antagonistic.

front 115

Which of the following is correct about amphotericin B shown in the figure?

A) The drug belongs to the polyene group of
antifungals.
B) The drug is effective against gram-positive
bacteria only.
C) The drug has no side effects.
D) The drug targets protein synthesis.

back 115

The drug belongs to the polyene group of antifungals.

front 116

Which antibiotic shown in the figure appears to cause aplastic anemia in 1 in 500,000 individuals?

A) Penicillin
B) Amphotericin B
C) Erythromycin
D) Chloramphenicol
E) Streptomycin

back 116

Chloramphenicol

front 117

In the disk-diffusion assay shown in the photo, what do the clear areas around the discs represent?

A) It is impossible to determine from the
information given.
B) Where bacterial growth has been inhibited.
C) Where drug-resistant mutants are located.
D) Where the bacteria are growing the fastest.

back 117

Where bacterial growth has been inhibited.

front 118

FIGURE A

Which of the following chemical structures is of erythromycin? PICTURE A, B OR C

A) Figure a
B) Figure b
C) Figure c
D) None of these figures are of erythromcyin

back 118

Figure B

front 119

FIGURE B

back 119

SEE QUESTION 116

front 120

FIGURE C

back 120

SEE QUESTION 116

front 121

A disk-diffusion test identifies:

bacteriostatic agents.
agents to which a test culture is susceptible.
bactericidal agents.
MBC.

back 121

Agents to which a test culture is susceptible.

front 122

A chemical that kills gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria is described as:

selectively toxic.
inhibitory.
broad spectrum.
narrow spectrum.

back 122

Broad spectrum.

front 123

A drug that inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis is:

antibacterial.
antifungal.
antiprotozoal.
antiviral.

back 123

Antibacterial.

front 124

A drug that inhibits mitosis might be useful against all of the following infections except which type?

helminthic
protozoal
fungal
bacterial

back 124

Bacterial.

front 125

Clindamycin binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit to inhibit translocation. This antibiotic stops:

transcription in eukaryotes.
translation in prokaryotes.
transcription in prokaryotes.
translation in eukaryotes.

back 125

Translation in prokaryotes.

front 126

Gentamicin binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit to cause misreading of mRNA. This antibiotic stops:

transcription in prokaryotes.
translation in prokaryotes.
transcription in eukaryotes.
translation in eukaryotes.

back 126

Translation in prokaryotes.

front 127

A drug that binds with sterols would injure:

fungal cell walls.
eukaryotic plasma membranes.
bacterial cell walls.
DNA.

back 127

Eukaryotic plasma membranes.

front 128

The method of action of nucleoside analogs is:

disruption of plasma membrane.
inhibition of cell wall synthesis.
competitive inhibition.
inhibition of protein synthesis.

back 128

Competitive inhibition.

front 129

Ethambutol inhibits incorporation of mycolic acid into:

plasma membranes.
DNA.
enzymes.
cell walls.

back 129

Cell walls.

front 130

Ethambutol inhibits incorporation of mycolic acid, therefore it is effective against:

mycoplasmas.
gram-positive bacteria.
mycobacteria.
fungi.

back 130

Mycobacteria.

front 131

You have a 200 mg/ml antibiotic solution. You prepare serial dilutions (1:2, 1:4, etc.) of the antibiotic; the first tube contains 100 mg/ml. You then inoculate each tube with Salmonella. Bacteria grow in tubes 4, 5, and 6. You subculture bacteria from tubes 1 through 3 to nutrient broth. Growth occurs in the tube 3 subculture. You can conclude that the MIC is:

200 mg/ml.
cannot tell from the information provided.
25 mg/ml.
50 mg/ml.

back 131

25 mg/ml.

front 132

You have a 200 mg/ml antibiotic solution. You prepare serial dilutions (1:2, 1:4, etc.) of the antibiotic; the first tube contains 100 mg/ml. You then inoculate each tube with Salmonella. Bacteria grow in tubes 4, 5, and 6. You can conclude that the MBC is:

cannot tell from the information provided.
50 mg/ml.
12.5 mg/ml.
25 mg/ml.

back 132

Cannot tell from the information provided.

front 133

You have a 200 mg/ml antibiotic solution. You prepare serial dilutions (1:2, 1:4, etc.) of the antibiotic; the first tube contains 100 mg/ml. You then inoculate each tube with Salmonella. Bacteria grow in tubes 4, 5, and 6. You subculture bacteria from tubes 1 through 3 to nutrient broth. Growth occurs in tubes 2 through 3. You can conclude that the MBC is:

100 mg/ml.
12.5 mg/ml.
50 mg/ml.
25 mg/ml.

back 133

100 mg/ml.

front 134

Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched?

Ciprofloxacin-inhibit cell wall synthesis
Defensin-makes membrane channels
RNAi-blocks protein synthesis
Griseofulvin-blocks microtubule formation

back 134

Ciprofloxacin-inhibit cell wall synthesis.

front 135

You obtain the following zones of inhibition (ZI) from a disk-diffusion test on Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotic A, ZI = 0 mm; Antibiotic B, ZI = 23 mm; Antibiotic C, ZI = 16 mm. Which antibiotic is bacteriostatic?

cannot tell from the information provided
antibiotic C
antibiotic A
antibiotic B

back 135

Cannot tell from the information provided.

front 136

Rifampin blocks RNA polymerase to inhibit:

transcription.
translation.
DNA synthesis.
cell wall synthesis.

back 136

Transcription.

front 137

Antisense DNA will combine with a pathogen's DNA to:

inhibit translation.
inhibit cell wall synthesis.
inhibit peptide bond formation.
inhibit transcription.

back 137

Inhibit transcription.

front 138

Polyenes, azoles, and allyamines interfere with sterol synthesis. These drugs will affect:

fungi.
gram-positive bacteria.
viruses.
gram-negative bacteria.

back 138

Fungi.

front 139

Which of the following statements is true about superinfections?

They are caused by endospore-forming bacteria.
They are caused by antibiotic-resistant
bacteria.
They only occur in people with
immunodeficiencies.
They inhibit protein synthesis.

back 139

They are caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

front 140

Sulfa drugs are selective against bacteria for all of the following reasons except which?

Bacteria synthesize folic acid.
Sulfa drugs inhibit a bacterial enzyme.
Humans have a dietary requirement for folic
acid.
Sulfa drugs cause production of
antimetabolites.

back 140

Sulfa drugs cause production of antimetabolites.