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Chapter 17- From Gene To Protein

front 1

Aisha do item 1

back 1

item 1

front 2

The flow of information in a cell proceeds in what sequence?

back 2

from DNA to RNA to protein

front 3

A codon consists of _____ bases and specifies which _____ will be inserted into the polypeptide chain.

back 3

three ... amino acid

front 4

In the diagram below, the gray unit represents _____.

back 4

RNA polymerase

front 5

In the diagram below, the green unit represents _____.

back 5

the promoter

front 6

In the diagram below, the two blue strands represent _____.

back 6

DNA

front 7

Which of these correctly illustrates the pairing of DNA and RNA nucleotides?

back 7

GTTACG
CAAUGC

front 8

The direction of synthesis of an RNA transcript is _____.

back 8

5' —> 3'

front 9

What is the process called that converts the genetic information stored in DNA to an RNA copy?

back 9

Transcription

front 10

DNA does not store the information to synthesize which of the following?

back 10

Organelles

front 11

Transcription begins at a promoter. What is a promoter?

back 11

A site in DNA that recruits the RNA Polymerase

front 12

Which of the following statements best describes the promoter of a protein-coding gene?

back 12

The promoter is a nontranscribed region of a gene.

front 13

What determines which base is to be added to an RNA strand during transcription?

back 13

Base pairing between the DNA template strand and the RNA nucleotides

front 14

Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between the newly synthesized RNA molecule and the DNA template strand?

back 14

Complementary

front 15

What happens to RNA polymerase II after it has completed transcription of a gene?

back 15

It is free to bind to another promoter and begin transcription.

front 16

What is the function of RNA polymerase?

back 16

It unwinds the double helix and adds nucleotides to a growing strand of RNA.

front 17

Where does RNA polymerase begin transcribing a gene into mRNA?

back 17

It starts after a certain nucleotide sequence called a promoter.

front 18

Based on this information, what is the minimum size of a codon for these hypothetical Martian life-forms?

back 18

5 bases

front 19

Aisha do part A item 8 A & B

back 19

Aisha do part A item 8 A & B

front 20

Enter the sequence of bases as capital letters with no spaces and no punctuation. Begin with the first base added to the growing RNA strand, and end with the last base added.

back 20

UGAGCC

front 21

For any given gene, what ultimately determines which DNA strand serves as the template strand?

back 21

the base sequence of the gene's promoter

front 22

Which three statements correctly describe the processing that takes place before a mature mRNA exits the nucleus?

back 22

A poly-A tail (50-250 adenine nucleotides) is added to the 3' end of the pre-mRNA.

Noncoding sequences called introns are spliced out by molecular complexes called spliceosomes.

A cap consisting of a modified guanine nucleotide is added to the 5' end of the pre-mRNA.

front 23

During RNA processing a(n) _____ is added to the 5' end of the RNA.

back 23

modified guanine nucleotide

front 24

During RNA processing a(n) _____ is added to the 3' end of the RNA.

back 24

a long string of adenine nucleotides

front 25

Spliceosomes are composed of _____.

back 25

snRNPs and other proteins

front 26

The RNA segments joined to one another by spliceosomes are _____.

back 26

exons

front 27

Translation occurs in the _____.

back 27

cytoplasm

front 28

After an RNA molecule is transcribed from a eukaryotic gene, what are removed and what are spliced together to produce an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence?

back 28

introns ... exons

front 29

How would this molecule have to be altered, to be used in RNA transcription?

back 29

Both (a) and (b).Add another OH to the sugar & (b) Remove a CH3 group from the base.

front 30

You can tell this diagram is showing transcription rather than replication because ...

back 30

(b) only one strand is being used as template.
(c) the product contains U.

front 31

Which of the following statements about ribozymes is/are correct?

back 31

In some genes, intron RNA functions as a ribozyme and catalyzes its own excision.

Ribozymes are RNA molecules that function as enzymes.

A ribosome can be regarded as one large ribozyme.

front 32

The average length of a transcription unit along a eukaryotic DNA molecule is about 27,000 nucleotide pairs, whereas an averaged-sized protein is about 400 amino acids long. What is the best explanation for this fact?

back 32

Most eukaryotic genes and their RNA transcripts have long noncoding stretches of nucleotides that are not translated.

front 33

Which of the following mutations would likely be most dangerous to a cell?

back 33

Deletion of one nucleotide

front 34

Which of the following molecules is/are produced by translation? Include molecules that are subject to further modification after initial synthesis.

back 34

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

RNA polymerase

front 35

Which of the following molecules are produced by transcription?

back 35

Messenger RNA & Ribozymes

front 36

Which of the following mutations would be most likely to have a harmful effect on an organism?

back 36

a single nucleotide insertion downstream of, and close to, the start of the coding sequence

front 37

Which component is not directly involved in translation?

back 37

DNA

front 38

Which of these is currently considered the best definition of a gene?

back 38

A gene codes for either a polypeptide or an RNA molecule.

front 39

What does a mutagen cause?

back 39

a change in the sequence of DNA

front 40

True or false? A codon is a group of three bases that can specify more than one amino acid.

back 40

False

front 41

Which of the following statements about mutations is false?

back 41

A knock-out mutation results in a total absence of the mutated protein.

front 42

If a DNA sequence is altered from TAGCTGA to TAGTGA, what kind of mutation has occurred?

back 42

Deletion.

front 43

Which mutation(s) would not change the remainder of the reading frame of a gene sequence that follows the mutation(s)?

back 43

One addition and one deletion mutation.

front 44

If the sequence ATGCATGTCAATTGA were mutated such that a base were inserted after the first G and the third T were deleted, how many amino acids would be changed in the mutant protein?

back 44

Two.

front 45

If a mutated DNA sequence produces a protein that differs in one central amino acid from the normal protein, which of the following kinds of mutations could have occurred?

back 45

An addition mutation and a deletion mutation.

front 46

Generally speaking, which of the following mutations would most severely affect the protein coded for by a gene?

back 46

a frameshift deletion at the beginning of the gene

front 47

How is translation initiated?

back 47

The small ribosomal subunit binds to the mRNA.

The tRNA bearing methionine binds to the start codon.

The large ribosomal subunit binds to the small one.

The start codon signals the start of translation.

All of the above.

front 48

Which of these is a tRNA?

back 48

B

front 49

Where does translation take place?

back 49

Ribosome

front 50

Which nucleic acid is translated to make a protein?

back 50

mRNA

front 51

Which of the following processes is an example of a post-translational modification?

back 51

Phosphorylation

front 52

Which of the following steps occurs last in the initiation phase of translation?

back 52

The large ribosomal subunit joins the complex.

front 53

At which site do new aminoacyl tRNAs enter the ribosome during elongation?

back 53

A-site

front 54

What is meant by translocation?

back 54

The ribosome slides one codon down the mRNA.

front 55

True or false. A tRNA with an anticodon complementary to the stop codon catalyzes the reaction by which translation is terminated.

back 55

False

front 56

Which one of the following is true of tRNAs?

back 56

None of the above.

front 57

What is a ribozyme?

back 57

a biological catalyst made of RNA

front 58

What name is given to the process in which a strand of DNA is used as a template for the manufacture of a strand of pre-mRNA?

back 58

transcription

front 59

What name is given to the process in which the information encoded in a strand of mRNA is used to construct a protein

back 59

translation

front 60

What name is given to the process in which pre-mRNA is edited into mRNA?

back 60

RNA processing

front 61

Polypeptides are assembled from _____.

back 61

amino acids

front 62

RNA processing converts the RNA transcript into _____.

back 62

mRNA

front 63

Do item 4 Part A

back 63

Aisha

front 64

AISHA Do item 5 Part A & B on part b homework

back 64

AISHA