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Summer Immuno Lecture 3

front 1 The immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene segments are found on which chromosome? A. Chromosome 2 B. Chromosome 6 C. Chromosome 14 D. Chromosome 22	back 1 C. Chromosome 14
front 2 Each B-cell receptor is built from which chains? A. Heavy and light chains B. Alpha and beta chains C. Fab and Fc chains D. CD40 and CD40L	back 2 A. Heavy and light chains
front 3 A developing B cell has two copies of chromosome 14. How many heavy-chain loci are ultimately used? A. Zero B. Two C. Four D. One	back 3 D. One
front 4 A B-cell heavy-chain locus successfully makes a functional heavy chain. What is this called? A. Class switching B. Productive rearrangement C. Affinity maturation D. Somatic hypermutation	back 4 B. Productive rearrangement

front 5 One chromosome 14 successfully rearranges first. What happens to the other chromosome 14 locus? A. It class switches B. It makes Igβ C. It is silenced D. It binds antigen	back 5 C. It is silenced
front 6 A mature B cell has completed receptor development. How many BCR specificities does it produce? A. Two B. One C. Dozens D. Hundreds	back 6 B. One
front 7 The antigen recognized by a B cell’s receptors is called its what? A. Cognate antigen B. Constant region C. Complement fragment D. Co-stimulatory signal	back 7 A. Cognate antigen
front 8 A BCR binds one small portion of a bacterial protein. What is that region called? A. Isotype B. Haplotype C. Cognate antigen D. Epitope	back 8 D. Epitope

front 9 Which accessory proteins transmit BCR signals inward? A. CD40 and CD40L B. Igα and Igβ C. C3b and C5b D. MHC I and II	back 9 B. Igα and Igβ
front 10 Igα and Igβ are important because they help transmit signals to the what? A. Lysosome B. Thymus C. Nucleus D. Complement system	back 10 C. Nucleus
front 11 A soluble antigen binds only one BCR weakly. What event is usually needed for strong activation? A. BCR crosslinking B. C9 insertion C. Fas binding D. MHC loss	back 11 A. BCR crosslinking
front 12 BCR crosslinking helps activation by clustering which molecules? A. C3a and C5a B. CD4 and CD8 C. Heavy and light chains D. Igα and Igβ	back 12 D. Igα and Igβ

front 13 Besides BCRs, B cells also carry receptors for which immune system component? A. Interferon B. Complement C. Perforin D. Hemoglobin	back 13 B. Complement
front 14 A bacterial antigen is coated with complement fragments. Which B-cell receptor can bind those fragments? A. Complement receptor B. T-cell receptor C. Fas receptor D. Fc receptor	back 14 A. Complement receptor
front 15 A B cell binds both an epitope and a complement fragment. What is the complement receptor called? A. Primary receptor B. Death receptor C. Antigen receptor D. Co-receptor	back 15 D. Co-receptor
front 16 A B cell has never encountered its cognate antigen. What is it called? A. Experienced B cell B. Plasma B cell C. Naive B cell D. Memory B cell	back 16 C. Naive B cell

front 17 Which term also describes a naive B cell? A. Effector B. Virgin C. Experienced D. Activated	back 17 B. Virgin
front 18 A B cell has already encountered its cognate antigen. What is it called? A. Virgin B cell B. Immature B cell C. Naive B cell D. Experienced B cell	back 18 D. Experienced B cell
front 19 Most naive B cells require how many signals for activation? A. Two B. One C. Three D. Four	back 19 A. Two
front 20 In T-cell-dependent activation, what is signal 1? A. CD40 engagement B. IL-2 binding C. BCR crosslinking D. Complement lysis	back 20 C. BCR crosslinking

front 21 In T-cell-dependent activation, which cell supplies signal 2? A. NK cell B. Macrophage C. Neutrophil D. Helper T cell	back 21 D. Helper T cell
front 22 The second signal for naive B-cell activation is also called what? A. Co-stimulatory signal B. Opsonizing signal C. Apoptotic signal D. Neutralizing signal	back 22 A. Co-stimulatory signal
front 23 A naive B cell needs helper T-cell assistance for activation. What is this called? A. Alternative activation B. Lectin activation C. T-cell-dependent activation D. Complement activation	back 23 C. T-cell-dependent activation
front 24 During T-cell-dependent activation, helper T cells use which surface molecule? A. CD40 B. CD40L C. Igα D. Igβ	back 24 B. CD40L

front 25 CD40L on helper T cells interacts with which B-cell molecule? A. Igβ B. ICAM C. Fas D. CD40	back 25 D. CD40
front 26 The CD40L-CD40 interaction provides which signal? A. Signal 1 B. Co-stimulatory signal C. Complement signal D. Danger signal only	back 26 B. Co-stimulatory signal
front 27 A polysaccharide antigen has many identical repeated epitopes. What can it strongly cause? A. CD40 silencing B. MHC I loss C. BCR crosslinking D. Igβ destruction	back 27 C. BCR crosslinking
front 28 Repeated epitopes activate B cells without helper T cells. What is this called? A. T-cell-independent activation B. T-cell-dependent activation C. Productive rearrangement D. Somatic hypermutation	back 28 A. T-cell-independent activation

front 29 Even in T-cell-independent activation, what additional signal is still required? A. CD40L signal B. Thymic signal C. Antibody signal D. Danger signal	back 29 D. Danger signal
front 30 Which self molecule has repeated epitopes but should not normally activate B cells? A. TNF B. DNA C. LPS D. C3b	back 30 B. DNA
front 31 During heavy-chain selection, both chromosome 14 copies initially do what? A. Rearrange gene segments B. Secrete antibodies C. Bind helper T cells D. Express CD40L	back 31 A. Rearrange gene segments
front 32 The “winner” chromosome 14 is selected because it makes what first? A. Complement receptor B. Co-stimulatory signal C. Functional heavy chain D. Repeated epitope	back 32 C. Functional heavy chain

front 33 A mature B cell secretes antibodies matching its surface BCR. How many antibody types does it make? A. Two unrelated types B. One specific type C. Many random types D. Four chain types	back 33 B. One specific type
front 34 The whole molecule recognized by a BCR is the what? A. Epitope B. Co-receptor C. Cognate antigen D. Igβ chain	back 34 C. Cognate antigen
front 35 The exact site on an antigen bound by a BCR is the what? A. Epitope B. Co-receptor C. Heavy chain D. CD40L site	back 35 A. Epitope
front 36 BCR crosslinking is essential because one BCR alone usually gives what? A. Excessive apoptosis B. Strong complement activation C. Immediate antibody secretion D. Weak activation signaling	back 36 D. Weak activation signaling

front 37 A B cell binds complement-coated antigen through its co-receptor. What happens to signaling? A. It is amplified B. It is blocked C. It becomes unrelated D. It causes silence	back 37 A. It is amplified
front 38 Why is the complement receptor considered a co-receptor? A. It makes antibodies B. It replaces BCRs C. It strengthens signaling D. It silences CD40	back 38 C. It strengthens signaling
front 39 Which combination gives a stronger B-cell signal? A. Complement binding alone B. BCR plus complement receptor C. CD40 alone D. Igβ alone	back 39 B. BCR plus complement receptor
front 40 A helper T cell provides CD40L. What B-cell signal does this supply? A. First signal B. Second signal C. Antigen signal D. Danger signal	back 40 B. Second signal

front 41 A B cell receives BCR crosslinking but no helper T-cell help. In ordinary T-dependent activation, what is missing? A. Signal 1 B. Signal 2	back 41 B. Signal 2
front 42 Helper T-cell help may be unnecessary because of what? A. Extensive BCR clustering B. CD40 destruction C. MHC I expression D. Antibody neutralization	back 42 A. Extensive BCR clustering
front 43 Which antigen type is most likely to activate B cells without helper T-cell co-stimulation? A. Single epitope protein B. Small soluble peptide C. Host DNA alone D. Repetitive polysaccharide	back 43 D. Repetitive polysaccharide
front 44 T-cell-independent activation still needs a danger signal to prevent what? A. Class switching B. Random self-attack C. Heavy-chain failure D. Complement production	back 44 B. Random self-attack

front 45 Why does DNA not normally trigger strong B-cell activation despite repeated epitopes? A. Danger signal is absent B. CD40L is excessive C. BCRs cannot bind DNA D. Igβ is missing	back 45 A. Danger signal is absent
front 46 A B cell binds a repeated bacterial epitope and inflammatory markers are present. What activation is possible? A. T-cell-independent activation B. Heavy-chain silencing C. T-cell receptor activation D. NK-cell inhibition	back 46 A. T-cell-independent activation
front 47 Helper T cells recognize antigen mainly through which molecule? A. Class I MHC B. B-cell receptor C. Complement receptor D. Class II MHC	back 47 D. Class II MHC
front 48 If B cells always required helper T cells, adaptive immunity would struggle against which antigens? A. Carbohydrates and fats B. Viral peptides only C. Protein toxins only D. MHC-bound peptides	back 48 A. Carbohydrates and fats

front 49 T-cell-independent activation helps adaptive immunity respond to bacterial antigens that are not what? A. Repetitive B. Extracellular C. Proteins D. Complement-coated	back 49 C. Proteins
front 50 A parasite produces a molecule that activates many unrelated B cells. What is this molecule called? A. Opsonin B. Mitogen C. Cytokine D. Anaphylatoxin	back 50 B. Mitogen
front 51 A mitogen activates B cells by binding molecules other than what? A. BCRs B. CD40 C. Complement D. IgM	back 51 A. BCRs
front 52 A parasite causes many nonspecific B cells to activate at once. What is this called? A. Class switching B. Affinity maturation C. Complement fixation D. Polyclonal activation	back 52 D. Polyclonal activation

front 53 In polyclonal activation, BCRs become crosslinked by what mechanism? A. Direct antigen binding B. CD40L signaling C. Crosslinking by proxy D. Class II MHC	back 53 C. Crosslinking by proxy
front 54 Polyclonal activation is best described as what? A. Immune system gone wrong B. Normal vaccine memory C. T-cell education D. Complement regulation	back 54 A. Immune system gone wrong
front 55 Some parasites use polyclonal activation mainly to do what? A. Mature B cells B. Fix complement C. Cross placenta D. Distract immune response	back 55 D. Distract immune response
front 56 After activation and proliferation, B cells enter maturation with roughly how many possible steps? A. One B. Two C. Three D. Four	back 56 C. Three

front 57 Which maturation step lets B cells change antibody class? A. Somatic hypermutation B. Class switching C. Polyclonal activation D. Complement fixation	back 57 B. Class switching
front 58 Which maturation step can increase BCR affinity? A. Class switching B. ADCC C. Complement fixation D. Somatic hypermutation	back 58 D. Somatic hypermutation
front 59 Somatic hypermutation changes BCRs to improve binding to what? A. Cognate antigen B. Class II MHC C. C1 inhibitor D. Fc receptor	back 59 A. Cognate antigen
front 60 During the “career decision,” a B cell may become which antibody factory? A. Memory B cell B. Virgin B cell C. Plasma B cell D. Naive B cell	back 60 C. Plasma B cell

front 61 During maturation, a B cell may also become which long-lived cell? A. Mitogen cell B. Memory B cell C. C1 complex D. Helper T cell	back 61 B. Memory B cell
front 62 The three maturation events must occur in what order? A. Class switch first B. Hypermutation first C. No required order D. Plasma decision first	back 62 C. No required order
front 63 Which statement about B-cell maturation steps is correct? A. Not all must occur B. All always occur C. They need TLR4 D. IgM blocks them	back 63 A. Not all must occur
front 64 When a virgin B cell is first activated, it mainly produces which antibody? A. IgA B. IgE C. IgG D. IgM	back 64 D. IgM

front 65 First-activated virgin B cells can also produce tiny amounts of which antibody? A. IgG B. IgD C. IgE D. IgA	back 65 B. IgD
front 66 The immune function of IgD is best described as what? A. Unclear B. Complement fixing C. Placental transfer D. NK-cell bridging	back 66 A. Unclear
front 67 Class switching changes antibody production from IgM to which possible class? A. IgM only B. IgD only C. IgG, IgE, or IgA D. C1, C3, or C5	back 67 C. IgG, IgE, or IgA
front 68 In class switching, which antibody region remains unchanged? A. Fc region B. Fab region C. C1 region D. Heavy constant only	back 68 B. Fab region

front 69 In class switching, which antibody region changes? A. Fab region B. Epitope region C. Antigen-binding region D. Constant Fc region	back 69 D. Constant Fc region
front 70 After class switching, antigen specificity does what? A. Stays the same B. Becomes random C. Recognizes MHC D. Recognizes complement	back 70 A. Stays the same
front 71 After class switching, antibody function changes because the antibody gets what? A. New Fab region B. New Fc region C. New epitope D. New antigen	back 71 B. New Fc region
front 72 Which antibody is especially good at activating complement? A. IgA B. IgD C. IgE D. IgM	back 72 D. IgM

front 73 Activating complement by antibody is also called what? A. Neutralizing complement B. Opsonizing complement C. Fixing complement D. Silencing complement	back 73 C. Fixing complement
front 74 In blood, about 30 complement proteins form which complex? A. C3 B. C1 C. C5 D. C9	back 74 B. C1
front 75 C1 complexes are normally bound by what? A. Inhibitors B. Antibodies C. Fc receptors D. Mitogens	back 75 A. Inhibitors
front 76 What happens when two C1 complexes come close together? A. They bind DNA B. They become IgM C. They cross placenta D. Inhibitors fall off	back 76 D. Inhibitors fall off

front 77 C1 inhibitor release allows which process to begin? A. Somatic hypermutation B. Polyclonal activation C. Complement cascade D. T-cell maturation	back 77 C. Complement cascade
front 78 IgM must first bind what before efficiently activating C1? A. Antigen B. CD40L C. Class II MHC D. Fas ligand	back 78 A. Antigen
front 79 Antigen-bound IgM can bind multiple C1 complexes using what region? A. Fab region B. Epitope region C. Fc regions D. Variable loops	back 79 C. Fc regions
front 80 Antigen-bound IgM brings C1 complexes together, triggering what? A. Somatic hypermutation B. Complement cascade C. Class II display D. IgD production	back 80 B. Complement cascade

front 81 Antibody-dependent complement activation is called which pathway? A. Alternative pathway B. Lectin pathway C. Terminal pathway D. Classical pathway	back 81 D. Classical pathway
front 82 IgG can fix complement, but which antibody does it more efficiently? A. IgM B. IgA C. IgE D. IgD	back 82 A. IgM
front 83 Why is IgM especially efficient at fixing complement? A. It crosses placenta B. It has five Fc regions C. It binds NK cells D. It lacks Fab regions	back 83 B. It has five Fc regions
front 84 Among IgG subclasses, which fixes the most complement? A. IgG1 B. IgG2 C. IgG4 D. IgG3	back 84 D. IgG3

front 85 Which IgG subclass is best at opsonizing invaders? A. IgG1 B. IgG2 C. IgG3 D. IgG4	back 85 A. IgG1
front 86 Besides complement fixation, IgG3 can help perform which process? A. Somatic hypermutation B. T-independent activation C. Mitogen activation D. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity	back 86 D. ADCC
front 87 In antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, IgG3 forms a bridge between target cells and which immune cell? A. Helper T cell B. NK cell C. Plasma cell D. Neutrophil	back 87 B. NK cell
front 88 Which antibody class can transfer from mother to fetus? A. IgA B. IgM C. IgE D. IgG	back 88 D. IgG

front 89 Maternal IgG reaches the fetus from the mother’s what? A. Mucosal secretions B. Blood C. Lymph nodes D. Bone marrow	back 89 B. Blood
front 90 Maternal IgG protects the infant until what happens? A. Infant makes its own B. IgM crosses placenta C. C1 becomes active D. IgD matures	back 90 A. Infant makes its own
front 91 IgG supplied from the mother protects infants for roughly how long? A. Hours after birth B. One day after birth C. Several months after birth D. Until adolescence	back 91 C. Several months after birth
front 92 Another term for IgG antibodies is what? A. Gamma globulins B. Alpha globulins C. Beta globulins D. C1 globulins	back 92 A. Gamma globulins

front 93 After hepatitis A exposure, some patients receive what injection? A. IgM vaccine B. Complement inhibitor C. Mitogen blocker D. Gamma globulin	back 93 D. Gamma globulin
front 94 Gamma globulin injections contain antibodies from how many people? A. Many donors B. One donor C. Fetal donors only D. Parasite-infected donors	back 94 A. Many donors
front 95 Why can pooled gamma globulin help after hepatitis A exposure? A. It supplies mitogens B. It kills B cells C. Some donors have anti-HAV antibodies D. It blocks class II MHC	back 95 C. Some donors have anti-HAV antibodies
front 96 The goal of gamma globulin after exposure is to help do what? A. Neutralize the virus B. Trigger polyclonal activation C. Fix all complement D. Block NK cells	back 96 A. Neutralize the virus

front 97 Gamma globulin protection is meant to last until what occurs? A. C1 disappears B. IgD function clarifies C. Own immune response develops D. Mitogens leave blood	back 97 C. Own immune response develops
front 98 Polyclonal activation is dangerous because it activates B cells how? A. Antigen-specific B. Nonspecifically C. Via its memory cells D. Via its IgG cells	back 98 B. Nonspecifically
front 99 A patient receives pooled IgG after HAV exposure. What type of immunity is this? A. Active adaptive B. Innate cellular C. Passive antibody-mediated D. T-cell dependent	back 99 C. Passive antibody-mediated
front 100 Which feature remains constant after class switching? A. Antigen bound B. Fc-mediated function C. Antibody class D. Complement ability	back 100 A. Antigen bound

front 101 Which feature changes after class switching? A. Cognate antigen B. Epitope recognized C. Fab specificity D. Effector function	back 101 D. Effector function
front 102 Which antibody is most abundant overall in the body? A. IgM B. IgE C. IgA D. IgD	back 102 C. IgA
front 103 Which antibody is most abundant in blood? A. IgG B. IgA C. IgE D. IgM	back 103 A. IgG
front 104 A patient has recurrent infections at mucosal surfaces. Which antibody class is most important there? A. IgG B. IgM C. IgE D. IgA	back 104 D. IgA

front 105 The “clip” structure of IgA helps transport IgA across which barrier? A. Placental barrier B. Intestinal wall C. Blood-brain barrier D. Splenic sinusoid	back 105 B. Intestinal wall
front 106 The IgA “clip” structure helps resist which threat? A. Digestive acids and enzymes B. Complement-mediated lysis C. Mast-cell degranulation D. T-cell apoptosis	back 106 A. Digestive acids and enzymes
front 107 A breastfeeding infant receives antibody protection coating the gut mucosa. Which antibody is provided? A. IgM B. IgE C. IgD D. IgA	back 107 D. IgA
front 108 Which antibody crosses the placenta into the fetus? A. IgA B. IgG C. IgE D. IgM	back 108 B. IgG

front 109 Maternal IgA protects infants mainly by coating which surface? A. Skin epidermis B. Fetal blood vessels C. Intestinal mucosa D. Bone marrow sinusoids	back 109 C. Intestinal mucosa
front 110 Why is IgA poor at fixing complement? A. IgA lacks Fab regions B. C1 cannot bind IgA Fc C. IgA destroys complement proteins D. IgA blocks all cytokines	back 110 B. C1 cannot bind IgA Fc
front 111 Anaphylactic shock is caused by degranulation of which cells? A. Plasma cells B. Neutrophils C. Mast cells D. Macrophages	back 111 C. Mast cells
front 112 Mast-cell degranulation releases which major active chemical? A. Histamine B. Perforin C. C3b D. IFN-gamma	back 112 A. Histamine

front 113 IgE is produced in response to what? A. Self DNA B. Allergens C. C1 complexes D. MHC I loss	back 113 B. Allergens
front 114 Which cells carry IgE receptors involved in allergy? A. Neutrophils B. Plasma cells C. Mast cells D. Erythrocytes	back 114 C. Mast cells
front 115 IgE-bound mast cells dump granules into tissues. What is this process called? A. Degranulation B. Opsonization C. Neutralization D. Affinity maturation	back 115 A. Degranulation
front 116 Antibody class switching is controlled mainly by what B cells encounter? A. Antigen size B. Complement fragments C. Chromosome number D. Cytokines	back 116 D. Cytokines

front 117 A B cell is in an IL-4 and IL-5-rich environment. Which class is favored? A. IgA B. IgG C. IgE D. IgM	back 117 C. IgE
front 118 IL-4 and IL-5 are abundant in allergic reactions and which infections? A. Viral infections B. Gram-negative sepsis C. Fungal bloodstream infections D. Parasitic infections	back 118 D. Parasitic infections
front 119 Very high mutation rates occur in selected B-cell gene regions. What is this called? A. Somatic hypermutation B. Class switching C. Polyclonal activation D. Complement fixation	back 119 A. Somatic hypermutation
front 120 Somatic hypermutation especially affects regions containing which segments? A. C only B. V, D, J C. Fc and C2 D. C1 and V	back 120 B. V, D, J

front 121 Somatic hypermutation occurs after which event? A. Mast-cell priming B. VDJ selection C. IgA secretion D. Complement fixation	back 121 B. VDJ selection
front 122 Somatic hypermutation occurs after which rearrangement is selected? A. Productive rearrangement B. Polyclonal rearrangement C. Fc rearrangement D. Complement rearrangement	back 122 A. Productive rearrangement
front 123 Somatic hypermutation changes the gene region encoding what? A. Fc constant region B. C1 binding site C. IgA clip structure D. Antigen-binding Fab region	back 123 D. Antigen-binding Fab region
front 124 Somatic hypermutation can affect BCR affinity in which way? A. Increase only B. Decrease only C. Increase, decrease, or unchanged D. Always unchanged	back 124 C. Increase, decrease, or unchanged

front 125 B cells with higher-affinity BCRs compete better for what? A. T-cell help B. C1 inhibitor C. Mast-cell granules D. Intestinal transport	back 125 A. T-cell help
front 126 During affinity selection, T-cell help is best described as what? A. Unlimited B. Irrelevant C. Limited D. Toxic	back 126 C. Limited
front 127 The end result of somatic hypermutation is BCRs that bind antigen how? A. Weakly B. Tightly C. Randomly D. Nonspecifically	back 127 B. Tightly
front 128 Fine-tuning BCRs toward higher average affinity is called what? A. Class switching B. Polyclonal activation C. Complement fixation D. Affinity maturation	back 128 D. Affinity maturation

front 129 T-cell-independent B-cell activation usually lacks which processes? A. IgM secretion only B. Plasma-cell formation C. Antigen binding D. Class switching and SHM	back 129 D. Class switching and SHM
front 130 T cells are very important, but not absolutely necessary, for which processes? A. Class switching and SHM B. IgM production only C. Mast-cell degranulation D. IgA intestinal transport	back 130 A. Class switching and SHM
front 131 B cells activated independently of T cells do not produce which cells? A. Plasma cells B. Mast cells C. Memory B cells D. Naive B cells	back 131 C. Memory B cells
front 132 In T-cell-independent activation, activated B cells become what? A. Memory B cells B. Plasma B cells C. Helper T cells D. Mast cells	back 132 B. Plasma B cells

front 133 Allergic rhinitis is associated with which antibody class? A. IgA B. IgG C. IgE D. IgM	back 133 C. IgE
front 134 Which factor best determines antibody class switching? A. Antigen color B. Cytokine environment C. MHC I density D. Mast-cell number	back 134 B. Cytokine environment
front 135 Which BCRs survive best during competitive selection? A. Higher-affinity BCRs B. Lower-affinity BCRs C. IgA-only BCRs D. Random BCRs	back 135 A. Higher-affinity BCRs
front 136 Maternal milk IgA mainly protects against pathogens entering through what route? A. Respiratory inhalation B. Placental circulation C. Skin abrasions D. Ingestion	back 136 D. Ingestion