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95 notecards = 24 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

urinary exam

front 1

The renal corpuscle consists of:

back 1

the glomerulus and the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.

front 2

Sympathetic nerves from the renal plexus are distributed to the:

back 2

renal blood vessels.

front 3

Which of the following lists the nephron regions in the correct order of fluid flow?

back 3

glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule

front 4

Which of the following lists the vessels in the correct order of blood flow?

back 4

afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries

front 5

The main function of the kidneys is to

back 5

Regulate the composition of the blood and hence of the whole internal environment.

front 6

Bowman’s capsule is

back 6

A double-walled funnel surrounding a glomerulus

front 7

The unit excretory structure of the kidney is

back 7

The nephron

front 8

The part of a juxtamedullary nephron that is in the renal medulla is the:

back 8

loop of Henle.

front 9

The cells making up the proximal and distal convoluted tubules are:

back 9

simple cuboidal epithelial cells.

front 10

Podocytes are cells specialized for filtration that are found in the:

back 10

visceral layer of the glomerular capsule.

front 11

The surface of glomerular capillaries available for filtration is regulated by:

back 11

mesangial cells.

front 12

ALL of the following are factors in the glomerular filter EXCEPT :

back 12

microvilli.

front 13

If the diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller than the diameter of the afferent arteriole, then:

back 13

blood pressure in the glomerulus stays high.

front 14

Glomerular filtrate contains:

back 14

everything in blood except cells and proteins.

front 15

Filtration of blood in the glomeruli is promoted by:

back 15

blood hydrostatic pressure.

front 16

Which of the following pressures is highest in the renal corpuscle under normal circumstances?

back 16

glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure

front 17

An obstruction in the proximal convoluted tubule decreases glomerular filtration rate because:

back 17

hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capsule increases, which decreases net filtration pressure.

front 18

The function of the macula densa cells is to:

back 18

monitor NaCl concentration in the tubular fluid.

front 19

In the myogenic mechanism of renal autoregulation:

back 19

smooth muscle in afferent arterioles triggers vasoconstriction to decrease GFR.

front 20

The function of atrial natriuretic peptide in renal autoregulation of GFR is to stimulate:

back 20

relaxation of glomerular mesangial cells.

front 21

If sympathetic stimulation to afferent and efferent arterioles decreases, then GFR:

back 21

increases because both vessels are less constricted

front 22

The most important function of the juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus is to:

back 22

release renin in response to a drop in renal blood pressure or blood flow.

front 23

If there were an obstruction in the renal artery, one might expect to see:

back 23

Both A and B are correct.

front 24

As substances are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidneys, they move from:

back 24

filtered fluid to epithelial cells, to intersitial fluid to peritubular capillaries.

front 25

The uptake of substances from the lumen of the kidney tubules if known as

back 25

Tubular reabsorption

front 26

Given the following conditions, glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure 75 mm Hg, capsular hydrostatic pressure 15 mm Hg, blood osmotic pressure 25 mm Hg, the effective filtration pressure would be _____mm Hg.

back 26

35.

front 27

Most reabsorption of substances from the glomerular filtrate occurs in the

back 27

Proximal tubule

front 28

Which of the following substances is normally almost completely reabsorbed by the tubules of the nephron?

back 28

Glucose

front 29

The transport maximum is the:

back 29

upper limit of reabsorption due to saturation of carrier systems.

front 30

Most water is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule by obligatory reabsorption , which means that:

back 30

water is "following" sodium and other ions/molecules to maintain osmotic balance.

front 31

Obligatory reabsorption of water occurs in the:

back 31

both A and D are correct.

front 32

Facultative reabsorption of water is regulated by:

back 32

ADH.

front 33

If sympathetic stimulation to afferent and efferent arterioles decreases, then GFR:

back 33

doesn't change because the vessels do not have receptors for sympathetic neurotransmitters.

front 34

Principal cells in the distal convoluted tubules:

back 34

respond to ADH and aldosterone.

front 35

The significance of secretion of ammonium (NH4+) ions by the tubule cells is:

back 35

it results from generation of new bicarbonate ions that can be reabsorbed to help maintain pH.

front 36

If the level of aldosterone in the blood increases, then:

back 36

more potassium is excreted in the urine.

front 37

The amount of potassium secreted by principal cells is increased by which of the following?

back 37

high levels of sodium ions in tubular fluid

front 38

A role of intercalated cells is to:

back 38

excrete hydrogen ions when pH is too low.

front 39

The action of ADH on principal cells is to:

back 39

increase insertion of aquaporin 2 vesicles into apical membranes.

front 40

Urine that is hypotonic to blood plasma is produced when:

back 40

levels of antidiuretic hormone are low.

front 41

The concentration of solutes in tubular fluid is greatest in the:

back 41

hairpin turn of the loop of Henle.

front 42

The renal clearance of a large protein such as albumin would be closest to which of the following values?

back 42

zero

front 43

The permeability of the collecting ducts to water is regulated by:

back 43

antidiuretic hormone.

front 44

The countercurrent mechanism in the loop of Henle builds and maintains an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla. Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor.?

back 44

Chloride ions passively diffuse from the interstitial fluid into the thick portion of the ascending limb.

front 45

Cells that have receptors for aldosterone include:

back 45

cells in the distal convoluted tubules

front 46

The effect of aldosterone on the principal cells of the distal convoluted tubule is to:

back 46

increase the synthesis of sodium pumps.

front 47

The normal daily volume of urine produced is:

back 47

1000minus2000 ml.

front 48

Urea recycling in the renal medulla refers to the:

back 48

mechanism by which urea leaves the collecting duct and re enters the loop of Henle, thus helping to maintain the hypertonic conditions of the interstitial spaces.

front 49

Clearance refers to

back 49

The volume of plasma from which a substances is entirely removed per minute

front 50

Which of the following would be in the highest concentration in normal urine?

back 50

creatinine.

front 51

Tubular maximum

back 51

Proximal convoluted tubule

front 52

Countercurrant multiplier system

back 52

Loop of Henle

front 53

Aldosterone acts on

back 53

Distal convoluted tubule

front 54

Renin is associated with

back 54

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

front 55

Glomeruli are located in

back 55

Cortex of the kidney

front 56

Distal convoluted tubules are located in the

back 56

Cortex of the kidney

front 57

Loop of Henle is located in the

back 57

Medulla of the kidney

front 58

Ureter exits from the

back 58

Renal Hilus

front 59

Juxtaglomerular apparatus produces

back 59

Renin

front 60

Associated with the hypothalamus

back 60

Antidiuretic hormone

front 61

Causes reabsorption of water

back 61

Antidiuretic hormone

front 62

ACE is associated with

back 62

Angiotensin II

front 63

Used to measure glomerular filtration rate

back 63

Inulin

front 64

Catabolism of creatine phosphate from skeletal muscle

back 64

Creatinine

front 65

Parathyroid hormones acts upon

back 65

. Calcium

front 66

Breakdown product of proteins

back 66

Urea

front 67

Parathyroid hormone acts upon

back 67

Distal convoluted tubules

front 68

Maintains an osmotic gradient

back 68

Loop of Henle

front 69

Antidiuretic hormones acts on

back 69

Collecting duct

front 70

Acted upon by norepinephrine

back 70

Glomerulus

front 71

The kidneys help regulate blood pressure by secretion of the enzyme __________ and by adjusting __________.

back 71

renin; renal resistance

front 72

The kidneys release two hormones: __________, which helps regulate calcium homeostasis, and __________ , which increases red blood cell production.

back 72

calcitriol; erythropoietin

front 73

The functional units of the kidneys are the __________.

back 73

nephrons

front 74

Blood flows into afferent arterioles from __________.

back 74

interlobular arteries

front 75

The tubules of the juxtamedullary nephrons are served by special capillaries called __________.

back 75

vasa recta

front 76

Most renal nerves originate in the __________ ganglion, and their function is to regulate __________.

back 76

celiac; renal resistance and blood flow

front 77

Fluid flows from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle into the __________.

back 77

distal convoluted tubule

front 78

The juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of two parts: the __________ that detects the concentration of tubular fluid, and the __________ that secrete renin.

back 78

macula densa; juxtaglomerular cells

front 79

The last portion of the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct are made up of __________ cells, which are the target cells for ADH and aldosterone, and __________ cells that have microvilli and help regulate acid base balance.

back 79

principal; intercalated

front 80

In tubular reabsorption, substances move from __________ to __________.

back 80

tubular fluid; blood

front 81

The footlike processes of podocytes are called __________ and the spaces between the processes are called __________.

back 81

pedicels; filtration slits

front 82

Glomerular endothelial cells are leaky because they have large pores called ___________.

back 82

fenestrations

front 83

Norepinephrine causes __________ of afferent arterioles, which causes GFR to __________.

back 83

vasoconstriction; decrease

front 84

Angiotensin II causes __________ of the afferent arteriole and __________ of the efferent arteriole, which causes GFR to __________.

back 84

vasoconstriction; vasoconstriction; decrease

front 85

The hormone __________ increases capillary surface area available for filtration by causing relaxation of __________.

back 85

ANP; mesangial cells

front 86

If there is a decrease in the delivery of sodium and chloride ions to macula densa cells, tubuloglomerular feedback causes GFR to ___________.

back 86

increase

front 87

The 10"minus12" tubes carrying urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder are the __________.

back 87

ureters

front 88

The mucosa of the urinary bladder includes __________ epithelium.

back 88

transitional

front 89

The smooth muscle layers surrounding the mucosa of the urinary bladder are collectively known as the __________.

back 89

detrusor muscle

front 90

The normal component of urine that is derived from the detoxification of ammonia produced as a result of deamination of proteins is __________.

back 90

urea

front 91

The enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells in response to impulses from renal sympathetic nerves is __________.

back 91

renin

front 92

The substrate for the enzyme secreted by juxtaglomerular cells is __________.

back 92

angiotensinogen

front 93

The blood vessels of surrounding the loop of Henle that help maintain the hypertonic conditions in the peritubular spaces of the renal medulla are called the __________.

back 93

vasa recta

front 94

The percentage of plasma in afferent arterioles that becomes glomerular filtrate is called the __________.

back 94

filtration fraction

front 95

In the formula for calculating net filtration pressure, those forces opposing glomerular filtration are __________ and __________ .

back 95

capsular hydrostatic pressure; blood colloid osmotic pressure