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The American Promise Volume 1 Chapter 1 thru 5

front 1

League of Five Nations?

back 1

Form by the Iroquoian Tribes for the purpose of war and diplomacy.

front 2

The League of Five Nations consisted of which Native American Groups?

back 2

Seneca, Onondaga, Mohawk, Oneida and Cayuga

front 3

Paleo Indians

back 3

Traveled through ice free passageway in pursuit of game. They traveled by boats and hunted marine life. The migrated to the top of South America an everywhere else in the Western hemisphere.

front 4

How did the Paleo Indians hunt and what did they hunt?

back 4

They hunted with spearheads called Clovis point. They were nomads who hunted bison and mammoths.

front 5

Archaic Indians

back 5

Migrated from place to place to harvest plants and hunt animals. They were nomads that returned to the river valley or fertile meadow year after year

front 6

Mississippi Culture

back 6

They were a mound building culture. Their ritual derived from Mexican cultural expressions that were brought north by traders and migrants.

front 7

Iroquoian Indians

back 7

They were Easter woodland people. They inhabited Pennsylvania, New York Carolinas and Georgia. They built permanent settlements consisting of several bark covered long houses up to 100 feet long. The housed five to ten families in one structure.

front 8

Anasazi Culture

back 8

Built pithouses on mesa tops. They moved to cliff dwellings in Mesa Verde and Colorado

front 9

Mexica

back 9

Practiced human sacrifices. They took the hearts out of their victims to offer to their Gods. They were also called Aztecs.

front 10

Beringia

back 10

A land bridge that ancient Americans traveled from Siberia through the Beringia to America. Falling sea level exposed a land bridge connecting Asia, Siberia and American Alaska.

front 11

1490's

back 11

Old world and New World

front 12

Spain

back 12

1. God, Glory, and Gold
2. All Spanish colonies are under royal control.
3. Forced Catholicism on natives.
4. Conquistadors searched for land, silver and gold.

front 13

France

back 13

1. Catholic and Protestant
2. Interested in fur trade
3. French had best relationship with natives

front 14

England

back 14

1. God, Gold, and Land

2. Corporate - Virginia was a corporate colony - people invested money.

3. Proprietary - The king gave a license to start a colony.

4. Catholics and Protestants

front 15

Old World - Slave trading

back 15

Africans, Europeans, and Asians taken by force.(far more Africans then Europeans forced to new world)

front 16

Old World- Cuisine

back 16

Brought ideas and culture such as music, religion and cuisine. (deep south cooking from West Africa)

front 17

Old World - Animals

back 17

Brought cows, pigs and horses

front 18

Old World - Plants

back 18

Onion, wheat, hemp and citrus

front 19

Old World - Diseases

back 19

Brought diseases such as Smallpox, Cholera, Measles. It was deadly to the Native American population.

front 20

New World - What Revolution began?

back 20

The Ecological Revolution - Turkey

front 21

New World was introduced to what?

back 21

Indians, Music, Cuisine, Learned to smoke tobacco from natives

front 22

New World - crops

back 22

Potatoes,corn,tomatoes and tobacco

front 23

New World - Disease

back 23

Syphilis

front 24

Middle Passage

back 24

1. A slave route across the atlantic.

2. Africans who were captured from war, or kidnapped were sold in slavery by other Africans.

3. Transferring of slaves from Africa to the New World

4. Slaves were packed 200 to 300 on one ship to be sold to colonial slave merchants or southern planter.

5. Average death was 15% sometimes half died from disease, smallpox, dysentery and acute dehydration from shortage of drinking water, vomiting and diarrhea.

front 25

The Columbian Exchange 1497

back 25

1. One of the most important events that changed history everywhere. A transatlantic trade of people, goods and ideas. Life changes for everyone and has continued to present day.

front 26

King Henry VII of England sent?

back 26

John Cabot to look for a Northwest Passage.

front 27

Sea Bridge that spanned the Atlantic

back 27

1. Was discovered by Columbus when arrived at the Caribbean.

2. Connected Eastern And Western hemisphere creating an aquatic highway

3. Connecting America to Europe.

4. The Columbian Exchange

front 28

Ecological Revolution

back 28

Goes on for centuries. Has not ended in theory.

front 29

Spanish Conquistadors

back 29

Genocide of the Arawak Indians. 3.8 mil killed.

front 30

Popay

back 30

1680

1. Native leader who organized the Pueblo Revolt.

2. Ordered followers to break up and burn all religious images.

3. Natives defecated on relics

4. 2/3 of Spaniards and missionaries were killed.

5. Remaining Spaniards were driven out of New Mexico into present day El Paso.

front 31

Virginia Company

back 31

1. Granted six million acres in North America by King James I in 1606 in hopes of colonization.

2. Never earned a penny for investors and failed.

front 32

Virginia Colony Differences

back 32

1. Demographics.
2. Single men.
3. Very few woman.
4. Settlements.
5. Spread out plantations.
6. Loose Religion - Traveling minister.
7. Health conditions poor.
8. Malaria from African slaves.
9. Water was salty, so they drank beer.
10. Labor - tobacco plantation, indentured servants.

front 33

Seasonal Period In Virginia

back 33

One third of colonist died the first year due to malaria.

front 34

Massachusetts Colony Differences

back 34

1. Family Units
2. Adjacent villages
3. Strict religious control
4. Colder climate - less disease transmission
5. Family provided labor

front 35

Bacons Rebellion

back 35

1670 s - Uprising when Bacon led an army of indentured servants and African Slaves. The dispute was over Virginia Indian policy.

As a result it led to 2 things.

1. Poor white men get vote privilege
2. Massive increase in African Slaves.

front 36

Treaty of Tordisillas

back 36

1. Was created to protect land claims by the Portuguese and Spanish Monarchs in 1494.

2. It drew an imaginary line eleven hundred miles west of the Canary Islands.

3. Land discovered West belong to Spain

4. Land to East was claimed by Portugal (African & East Indian trading Empire)

front 37

Encomienda

back 37

1. Empowered conquistadors to rule the Indians and the Land in and around their towns.

2. Means - The man who owned the town.

front 38

House of Burgesses 1619

back 38

In Virginia. The first form of representative of government in an English colony.

front 39

Powhatan

back 39

1. Supreme Chief of 14 thousand Algonquin Indians who inhabited the coastal plain of Virginia.

2. Father of Pocahontas

3. Lead John Smith to stones to have his brains beat out.

front 40

Pocahontas

back 40

1. Saved John Smith from being killed by her father Powhatan by laying her head on his and wrapping her arms around him.

Smith wrote,"Hazarded the beating out of her own brains to save mine ... and so prevailed her father that I was safely conducted back to Jamestown.

front 41

Mayflower Compact

back 41

1670’s - Massachusetts
The first form of demographic non English colony.

front 42

South Colonies

back 42

1. Single men
2. Spread apart plantations
3. Loose religion
4. Tropical climate
5. Malaria disease
6. Slave labor

front 43

North Colonies

back 43

1. Family units
2. Adjacent villages
3. Strict church
4. Cold climate landscapes
5. Better water
6. Family units worke

front 44

North and South Colonies. What was the outcome?

back 44

1. Common American Identity
2. Lessening of defence
3. Also separated by African and Whites

front 45

North and South Colonies also endured?

back 45

1. FORCED RELIGION usually catholicism
2. Tensions over land
3. Communication between groups
4. King Philip's War 1676-1677
5. Pequot War 1630’s
6. Pan Indianism (united indians)

front 46

King Philip's War

back 46

1676-1677

1. War between New Zealand.

2. Native American groups & settlers fought for land.

3. Bloodiest war in American History. (proportionately)

4. Pan Indianism - Combined Indian efforts against settlers.

5. Rising of Militia (minutemen)

6. End of Indian power in New England

7. Left New England with a large war debt

8. Hatred began between Indians and English.

9. Twelve towns were destroyed and damaged by Native American warriors.

10. Economy was ruined and the population decimated.

11. Lost 1/10 of men to military service.

front 47

Pequot War

back 47

1630’s

front 48

Pan Indianism

back 48

United indians

front 49

Wampanoags

back 49

1. Plymouth was their territory.

2. Majority died unlike the Pueblo Revolt

3. Chief was Massasoit.

4. Taught pilgrims how to harvest enough food for winter for survival.

5. Celebrated in the fall with the feast of Thanksgiving.

6. When pilgrims encroached on their land, they paid them for it.

front 50

Land 1600 s

back 50

Royal proprietary landowners were the only ones that could have land.

front 51

John Peter Zenger

back 51

1730's

1. Printer/Editor in New York
2. Prints stories about corrupt gov. William Crosby
3. Was a significant time in history
4. President of Freedom of the press
5. Jury Nullification

front 52

The Great Awakening

back 52

1730’s - 1740’s promoted by Jonathan Edwards

1. Protestant religion movement that created greater protestant diversity.

2. Ended state sponsored churches.

3. Lessened Deference. (poor required to yield to rich)

4. Established Primary School and early education. (for males)

5. Created common American Identity.

6. Leading to Revolution

front 53

Pueblo Revolt

back 53

1680 s

1. Most successful Indian rebellion in American History

2. Ended Encomienda

3. No forced Catholicism

4. Banished everything spanish

5. Except agriculture (defecated on holy relics

6. Lead by Popay

7. Pueblo Indians

front 54

Columbus took?

back 54

Land, Labor and Wealth

(Columbus did not invent slavery)

front 55

Transatlantic Slave Trade

back 55

1. First victims were Indians (20,000).
2. Brought to the New World for show.
3. A form of status to show of your Indian.
4. Almost all died of disease and heartbreak.

front 56

Arawak Indians

back 56

1492 -
1. 3.8 mil Arawaks.
2. Were the first people to interact with Columbus. 3. 62 years later - they were all gone. (Genocide) 4 Killed by spaniards looking for gold.

front 57

Bartholomew De la Casa

back 57

1. Fought for humane treatment of Indians.
2. Suggested stop enslaving Indians and enslave Africans instead.

front 58

Black Death

back 58

1. An epidemic mid 14th century - Bubonic plague
2. Killed 1/3 of the European population.
3. It limited supply and food for survivors.
4. Some inherited property for a new life,
5. others sought opportunities elsewhere.

front 59

Protestant Reformation

back 59

1517 -
1. A catholic priest named Martin Luther publicly criticized the catholic church.

2. His views were considered dangerous, but got support from others.

3. He believed that only God could save you.

4. He didn't believe that giving money to church or participating in church rituals would get you closer to heaven.

5. The only true source for Gods will was the Bible.

6. It changed Christianity forever in Western Europe.

front 60

Martin Luther

back 60

1517 - Central Germany

1. A catholic priest publicly criticized the catholic church.

2. Preached the doctrine of justification by faith.

3. Believed Christians would be saved by having faith that God would save them not by giving money to church or practicing religious rituals.

4. Gods will was the bible not the church.

front 61

Juan De Onate

back 61

1. Spaniard who explored New Mexico in 1598

2. Led 500 people to settle in Northern Mexico(New Mexico Today)

3. Married Isabel Tolosa Cortes Montezuma - granddaughter of Cortez and great grand daughter of Montezuma.

4. Searched for Booty

5. Reached the Pueblos present day Albuquerque and Santa fe.

6. Indian in Acoma pueblo revolted against the spaniards. Onate and 800 men,women and children were killed.

front 62

Tainos

back 62

1. Inhabited the Caribbean

2. Grew cassava, corn, cotton, tobacco and other crops.

3. Worshipped a God called Zemis - an ancestral spirit who inhabited natural objects, like trees and stones.

4. Seven Tainos were taken by Columbus - baptized as Christians and taken to King Ferdinand who became their Godfather.

front 63

Headright

back 63

Mid 17th Century

1. Common laborers could buy 100 acres for less than their annual wage. (impossible in England)

2. New settlers who paid for their own transportation to the Chesapeake received a grant of 50 acres of free land.

3. Granted by the Virginia Co. and Royal Government to encourage settlement.

4. High wages and cheap land was an incentive for poor English to immigrate to the New World.

front 64

Navigation Act

back 64

1660

1. Law that assessed an import on tax of two pence on every pound of tobacco brought into England.

2. Gave the King of England a major financial interest in the size of the tobacco crop

front 65

Quakers

back 65

1656 - Arrived in Massachusetts

1. A radical group who believed every single person regardless of race, religion, or gender had equal opportunity to learn about God through Quaker Religion.

2. Woman were allowed to minister

3. Didn't need a bible to know God for yourself.

4. Black men have equal stakes

5. Were at odds with Puritans.

6. Believed God spoke to each individual through inner light.

7. Refused to observe the sabbath day.

front 66

Mayflower Compact

back 66

1. Pilgrims landed to far north of the Virginia Grant at Cape Cod and had no legal authority to settle there.

2. They created the Mayflower Compact to lay claim and security to the area.

front 67

New Netherlands

back 67

1664

1. Became New York

2. King Charles II gave his brother James "The Duke of York" an enormous land grant that included New Netherlands.

3. The Dutch colony did not belong to the King of England.

front 68

James "The Duke of York"

back 68

1. Never set foot in New York.

2. Permitted all persons regardless of religion to inhabit the land provided they do it peacefully without disrupting others.

front 69

Calvinism

back 69

1. A version of Protestantism.

2. Doctrine of John Calvin 16th century Swiss Protestant Theologian.

3. Believed Christians strictly follow biblical scripture.

4. Embraced by Puritans.

5. Believed in predestination.

6. Believed god decided who was going to heaven and who was going to hell,regardless what a person did with their lives.

front 70

Rodger Williams

back 70

1. Arrived with his wife in Massachusetts Feb 1631.

2. Educated in Cambridge.

3. Refused to minister a Boston church because they had not openly rejected the corrupt church of England.

4. Move to Plymouth where he spends lots of time with the Narragansett Indians.

5. Believed nature knows no difference between Europeans and Natives in blood, birth, or bodies.

6. He learned the Indian language, religion, and culture without trying to convert them to Christianity.

7. Believed English claims were legally, morally, and spiritually invalid.

8. He was denounced and banished by New England leaders because his views were extreme and dangerous.

front 71

Ann Hutchinson

back 71

1. Devout Puritan woman who settled in Boston 1634.

2. Mother of 14 kids.

3. Was a midwife.

4. Gave sermons and lectures to 60-80 men.

5. Believed only gods grace and faith led to salvation.

6. Was brought on formal charges by John Winthrop.

7. Followers were called antinomians.

8. Was excommunicated - moved to Road Island Where she and her family were killed by indians.

front 72

Stone Rebellion

back 72

1. 1739 Twenty slaves made a strike for freedom.

2. They killed 2 storekeepers and confiscated guns, ammunition and powder.

3. They burned 1/2 a dozen plantations and killed twenty white men, women and children.

4. The slaves were captured and their heads were mounted on mile posts as a reminder to others.

front 73

Task System

back 73

Gave slaves control over the pace of their work and some discretion in the use of the rest of their time. If task completed a slave could garden, fish or hunt.

front 74

Enlightenment

back 74

1. Thinkers who agreed that science and reason could disclose Gods law in the natural order.

2. People studied the world around them, thought for themselves and asked themselves if the disorderly appearance of things masked the principles of a deeper more profound natural order.

front 75

Edwards/George Whitefield

back 75

1. Edwards a Puritan minister.
2. Whitefield a Anglican preacher

front 76

Deism

back 76

Looked for Gods plan in nature more than the bible.

front 77

George Whitefield

back 77

1. Attracted 10,000 people in towns that had only 15.000 thousands people to his sermons.

2. He brought people to tears and dismay over their sins.

3. Converted Catholics to Protestants

4. Traveled for 10 to 15 yrs.

5. Challenged established churches who required you to pay whether you attended or not.

6. Greater Protestant diversity, creation of new denominations, end of State sponsored churches,the old light VS New Light.

7. Lessening of deference - you didn't have to lower your eyes or cower for the rich or a minister anymore.

8. Questioned Ministers - didn't need ministers to interpret word of God.

9. Questioned Authority

10. Questioned Kings Authority.

11. Rise according to ability.

12. Established boys school so they could read and interpret bible for themselves.

13. Setup IV league Yale Dartmouth

14. Setup the state for the American Revolution

15. Common American Identity.

front 78

The term Archaic is used by archaeologist to describe?

back 78

The cultures that descended from Paleo Indians.

front 79

Archaic people differed from Paleo-Indian ancestors in that they?

back 79

Used stone tools to prepare food and plants.

front 80

Experts believe that the Cahokians used woodhenges for?

back 80

Celestial observation

front 81

What was a similarity among the many tribes that inhabited North America at the dawn of European colonization?

back 81

Their cultures had developed in relation to their local natural environment.

front 82

When did corn become a food crop for Southwestern cultures?

back 82

3500 BP

front 83

Multistory cliff dwellings and Pueblos are residential structures with the ?

back 83

Anasazi culture

front 84

Ancient Southwestern Indians became experts in the conservation of?

back 84

Water

front 85

What does the term Archaic described?

back 85

Hunting and gathering cultures that descended from Pueblo Indians

front 86

The League of Nations, which remained powerful well into the eighteenth century was formed as?

back 86

A confederation of the Iroquoian tribes for the purpose of war and diplomacy.

front 87

The Europeans arrived in 1492, Native American cultures were?

back 87

So varied that they defy easy simple description.

front 88

Why did native people in california remain hunters and gathers for hundreds of years after European s arrived in the western hemisphere?

back 88

Both land and ocean provided an abundant food supply.

front 89

HOw do historians study the past?

back 89

They study artifacts but mainly concentrate on written documents to determine the attitudes of people.

front 90

Archaeologist

back 90

Study the past and focus on physical artifacts.

front 91

Folsom hunters of the great plains?

back 91

Lived as nomads.

front 92

Where did permanent agricultural settlement first emerge in North America?

back 92

The southwest?

front 93

Why did Southwestern people develop systems of agriculture?

back 93

The availability of wild plants was unreliable.

front 94

The Mogollon Culture was marked by its?

back 94

Pit houses.

front 95

The empire of the Mexica had it's origins in c. AD 1325 when Mexicans settled near lake Texcoco and?

back 95

Worked as mercenaries for other tribes.

front 96

Ancient Americans and their descendants created societies that were?

back 96

Diverse and complex.

front 97

The muskogean peoples descended from which culture?

back 97

Mississippian.

front 98

By 1492 the indigenous population of the new world was about the same as the population of?

back 98

Europe.

front 99

Where was the empire of the Mexica located?

back 99

Central Mexico.

front 100

Historians base their interpretation of the past largely on?

back 100

Written records

front 101

Unlike the inland and Northern tribes such as the Abenaki, Penobscot and Chippewa-the Algonquin tribes who lived along the Atlantic coast ?

back 101

Grew crops.

front 102

The iroquoian tribes of Pennsylvania and upstate New York lived in?

back 102

Permanent settlement

front 103

Iroquoian societies were unusual in that they were

back 103

Matrilineal

front 104

What prevented human beings from living in the Western hemisphere until long after they had evolved?

back 104

Humans couldn't travel to North and South America after the super continent called Pangaea.

front 105

Homosapiens evolved in and migrated out of which continent?

back 105

Africa.

front 106

What allowed humans to reside permanently in cold regions

back 106

Learning how to sew animal skins into warm clothing.

front 107

The land bridge connecting Siberia to Alaska was exposed from around 80,000 years ago to about 10,000 years ago as a result of

back 107

A global cold spell.

front 108

What happened to Puritans in England during the mid seventeenth century?

back 108

They ruled the nation from 1649 to 1660.

front 109

The Navigation Act of 1650 s to 1660 s were designed to regulate colonial trade in order to?

back 109

Yield revenues for the crown and English merchants.

front 110

What characterized colonial commerce by the end of the seventeenth century?

back 110

Strong ties to England because of Royal supervision of merchants and shippers.

front 111

Why was the New England town meeting significant?

back 111

Its popular participation was unprecedented during the seventeenth century.

front 112

New England Puritanism owed it's religious roots to the ?

back 112

Protestant Reformation of the early sixteenth century.

front 113

Who left Massachusetts for connecticut in 1636 after clashing with church leaders overs the requirements for church membership.

back 113

Thomas Hooker

front 114

Where did the Pilgrims settle after traveling across the Atlantic on the Mayflower?

back 114

Plymouth Massachusetts.

front 115

According to John Winthrop, each family was a

back 115

Little Commonwealth

front 116

Puritans believed that the Church was defined as the?

back 116

Men & woman who entered a covenant with each other and God.

front 117

Puritans believed in predestination, which meant that?

back 117

Gods already decided which souls receive eternal life.

front 118

Ministers in Puritan communities were prohibited from?

back 118

Holding government office.

front 119

What was the long-term result of the English Reformation?

back 119

Political turmoil erupted in England

front 120

How did the 1691 Royal Charter change elections in Massachusetts?

back 120

Only those who owned property could vote.

front 121

Which Monarch reaffirmed the English Reformation, making it a defining feature of English national identity?

back 121

Elizabeth I

front 122

In 1608 separatist Protestants later known as Pilgrims, left England settled in?

back 122

Holland.

front 123

After 1660, the English crown began to?

back 123

Consolidate royal authority over colonial governments.

front 124

Which of the following products could be shipped only to England according to the Navigation Acts?

back 124

Tobacco.

front 125

Massachusetts colonist were horrified that the dominion of England invalidated?

back 125

Land titles.

front 126

Charles II gave William Penn a land grant to found a colony in America for?

back 126

Quakers.

front 127

What type of role could women play in the Quaker faith?

back 127

Women assumed positions of leadership.

front 128

In 1664, the New Netherland became?

back 128

New York.

front 129

The popularity elected assembly in pennsylvania struggled for the right to debate and amend.

back 129

Laws.

front 130

Which English monarch initiated the English Reformation by breaking from Rome and taking control of the church of England.

back 130

Henry VIII

front 131

In 1631, the General Court expanded the number of freemen to include?

back 131

All male church members.

front 132

Ann Hutchinson was excommunicated and banished from Massachusetts after being found guilty of?

back 132

The heresy of prophecy.

front 133

The success of the Puritan Revolution?

back 133

Decreased immigration to New England.

front 134

Who served as leaders of Quaker congregation?

back 134

Ordinary men and women.

front 135

Which colony attracted dissenter through the protection of "Liberty of Conscience"?

back 135

Rhode Island

front 136

Unlike most other immigrant groups in American history, the migration to puritan New England included?

back 136

A great number of complete families.

front 137

Widespread political participation of males in New England town meeting led to?

back 137

A reinforcement of community conformity.

front 138

By the 1700 three quarters of the population of the population of Barbadoes consisted of?

back 138

Black slaves.

front 139

The slave labor system polarized Chesapeake society along the lines of?

back 139

Race.

front 140

What was the Virginia Company?

back 140

A Joint Stock Company.

front 141

In contrast to slaves in Barbados, slaves in the seventeenth century Chesapeake?

back 141

Were constantly under white surveillance.

front 142

What motivated English settles in the Chesapeake to work so hard in the tobacco fields?

back 142

Successful farmers earned much higher wages thean workers in England.

front 143

How did the Virginia Company and later the Royal government, convince settlers to pay own way to Virginia?

back 143

By offering fifty acres of land.

front 144

About 80% of the immigrants to the Chesapeake during the seventeenth century came as?

back 144

Servants.

front 145

Female servants were prohibited from?

back 145

Marrying.

front 146

Who organized an all out assault on English settlers in Virginia in March 1622?

back 146

Opechancanough.

front 147

The 1622 uprising in Virginia prompted?

back 147

King James to investigate affairs in the colony.

front 148

In 1612, John Rolfe change the course of the Virginia colony's development by?

back 148

Planting west Indian tobacco seeds for the first time.

front 149

Which European power dominated the New World during 1500s?

back 149

Spain, because it had the most colonial possessions.

front 150

Cities in what European nation held a monopoly on trade with the far East until the fifteenth century?

back 150

Italy.

front 151

Which factor helped the Spaniards conquer the Mexicans?

back 151

A smallpox epidemic ravaged the Mexicans.

front 152

Which technological advance aided European explorers by the year 1400

back 152

The compass.

front 153

Which event brought Queen Isabella to the throne in 1474?

back 153

The death of her brother Henry.

front 154

Martin Luther and the Catholic church disagreed on?

back 154

How salvation could be gained.

front 155

How did a sea route to Asia impact Europe?

back 155

The route allowed merchants to charge lower prices for imported Eastern goods.

front 156

Who was the first English monarch to provide serious support to colonist in Spanish North America?

back 156

King James.

front 157

Why did tobacco farmers prefer land close to a navigable river?

back 157

Rivers allowed farmers to transport tobacco barrels more easily.

front 158

Why did free families in the chesapeake experience a rough frontier equality until about 1650?

back 158

Few men lived long enough to acquire great wealth.

front 159

Who led the Indian uprising of 1644 in which around 500 hundred colonist were killed in two days?

back 159

Opechancanough.

front 160

The treaty drawn up at the end of the war between opechancanough and Virginia colonist decreed that Indians had to relinquish all claims to land?

back 160

Already settled by the English.

front 161

Why did violence between settlers and Indians increase during the 1660's and 1670?

back 161

Settlers encroached on Indian land.

front 162

Why did the colonies in New Mexico and Florida require expensive subsides in Spain?

back 162

The colonies generated little income of their own.

front 163

What was the goal of Spanish Missionaries in Florida ad New Mexico?

back 163

Convert Indians not only to Christianity but to the Spanish culture.

front 164

What was the most profitable part of the British New World Empire in the seventeenth century?

back 164

The caribbean.

front 165

How did Spain benefit from settling Florida?

back 165

The settlement protected Spanish ships from pirates.

front 166

What was a long term consequence of the catastrophic bubonic plague in Europe?

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The plague stimulated exploration for New Market places.

front 167

After Magellan's voyage to circumnavigate the globe, most Europeans who crossed the Atlantic?

back 167

Was headed to the New World.

front 168

Europeans procured a number of valuable items from the New World including?

back 168

Corn and potatoes.

front 169

The Portuguese determined that the most profitable way to use Africa was to?

back 169

Establish coastal trading post.

front 170

Which explorer sailed around the southern tip of Africa in 1488?

back 170

Bartolomeu Dia

front 171

Which countries monarchy sponsored Columbus initial journey?

back 171

Spain.

front 172

Why were Columbus and his men disappointed by San Salvador?

back 172

They didn't find any riches.

front 173

Which Century was Spain's Golden Age?

back 173

Sixteenth.

front 174

How did the acquisition of wealth from New Spains affect the?

back 174

It was not enough to finance their military ambitions.

front 175

When the Indian population of New Spain dwindled, decimated by European disease and hard labor, who did Spanish bring to the New World to serve them?

back 175

African slaves.

front 176

Who sponsored Martin Frobisher's sailing expedition into the waters of Northern Canada

back 176

The Cathay Company

front 177

From the twelfth century through the fifteenth century, mediterranean trade was dominated by cities in?

back 177

Italy.

front 178

Who organized the English colonization of Roanoke Island?

back 178

Sir Walter Raleigh

front 179

Who were the first Europeans to use New Maritime technology to sail outside the limits of the known world?

back 179

The portuguese.

front 180

When he returned to Florida in 1521 Juan Ponce De Leon?

back 180

Was killed by the Calusa Indians.

front 181

What effect did repartimento have on New Spain?

back 181

Forced labor was limited.

front 182

The social hierarchy of New Spain was?

back 182

Stratified by race and country of origin.

front 183

When Columbus first arrived in the New World, he believed he was in?

back 183

The East Indies.

front 184

Prior to the fifteenth century, how did luxury and exotic goods travel to Europe.

back 184

Over land from Persia, Asia minor, India and Africa.

front 185

Malinali provided invaluable to Cortez mission because of her knowledge of?

back 185

Multiple languages.

front 186

In 1521, Cortez mounted a victorious assault on the?

back 186

Mexicans.

front 187

The largest treasure produced by Spaniards conquest in the New World came from?

back 187

Peru.

front 188

What was the largest group of non-christian in eighteenth century North America?

back 188

Slaves.

front 189

Members of the eighteenth century Southern gentry set a cultural standard of

back 189

Extravagant leisure.

front 190

In addition to their competition for land colonial settlers and Indians engaged in conflicts over?

back 190

The fur trade.

front 191

Compared with the poor in England, the least wealthy eighteenth century New Englanders?

back 191

Lived more comfortably

front 192

In the eighteenth century, the majority of immigrants coming to American were Scots Irish or?

back 192

African.

front 193

From a planters perspective, what was one advantage to buying slaves in small groups?

back 193

Small groups could be trained by seasoned slaves.

front 194

What was the defining feature of the Southern colonies in the eighteenth century?

back 194

Slave labor.

front 195

Why did Thomas Jefferson state that a [slave] child raised every 2 years is of more profit than the crop of the best laboring [slave] man?

back 195

Natural increase would grow his slave holding.

front 196

What was the comparatively high standard of living in rural Pennsylvania and the surrounding middle colonies between 1720 and 1770?

back 196

The consumption of imported goods doubled.

front 197

What was the purpose of seasoning slaves?

back 197

To acclimate them to the environment of the Southern colonies.

front 198

What kind of social change characterized the British North American colonies over the course of the Eighteenth century?

back 198

The population grew to eight times the size it was at the beginning of the century.

front 199

What was the difference between indentured servants and redemptioners conditions of servitude?

back 199

Redemptioners negotiated the terms of their servitude, but indentured servants didn't the right.

front 200

When settlers dispersed from New England towns in search of farm land?

back 200

Puritan communities lost their cohesiveness.

front 201

The commercial economy of New England was dominated by?

back 201

Merchants

front 202

German and Scots-Irish immigrants both tended to be?

back 202

Clannish.

front 203

The conditions under which a slave labored legally wet by

back 203

The masters commands.

front 204

What was the major export from the middle colonies?

back 204

Flour

front 205

Why did many immigrants avoid New England?

back 205

The high ratio of people to land.

front 206

When bequeathing land, New England families?

back 206

Divided the land equally among sons

front 207

What was the most populous region of the British colonies by 1770?

back 207

The South.

front 208

African slaves in the south came to the United States from?

back 208

A variety of cultures

front 209

During the middle passage (the long trip across the Atlantic from Africa to the Americas), African slaves on average died at a rate of?

back 209

15%

front 210

The vast difference of wealth among white Southerners engendered?

back 210

Occasional tension.

front 211

The European market for colonial goods made it clear that?

back 211

Ordinary people could buy small luxury items.

front 212

Who was the most famous revivalist in the eighteenth century?

back 212

George Whitefield.

front 213

At a minimum, British power?

back 213

Defended the colonist from indigenous & foreign enemies.

front 214

By the 1770, the people living in the thirteen colonies were?

back 214

Of diverse ethnic backgrounds.

front 215

During the eighteenth century colonial assemblies?

back 215

Became stronger than Royal governors.

front 216

About 75% of the colonial populations growth derived from?

back 216

Natural increase.

front 217

About 33% of all eighteenth century immigrants came from?

back 217

Africa.

front 218

How did indentured servitude differ between women and men?

back 218

Woman servants could not marry.

front 219

Which crop turned Virginia into a stable colony?

back 219

Tobacco.

front 220

Indentured servants viewed themselves as

back 220

Free people who were servants only temporarily.

front 221

Which of the following British colonies brought in the greatest profit in 1700?

back 221

Barbados.

front 222

When Pocahontas intervened to save John Smith, she may have been participating in an Algonquian ceremony that

back 222

Expressed Powhatan's supremacy.

front 223

What explains the dispersion of settlements in the Chesapeake?

back 223

Tobacco farms required large amounts of land.

front 224

Under royal government in Virginia, the colony's inhabitants could vote for

back 224

Local burgesses.

front 225

Why were Powhatan and his people suspicious of English intentions?

back 225

Colonists often resorted to violence towards the indians.

front 226

The slave labor system that was introduced to the Chesapeake was "exported" from

back 226

Barbadoes.

front 227

How had political equality in Virginia actually decreased by 1670

back 227

Only male landowners and head of households could vote.

front 228

A servant labor system in the British colonies was made possible by the New World's labor shortage and

back 228

The decrease in job opportunities in England

front 229

How did headrights encourage settlement in the Virginia colony?

back 229

They provided fifty acres of land to every settle who paid his own way.

front 230

What happened in Maryland, Lord Baltimore's planned refuge for Catholics?

back 230

Catholics feuded with the Protestant majority.

front 231

Why did the social and political distance between planters and small farmers decrease between 1660 and 1700

back 231

The colony increased its dependence on slave labor.

front 232

Why did planters maintain the servant system through the 1680s

back 232

Free people preferred to work for themselves.

front 233

Why did the colonies shift an indentured servant labor force to a slave labor force?

back 233

Slavery provided a perpetual labor force.

front 234

What happened to the Spanish colonial outposts in New Mexico and Florida?

back 234

They stagnated and primarily attracted religious missionaries.