Print Options

Card layout: ?

← Back to notecard set|Easy Notecards home page

Instructions for Side by Side Printing
  1. Print the notecards
  2. Fold each page in half along the solid vertical line
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal dotted line
  4. Optional: Glue, tape or staple the ends of each notecard together
  1. Verify Front of pages is selected for Viewing and print the front of the notecards
  2. Select Back of pages for Viewing and print the back of the notecards
    NOTE: Since the back of the pages are printed in reverse order (last page is printed first), keep the pages in the same order as they were after Step 1. Also, be sure to feed the pages in the same direction as you did in Step 1.
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal and vertical dotted line
To print: Ctrl+PPrint as a list

77 notecards = 20 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

Chapter 1

front 1

*An organ, such as the liver, is composed of ______

back 1

tissues

front 2

*The digestive system is a/an ______

back 2

organ system

front 3

*The two main types of cells are _____ & ______

back 3

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

front 4

*DNA is composed of building blocks called _____

back 4

nucleotides (4 kinds; A, T, C, G, their sequences encode the info in genes)

front 5

*In eukaryotic cells DNA has the appearance of ___

back 5

a double helix (2 long strands make it up)

front 6

*The use of DNA as the information storage molecule is common to _______

back 6

both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

front 7

*Competition is central to the theory of natural selection and happens because _____

back 7

organisms typically produce too many offspring and resources are limited.

front 8

*Based on the observation that only male crickets produce a song, you hypothesize that a male’s song is a form of communication to potential mates.You set up a simple experiment to test this hypothesis. In the laboratory, you place a male snowy tree cricket in enclosure A, which is adjacent to enclosure B. In enclosure B, you place other insects, one at a time, and observe their responses to the male's song. Placing a MALE SNOWY TREE CRICKET in enclosure B is part of the _____

back 8

control group

front 9

*Based on the observation that only male crickets produce a song, you hypothesize that a male’s song is a form of communication to potential mates.You set up a simple experiment to test this hypothesis. In the laboratory, you place a male snowy tree cricket in enclosure A, which is adjacent to enclosure B. In enclosure B, you place other insects, one at a time, and observe their responses to the male's song. Placing a FEMALE SNOWY TREE CRICKET in enclosure B is part of the _____

back 9

experimental group

front 10

*Based on the observation that only male crickets produce a song, you hypothesize that a male’s song is a form of communication to potential mates.You set up a simple experiment to test this hypothesis. In the laboratory, you place a male snowy tree cricket in enclosure A, which is adjacent to enclosure B. In enclosure B, you place other insects, one at a time, and observe their responses to the male's song. Placing a FEMALE FIELD CRICKET in enclosure B is part of the _____

back 10

control group

front 11

*In order for a hypothesis to be able to be used in science, what must be true?

back 11

it is testable and falsifiable

front 12

*Explain what a scientific theory is

back 12

it generates testable hypotheses, is supported by a large body of evidence, and is broad in scope

front 13

*The universal genetic language of DNA is common to virtually all organisms on Earth, however diverse. What is the best explanation for this fact?

back 13

All living things share a common genetic language of DNA because they share a common ancestry

front 14

*Is it possible to test hypotheses without conducting experiments?

back 14

Yes, such as hypotheses involving historic events.

front 15

*A localized group of organisms that belong to the same species is called a/an ______

back 15

population

front 16

*Once labor begins in childbirth, contractions increase in intensity and frequency until delivery. The increasing labor contractions of childbirth are an example of what type of regulation?

back 16

positive feedback

front 17

*Which branch of biology is concerned with the naming and classifying of organisms?

back 17

taxonomy

front 18

*What is this an example of? Hundreds of individuals of a species have been observed and are all photosynthetic; therefore the species is photosynthetic.

back 18

Inductive reasoning

front 19

*Near universality of the genetic code provides evidence of what?

back 19

the common ancestry of all life

front 20

*What is true of natural selection?

back 20

It requires genetic variation, results in descent with modification, and involves differential reproductive success

front 21

*Is an organism that dies after 5 days of life but leaves 10 offspring, all of whom survive to reproduce, likely to be successful in an evolutionary sense?

back 21

Yes

front 22

What is EVOLUTION?

back 22

the process of change that has transformed life on earth. It is the fundamental organizing principle of biology

front 23

What is BIOLOGY?

back 23

the scientific study of life

front 24

What are the unifying themes of biology?

back 24

Organization, information, energy & matter, interactions, evolution

front 25

Define REDUCTIONISM

back 25

Reduces complex systems into simpler components

front 26

What are the levels of biological organization, from biggest to smallest?

back 26

BIOSPHERE (all life on earth), ECOSYSTEMS (all living things in a particular area, along with the nonliving components they interact with), COMMUNITIES (all organisms inhabiting a certain ecosystem), POPULATIONS (all individuals of a species in a certain area), ORGANISMS (individual living things), ORGAN/ORGAN SYSTEMS (parts of complex forms that cooperate to do a function), TISSUES (group of cells working together to perform a function), CELLS (life's fundamental unit of structure/function), ORGANELLES (functional components present in cells), and MOLECULES (chemical structure of 2 or more atoms)

front 27

Define the EMERGENT PROPERTIES

back 27

properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, due to the arrangement and interaction of parts as complexity increases

front 28

Define SYSTEMS BIOLOGY

back 28

the exploration of a biological system by analyzing interaction among its parts (used to study life at all levels)

front 29

Actions of organisms are based on the functioning of the smartest unit of organization, called the ______

back 29

cell

front 30

Every cell is enclosed by a membrane that regulates ______

back 30

the passage of materials between the cell and its surroundings

front 31

Define PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC cells

back 31

Prokaryotic - cells of single-celled microorganisms, bacteria and archaea, no nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles. Eukaryotic - make up all other forms of life, contains membrane-enclosed organelles

front 32

Define DNA

back 32

deoxyribonucleic acid, genetic material within chromosomes

front 33

What happens to DNA when a cell divides?

back 33

The DNA is replicated and each cell has chromosomes identical to the parent cell

front 34

Define GENES

back 34

units of inheritance, encode info to build molecules and establish a cell's identity and function. (DNA in chromosomes, genes in DNA)

front 35

Explain GENE EXPRESSION

back 35

Nucleotides in DNA are transcribed from genes to RNA, which translates into amino acids, the building blocks of proteins.

front 36

What is mRNA?

back 36

RNA molecules translated into proteins

front 37

How does DNA ensure inheritance of genetic info from generation to generation?

back 37

By carrying instructions for making proteins and RNA, and by replicating with each cell division

front 38

Define GENOME

back 38

The entire "library" of genetic instructions that an organism inherits

front 39

Define GENOMICS and PROTEOMICS

back 39

Genomics studying whole sets of genes in 1 or more species
Proteomics - studying sets of proteins and their properties

front 40

Define PROTEOME

back 40

Entire set of proteins expressed by a cell or group of cells

front 41

Genomic and proteomic approaches have become possible through technology. List 3 important research developments that are part of this technology.

back 41

"high-throughput" technology that can analyze biological samples rapidly, bioinformatics (computational tools that store and analyze data), and the formation of interdisciplinary research teams (such as mathematicians, engineers, etc)

front 42

Define PRODUCERS and CONSUMERS

back 42

Producers - photosynthetic organisms
Consumers - organisms that feed on producers and other consumers

front 43

How are chemicals used in an ecosystem?

back 43

They are recycled through the ecosystem (ex: plant absorbs from air/soil, passed to animal that eats plant, returned to environment by decomposers, available to plant again)

front 44

What types of interactions are there among organisms?

back 44

Mutually beneficial (help both organisms) (ex; fish cleans turtle by eating parasites on turtle), sometimes both are hurt (ex: two plants compete for soil that is in short supply), sometimes one is hurt and one is helped (ex: lion eating a zebra).

front 45

Define FEEDBACK REGULATION and what types there are

back 45

When the output of a process regulates that very process. Negative feedback- output negatively regulates process. Positive feedback - end product speeds up production.

front 46

What is the core theme of biology?

back 46

Evolution - the theory that organisms living on earth today are modified descendants of common ancestors.

front 47

What is TAXONOMY?

back 47

Taxonomy names and classifies species based on similar characteristics

front 48

What is the broadest classification in taxonomy?

back 48

Domain (Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya)

front 49

Briefly describe the 3 domains.

back 49

Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic (single celled microorganisms) and Eukarya are eukaryotic (multi celled). The 3 kingdoms of multicellular eukaryotes are PLANTAE (produce own food with photosynthesis), FUNGI (absorb nutrients), and ANIMALIA (eat and digest other organisms).Single-celled eukaryotes called PROTISTS are split into several kingdoms under Eukarya.

front 50

Define "DARWINISM"

back 50

The idea of evolution that came with Charles Darwin's book "On the origin of species by means of Natural Selection" in 1859.

front 51

What were the 2 main points of Darwin's book?

back 51

Species arose from differing ancestors ("descent with modification"), and that natural selection is the mechanism of descent with modification.

front 52

Darwin developed his theory of natural selection based on what observations?

back 52

Individuals of a population vary in traits (some of which are hereditary), population can produce more offspring than can survive and reproduce, and species suit their environments.

front 53

Define NATURAL SELECTION

back 53

The best organisms survive and reproduce, the environment "selects" certain traits in the population.

front 54

What animal did Darwin study on the Galapagos Islands? What did he discover about them?

back 54

Finches - he discovered that they split up onto different islands after the volcano and adapted to their environments. On the finch "tree of life", all finches share one common finch ancestor.

front 55

Define SCIENCE

back 55

The approach to understanding the natural world (derived from a latin word that means "to know")

front 56

Define INQUIRY and the PROCESS OF INQUIRY

back 56

Inquiry - Search for information and explanations of natural phenomenon ("at the heart of science")

Process of inquiry - making observations, forming logical & testable explanations (hypotheses), and testing them. From these tests more observations occur and the process continues.

front 57

Define OBSERVATION and DATA

back 57

Observation - gathering of information

Data - recorded observations. Can be QUALITATIVE (descriptions) or QUANTITATIVE (numbers)

front 58

Define INDUCTIVE REASONING and DEDUCTIVE REASONING

back 58

Inductive reasoning - deriving generalizations from a large number of observations (big ideas coming from small ideas)

Deductive reasoning - logic flowing from a general premises to specific results. (small ideas coming from big ideas)

front 59

Define HYPOTHESIS

back 59

A tentative answer to a well-framed question

front 60

Define EXPERIMENT

back 60

A scientific test carried out under controlled conditions

front 61

Define DEDUCTIONS

back 61

predictions of results that will occur if a hypothesis is correct ("if... then" logic)

front 62

What are the two key points about the use of hypotheses in science?

back 62

The initial observations can lead to multiple hypotheses and we can never prove that a hypothesis is true, we can only support it.

front 63

Do scientists use the scientific method?

back 63

They use the general process but not in such a structured form

front 64

What is the core activity of the scientific process?

back 64

Forming and testing a hypothosis

front 65

What 3 things (other than forming and testing a hypothesis) are included in the flexible scientific process?

back 65

Exploration & discovery - inspire hypotheses, asking questions, observing nature

Community analysis and feedback - interactions within the scientific community influence which hypotheses are tested and how, provoke reinterpretations of test results, etc

Societal benefits and outcomes - societal need inspires flurry of hypotheses and studies, well-supported hypotheses affect society and inspire new scientific questions.

front 66

Define VARIABLES

back 66

factors that vary in an experiment

front 67

Define a CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT

back 67

compares an experimental group with a controlled group (the groups should only differ in one factor)

front 68

Define the INDEPENDENT VARIABLE and the DEPENDENT VARIABLE

back 68

Independent variable - the variable that is manipulated

Dependent variable - the variable that is measured

front 69

Define the CONTROL GROUP and the EXPERIMENTAL GROUP

back 69

Both groups are part of the independent variable. The control group is not changed in any way (natural), the experimental group is changed based on the one variable that is being tested.

front 70

How do scientists check one another's claims?

back 70

They repeat experiments and confirm observations

front 71

What happens if something new that relates to an old theory is discovered in science?

back 71

The old theory is revised to be accurate, or it is completely rejected

front 72

Define a MODEL ORGANISM

back 72

a species that is easy to grow in the lab and works well for questions that are being investigated.

front 73

Compare the GOAL OF SCIENCE and the GOAL OF TECHNOLOGY

back 73

The goal of science is to understand natural phenomena (discovering), the goal of technology is to apply scientific knowledge for a specific purpose (inventing).

front 74

Are science and technology interdependent?

back 74

Yes - science helps to improve technology and technological advances help to discover more in science.

front 75

What drives science and what drives technology?

back 75

Science is driven by curiosity (CAN we do it) and technology is driven by societal need (SHOULD we do it)

front 76

Explain how society is linked to science and technology

back 76

Society should be informed of how science works and of the risks & benefits of technology.

front 77

What does the scientific community reflect?

back 77

the cultural standards and behaviors of society (ex: more women are scientists now because women take a bigger part in society)