When a pump fails to deliver at its rated capacity, what is the most likely cause?

Air leak

What is a common cause for vibrations in a motor?

Misalignment of the couplings

What is the purpose of the wear rings in a pump?

Plug internal leakage

What should the seal water pressure be for a pump?

5 PSI higher than the pump's discharge pressure

What is the purpose of the seal water?

Block out air intake and Lubricate the packing

What is the recommended maximum suction lift?

15 ft

In water treatment plants, what type of pump is commonly used to deliver chemical solutions?

Positive displacement

When should you lubricate your equipment?

Lubricate following the manufacturers recommendations

In what manner is packing installed?

A strip at a time and staggered

A positive displacement pump should never be operated _________?

Against a closed discharge valve

If two or more pumps of the same size and purpose are on line, what method of operation is recommended for them?

Alternate to equalize wear

If half of the mechanical seal fails, what corrective action should be taken?

Change both halves of the seal

What is the purpose of a lantern ring?

Water seal

The packing of a pump should be adjusted to ________?

Allow a slight operating leakage and To allow approximately a drip per second

On a multiple drive motor, when a belt fails, what corrective action should be taken?

Replace all the belts on the drive

To keep a centrifugal pump primed, install a ______ valve at the end of the suction line.

Foot

If a motor fails to start, what should be checked first?

Power Supply

Opening or closing a valve rapidly will cause?

Water Hammer

The formation and collapse of a gas pocket or bubble on the blade of an impeller is called?

Cavitation

Changing the packing on a pump is called _______ maintenance.

Corrective

What is an example of a daily maintenance task for a compressor?

Drain the air receiver

What type of valve is usually used to control the rate of flow?

Globe Valve

What type of valve is buried?

Non-rising stem

What is the most common type of valve used in water treatment plants?

Gate valve

What will happen if the gate valve is left half open to control flow?

Undue seat wear

In what manner should carbon be stored?

On concrete floors in single rows

What is brinelling?

A type of bearing wear

What is the recommended manner for storing potassium permanganate?

On concrete floors away from heat or heated pipes

What causes more damage to a pump's impeller?

Air

What is the unit of electrical resistance?

Ohm

What is an ammeter used for?

Measure amps/current

What type of electrical service is usually found in water plants?

Three phase

Generally, all motors over 2 HP require what type of electrical service?

Three phase

Before starting work on any electrical equipment, you must first __________.

Lock Out/Tag

What unit is used to measure the rate of power consumption?

Kilowatts

What is the function of a shear pin?

To prevent damage to equipment when there is an overload

What is an ampere?

A unit of measure for current

The measurement of how close an instrument determines the true or actual reading of an instrument is called?

Accuracy

The readout of an instrument by the use of a pointer against a scale is an _______ reading.

Analog

The device that controls the operation of equipment is called?

Controller

The readout of an instrument by a direct numerical reading of the measured value is called a ________ reading?

Digital

An instrument's ability to measure a process value and repeatedly obtain the same result is called?

Precision

What is the difference between the actual value and the desired value?

Drift

What is software?

Computer programs

A device that measures the accumulative amount of a process over a 24-hour period is called?

Totalizer

What is the Williams-Steiger federal law known as today?

OSHA

Who is responsible for your safety in the workplace?

Yourself

You should never add to acid because it will cause a violent reaction?

Water

What two chemicals widely used in water treatment will cause an explosion when mixed?

Lime & Alum

What is usually the first indication of a carbon fire?

Heat

What type of fire extinguisher is used for a carbon fire?

Carbon Dioxide

What percentage of oxygen is there in air?

20.9%

Broken laboratory glassware should be __________ to avoid injuries.

Flame polished

Recommended fluoride control limits are based on which of the following?

Annual Average Maximum Daily Temperatures

How many pounds of Cl₂ can you withdraw from a ton cylinder in a day?

400

How many pounds of Cl₂ can you withdraw from a 150 cylinder in a day?

40

Chlorine is _______heavier than air?

2.5 Times

One liter of liquid chlorine will expand to ________ liters of chlorine gas.

450

The chlorine dosage minus the chlorine residual is the formula for the _____.

Demand

NaOCl is the chemical formula for _________.

Sodium Hypochlorite

HOCI is the chemical formula for _________.

Hypochlorous Acid

OCI is the chemical formula for _________.

Hypochlorite

H₂S is the chemical formula for _________.

Hydrogen Sulfide

How many parts per million of chlorine will it take to oxidize 1 ppm of hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur?

2.08

How many parts of chlorine will it take to oxidize 1 PPM of H₂S to sulfate?

8.32

(Ca (OH)2) is the chemical formula for?

Calcium Hydroxide

The by-product of slaked lime is?

Heat

Preventative maintenance for a gate valve includes,

Open & Closing

Corrective Maintenance for a gate valve includes,

Packing Replacement and Handle replacement

Lauryl Triptose is used in the __________ stage of the MPN test.

Presumptive

Brilliant green bile broth is used in the _________

Confirmed

What does it mean if every tube in the MPN test confirmed stage has gas?

The test is invalid

What test can measure total and fecal coliform at the same time?

Colilert

An organism found in the intestines of human beings and animals, and in plants, land and air is called?

Coliform

An organism found only in the intestines of warm-blooded animals including human beings is called?

Fecal Coliform

The best test to measure the effectiveness of a WTP's processes is

Turbidity

The number of monthly samples for coliform analysis is based on

Population Served

When 40 or more coliform samples are taken, you can have ___________ positive.

2 or 5%

At the extremities of the distribution system you must have at least a _________ free Cl₂ residual.

0.2

E-coli broth is used when testing for

Fecal Coliform

Chlorine should never be fed ahead of__________

Polyphosphates

The distribution system has complaints of pink water. The WTP has a greensand filter. What is the most likely cause?

Overdose of Potassium Permanganate

The addition of chlorine to water until the demand is satisfied and every drop added after that is free residual is called_______

Break Point Chlorination

Adding alum to water _________the pH.

Lowers

A common membrane used in Reverse Osmosis water treatment is,

Cellulose Acetate

All surface water and groundwater under the influence of surface water must be

Disinfected & Filtered

To obtain a "C" Water License, an operator must have _____________hours of on the job training.

2,080

What is the action level for lead?

0.015 mg/L

What is the maximum chlorine residual level allowed in the distribution system?

4.0 mg/L

For water systems using chlorine dioxide, what is the MCL for chlorite

1.0 mg/L

What is the MCL for color?

15

The MCL for Turbidity is not more than_________NTU as monthly average.

0.5

The WTP uses 360 gallons of 10% NaOCl a day. How many pounds of Cl₂ do they use?

300

Using the amount of chlorine in Question 97, what is the Cl2 dosage in PPM when the flow is 6 MGD?

6

The WTP totalizer read 129 at the beginning of the first shift for the month and 0000 at the end of last shift for the month. How many gallons of water were treated daily?

1.290 MGD

What is the marble test used for?

Determine if water is scaling or corrosive

Using the membrane filtration method, what is the incubation temperature for the total coliform test?

For the membrane filtration method, what is the incubation period for total coliform?

With the MF method, what is the incubation time for the fecal coliform test?

What is the molecular weight of Na₂CO₃?

106

Add: 121.0; 0.234; 12.456; 678; 1,304.1; 47.96

2,163.75

Express 2/5 as a decimal.

0.40

What are the criteria used to classify water treatment plants?

Size & Treatment Process

When NaOCl is added to water, what reaction takes place?

pH goes up

What happens when HOCL is added to water?

pH goes down

What is a common level control device used in water plants?

Ball Floats

A water system that has at least 15 service connections used by all-year residents or regularly serves at least 25 year round residents is called?

Community System

A system that has at least 15 service connections, or regularly services an average of at least 25 individuals daily at least 60 days out of the year is a _______ system?

Public

The chief operator for a Class "B" WTP needs what level of licensure?

"B"

A "B" Class WTP must have a Class "C" operator or higher on duty for?

16 hr/7 days

What is the most effective pH range for oxidation of iron by aeration?

8-9

A successful method for removing H2S from water with a pH of 9.4 is to?

Increase aeration

Adding sodium aluminate to water will

Increase pH

What is the lowest hardness achievable by the lime or lime-soda ash process?

30-40

When you are gathering the monthly coliform samples, what other test/sample must be taken?

Chlorine Residual

A natural underground layer of porous, water-bearing materials usually capable of yielding a large supply of water is called

An aquifer

What is the most likely cause of black water in the distribution system?

Manganese and H₂S

Specific conductance is an indirect measurement of

TDS

What is the purpose of installing tube settlers?

Aid sedimentation

How long does the coagulation process take?

A few seconds

During an inspection of the plant, you discover that a filter is air bound. What action should you take?

Backwash the filter immediately

What will affect the efficiency of tube settlers?

High Winds

How many zones are there in a sedimentation basin?

4

Aluminum Sulfate is used as a coagulant because it has

Trivalent ions

The zeta potential and size of particles in water affect the

Settling

In the coagulation and flocculation processes, the difference in the electrical charge between the dense layer of ions surrounding the particle and the charge of the bulk of the suspended fluid surrounding the particle is called?

Zeta potential

The particles in water generally have a __________ charge.

Negative

When water passes through an ion exchange resin bed, what is usually unaffected by the process?

pH

When water is softened using the ion exchange process, what substance will appear in the finished water?

Sodium

In the split treatment process, approximately what portion of flow usually bypasses the treatment unit?

20%

Which of the following is a requirement for obtaining the "C" Water License?

High School diploma or equivalent

Water pressure in the distribution system must never go below ____________psi.

20

You should avoid using a polyphosphate that is over ____________ hours old.

48

What is the third stage in the ion exchange process?

Brine

A greensand filter is commonly used to remove

Iron

What chemical is used to regenerate greensand?

Potassium Permanganate

What is the largest cause of water borne illness in the United States?

Cross connection

Water rights to a water supply, which are acquired for the beneficial use of water by following a specific legal procedure, are called?

Appropriative

A connection between potable water and an unapproved water supply is called?

Cross connection

The theoretical time it takes for a small amount of water to pass through a tank at a given flow rate is called?

Detention Time

Water rights, which are acquired by diverting water and putting it to use in accordance with specified procedures, are called?

Prescriptive

The drop in the water table or groundwater level when the water is being pumped from a well is called?

Drawdown

What is the process of evaporation of water into air and its return to earth by precipitation called?

Hydrologic Cycle

The upper surface of the zone of saturation of groundwater in an unconfined aquifer is called?

Water table

Water rights that are acquired together with title to the land bordering a source of surface water are called?

Riparian

A water source that is under pressure greater than the atmosphere and will rise above the level of its upper confining surface when given the opportunity is called?

An artesian well

The actual time in hours, minutes, seconds that a small amount of water is in a treatment basin or tank is called?

Detention Time

When is the drawdown of a well taken?

When the pump is running

What is the following formula used to determine?

Detention Time

The process by which water becomes a gas is called?

Evaporation

Water that contains contamination, objectionable pollutions, minerals, or infective agents and is considered unsafe for drinking is called?

Nonpotable

When was the SDWA last amended?

1996

The annual quantity of water that can be taken from a water source over a period of years without depleting the water source permanently is called?

Safe Yield

The process of water vapor passing into the atmosphere from living plants is called?

Transpiration

Water that is at a desirable temperature, free from objectionable tastes and odors, looks good, and is pleasing to the senses is called?

Palatable

Water that does not contain objectionable contamination, pollution, or infective agents is called?

Potable

The formation of separate layers of water in a lake or reservoir is called?

Stratification

A detailed evaluation and/or inspection of a source of water supply and all its conveyances and appurtenances, storage and treatment facilities to ensure protection of the water system from all pollution is called?

Sanitary Survey

When does destratification in reservoirs or lakes usually take place?

Spring and Fall

From what level is water usually drawn for treatment after it has stratified?

Middle

What is the turn over of a lake due to the equalization of temperatures throughout the layers called?

Destratification

The portion of a body of water that extends from the shoreline to the limit of growth of rooted plants called?

Littoral Zone

What are reservoirs or lakes that are rich in nutrients called?

Eutrophic

What method of treatment will remove a fishy odor from the water?

Chlorination

The development of vertical mixing within a lake or reservoir to eliminate separate layers of temperature, plant, or animal life is called?

Destratification

The minimum odor of a water sample that can just be detected after successive dilutions with odorless water is the,

TON

The addition of chlorine to water that has a medicinal odor will

Intensify the odor

Reservoirs and lakes, nutrient poor, containing little plant or aquatic life are called?

Oligotrophic

What happens to the water during daylight hours when there is an algal bloom?

pH goes down

When algae die off, bacteria that feed upon the algae use oxygen and can cause that may result in a fish kill.

Oxygen Depletion

A process in which organisms with the aid of chlorophyll, convert carbon dioxide and inorganic substances into oxygen and additional plant material, using sunlight for energy is known as?

Photosynthesis

What is the difference between organic matter and inorganic matter?

Carbon

What chemical is used to control algal blooms?

Bluestone

What may interfere with the efficiency of copper sulfate?

Alkalinity

What type of device is used when drawing water from a surface water source?

Single level intake structure and Multilevel intake structure

Good floc is observed forming in the flocculation basin. The size increases then later breaks up. What is the likely cause?

Floc mixer RPM too high

During a plant tour, a lot of floc is observed flowing over the laundering weirs. What is the probable cause?

Floc too light for detention time

In a jar test, the floc starts to settle before the mixers are stopped. What does this indicate?

Overdosage

If the condition in Question 182 occurs during actual plant processes what will happen?

High coagulant cost

What type of floc should form during coagulation

Discrete & fairly dense

During a tour of the plant, you observe small and well dispersed floc entering the flocculation basin. What does this indicate?

Effective coagulation

In a jar test, what does it mean after the mixers are stopped and 80% of the floc has settled within fifteen minutes?

Good settling and test results

The water in the treatment unit has a milky or bluish tint. What is the probable cause?

Overdose of alum

The best coagulant dosage is one that produces finished water that meets drinking water standards and __________.

Produces least amount of sludge and Lowest cost

When troubleshooting plant treatment processes, you should,

Make only one change at a time

During the winter months, you notice that the floc forms and settles slower. What is the most likely cause?

Lower temperatures

What steps should you take to improve the condition in Question 197

Question 197:

During the winter months, you notice that the floc forms and settles slower. What is the most likely cause?

Increase dosage

In enhanced coagulation process, where is the acid added?

Prior to coagulation

What is the most effective pH range for alum?

5-7

Coagulation is a ___________ and chemical reaction between the __________ and the water.

Physical, alkalinity

What is an advantage of returning sludge slurry in a contact unit?

Lowers chemical costs

In the V/V test, a __________ ml sample is taken from the _________ zone and allowed to settle for ___________?

100, reaction, 5 minutes

In the direct filtration process, what step is omitted?

Sedimentation

The release of dissolved oxygen in saturated cold water due to a decrease in pressure may cause what problem in the filter?

Air binding

Operating a filter continuously with high head losses will cause?

Air binding

What causes mudball formation in a filter?

Improper backwashing

What action must be taken to correct the problem in Question 207?

Question 207:

What causes mudball formation in a filter?

Use proper backwash technique

What is the fourth step in the backwash procedure?

Start surface scour

What parameters are used to determine a filter backwash time?

Head loss, turbidity, time

What is the filtration rate for a slow sand filter?

0.015-015 gpm/sq ft

What causes media boils?

High backwash rate

What are the most important particle removal mechanisms in filtration?

Sedimentation & adsorption

If a filter has a design head loss of 8 feet, and the initial head loss is 1.5 ft., at what head loss should you backwash the filter?

6ft

If a 160 sq. ft. filter has a flow of 6 MGD, what is the filtration rate?

26 gpm/sq ft

Why is a space left in the twirl bag when sampling for coliform?

Allow for mixing

What is the reason for adding sodium thiosulfate to the twirl bag?

Remove Chlorine

What is the MCL for coliform?

Presence or absence

How soon after sampling must the coliform test be taken?

6 hr

When using __________ as a coagulant, up to 99% virus removal can be achieved.

Alum

What does chlorine look like?

Greenish-yellow

How many pounds of chlorine can you withdraw from a cylinder in a 24-hour period?

It depends on ambient temperature

How many fusible plugs does a ton cylinder have?

6

How many fusible plugs does a 100-pound cylinder have?

1

What type of wrench is recommended for opening a chlorine valve?

6" box

What should be done before moving a chlorine cylinder?

Replace the valve cap cover

What is the most common cause of chlorine leaks?

Failure to change lead washer

What is the maximum recommended temperature for storing a cylinder?

100° F

A leak is detected in the bottom valve of a chlorine cylinder. What action should you take?

Rotate the cylinder

What chemical is used to detect a chlorine leak?

Ammonia

What is the melting point for fusible plugs?

158-165°F

When a person inhales chlorine, what is the recommended immediate treatment?

Milk

What kit is used to repair a leak in a ton cylinder?

B

If ammoniation is used, what is the minimum required combined residual in the distribution system?

0.6 mg/L

What is considered the most accurate method for measuring chlorine residuals?

Amperometric

A customer complains of a swimming pool taste and odor in the drinking water. What is the most likely cause?

Low chlorine residual

What is the maximum chlorine to ammonia-nitrogen ratio by weight?

5-1

What is the MCL for THM?

80 ppb and 0.08 mg/L

What affect do nitrates have on the chlorine demand?

A. Increases demand
B. Lowers demand
C. None
D. Balances demand

Which two primary MCL standards pose an IDLH if in the drinking water?

Nitrite & Bacteria

A pH from 7.5 to 8.5, water temperature of 25°-30° C, and a free ammonia concentration can cause what condition in water?

Nitrification

What affect do nitrites have on chlorine demand?

Increase demand

An increase in heterotrophic plate count bacteria has been observed. What is a likely cause?

Nitrification

What does the "C" mean in "CT" value?

Concentration

What is the reason for adding air to a lake or reservoir?

Replenish DO

To what capacity are chlorine cylinders filled?

80%

What percent of chlorine by volume in air will be fatal after a few breaths?

0.10%

What is the IDLH level for chlorine?

10 ppm

Where is the supernatant from sludge dewatering sent?

Returned to the head of the plant

What is the PEL for chlorine?

0.5 ppm for 8 hr weighted average

Which of the following is a method for removing iron from water?

Oxidation by chlorine

What type of respirator is used for protection against chlorine gas?

SCBA

When changing chlorine cylinders, how many people should be present?

3

What measurement is obtained from the application point to the point where the free chlorine residual is measured?

Time

If the free chlorine residual is 2.5 ppm and the dosage is 6 ppm, what is the demand?

3.5 mg/L

If the demand is 5 ppm and the residual is 2.0 ppm, what is the dosage?

7 mg/L

A WTP produces 6.0 MGD with a chlorine dosage of 5 mg/L. How many pounds are used in 30 days?

7506

A WTP uses 460 pounds of chlorine per day to treat 7.5 MGD. What is the dosage rate in ppm?

7.4

What will the rotameter setting be for Question 258?

Question 258:

A WTP uses 460 pounds of chlorine per day to treat 7.5 MGD. What is the dosage rate in ppm?

460

What is measured when you titrate a liquid with 0.02 N Sulfuric Acid to a pH of 4.5?

P alkalinity

What is a ring shaped space located between two circular objects called?

Annular space

What is used to measure the smoothness of the interior of a pipe?

C Factor

The ___________ the C Factor, the _________the interior of the pipe.

Higher, smoother

An electrical system installed as protection against corrosion is called?

Cathodic protection

A substance composed of two or more elements whose composition is constant is called?

A compound

Corrosion caused by connecting two dissimilar metals is called?

Galvanic

The decomposition of material by chemical or electrochemical reaction is called?

Corrosio

A steel specimen inserted into water to measure the water's corrosiveness is called?

Coupon

What chemical is used to detect a sulfur dioxide leak?

Ammonia

If the water has a sweet, aromatic odor, what may be used to eliminate the odor?

GAC

The exposure to certain odors over a period of time can cause?

Olfactory Fatigue

Secondary drinking water regulations deal with,

Aesthetics

Primary drinking water regulations deal with which of the following?

Health concerns

What will add longevity to WTP equipment?

Preventative Maintenance

The identification of each source of energy and rating them by load size, and prioritizing them to indicate their importance in the overall operational programs is called?

Power Management

The decomposition of a material by an outside current is called?

Electrolysis

The common boundary between two substances is called?

Interface

What is used to express the basic or acidic condition of water?

pH

What do you call a sample portion of water that is nearly identical in content and consistency as possible to that of the larger body of water?

Representative

The development of small mounds of corrosion products inside iron pipe is called?

Tuberculation

What is the electrical pressure available to cause a flow of current when the electric circuit is closed known as?

Electromotive Force

Water with high TDS, low pH, high temperature, and low softness is

Corrosive

What is the single most corrosive component of water?

Oxygen

What causes red water?

Iron bacteria

What are Crenothrix?

Iron bacteria

What substances in water can cause cancer?

Carcinogens

What are disease causing substances called?

Pathogens

What type of corrosion is usually found in copper pipes?

Erosion corrosion

During a marble test, adding the calcium hydroxide causes the pH, alkalinity, and hardness to increase. What does this indicate?

Water was undersaturated

In membrane softening, what chemical is usually added to raise the pH?

Caustic Soda

Adding zinc phosphate to water stored in an open reservoir may cause

Algal bloom

First draw samples taken from customers' kitchens are analyzed for what substances?

Lead & Copper

A water system is required to initiate a public information program and/or initiate dosing the water with phosphate and/or make alkalinity or pH adjustments when it?

Exceeds lead action level

A sample taken from a customer's tap that has not been used for a minimum of 6 hours or a maximum of 12 hours is called?

First draw

What is the action level for copper?

1.3 mg/L

After adding calcium carbonate to a water sample during the marble test, the ph, alkalinity, and hardness drop. What does this indicate?

Water supersaturated

What happens in hot water heaters when the water is saturated with calcium carbonate?

Calcium carbonate precipitates from the water

Water with a negative L. I. will cause?

Corrosion

What type of corrosion is caused by a source that originates outside the plumbing or water system?

Stray current

How often is a water system serving more than 10,000 people required to sample for THM?

Quarterly

What is the minimum number of samples required during the THM sample period?

4

What is the minimum amount of sample that is required to test for THM?

What is the minimum amount of sample that is required to test for THM?

When drawing a sample for THM, you notice a bubble in the sample jar. What should you do?

Keep adding water until the bubble leaves the jar

How long can a THM ample be held before analysis?

14 days

How are THM reported on the MOR?

Running Average

The THM sample jar contains sodium thiosulfate. What will you be testing for?

Total THM

What is a common ion exchange media?

Zeolite

A type of backflow caused by negative pressure is called?

Backsiphonage

How long can iron samples that have not been acidified be held before being analyzed?

48 hr

What is the most accurate method to test for iron and manganese?

What is the most accurate method to test for iron and manganese?

What chemical when added to water will delay the precipitation of iron and manganese?

Polyphosphate

Fluoride is added to water to prevent which of the following?

Cavities and Caries

What is the most common disposal method for water treatment sludge?

Landfill

In ion exchange softening, what happens during the softening process when the source water contains iron & manganese?

Iron &manganese will be removed by the ion exchange unit

What will breakdown ion exchange resin?

Chlorine

What are the 4 treatment stages in Ion Exchange softening?

Service, Backwash, Brine, Rinse

What water treatment method is used to obtain zero hardness?

Ion Exchange

In the ion exchange process, what minerals are exchanged with the sodium ions?

Calcium & Magnesium

When an ion exchange resin bed is saturated with calcium & magnesium, what mineral is used to regenerate the bed?

Brine

In what stage of the ion exchange process does the softening take place?

Service

What is the minimum Cl₂ residual and detention time for the clear well (chlorine contact chamber)?

0.5 ppm & 15 min at peak hourly flow

A RO plant treats 900,000 gallons of water a day. The monthly finished water production is 23 MGD. What is the recovery rate?

85%

When collecting samples to test for potential THM, what must be added to the sample bottle?

Sodium Thiosulfate

When is the best time to schedule THM sampling and testing?

First week in each quarter

THM can be removed after formation by what process?

Aeration

What is the MCL for THM?

80 μg/L

What is a common option for controlling the formation of THM?

Switch disinfectants

As the source water temperature and pH increase, THM formation?

Increases

What type of fire extinguisher is used to fight an electrical fire?

Туре с

Who can enter a confined space that has tested positive for an explosive atmosphere to rescue a fallen worker?

No one

What is the significance of this reaction:

Oxidation of Sulfide to Sulfur

What is the MDRL (Maximum Disinfectant Residual Level) for Chlorine Dioxide?

0.8 mg/L

What valve is used to stop and start flows?

Gate valve

What is the flow-measuring device commonly used in a water plant that is known for its accuracy?

Venturi Meter

A totalizer is accurate if it provides a flow rate measurement within ___________ of actual flow.

2% of actual flow

When should a megger be used?

When the equipment is de-energized or off

The storage tank is 10 feet wide and 20 feet deep. The operator ran a pump for 15 minutes to lower the water level 5 feet. How many gallons were removed?

2,936 gal

The Utilities Dept. budgeted $9,000 for annual chemical purchases. They used 200 pounds of chlorine a day for the first 60 days of the budget year. The chlorine cost $0.19 per pound. How much money did they spend on chlorine?

$2,280

In Question 338, what percentage of the budget was spent on chlorine?

25%

When analyzing a 100 ml sample of water for alkalinity, it took 5 ml of 0.02 N sulfuric acid to reach a pH of 8.3 and 5 more ml of titrant to reach a pH of 4.5. What is the P alkalinity?

50

Using the information in Question 340, calculate the total alkalinity?

100

Which of the following is considered a catalyst for the onset of corrosion?

Dissolved oxygen

What is the primary advantage of vacuum-controlled chlorinators?

Operational safety

Why is nitric acid added to samples collected for iron and manganese analysis?

Lowers pH and keeps metals in solution

Calculate the Soda Ash (Na2C03) demand in mg/L for a water treatment plant with the following conditions.

74 mg/L

A filter has a sudden increase in head loss. Media surface sealing is suspected. What action should be taken?

Evaluate plant processes, jar test if needed

When chlorine is added to water, it is a more efficient disinfectant when the pH is lower and a greater percentage of _________is present?

HOCL

The term flash mix is associated with which of the following processes?

Coagulation

Disinfection is best accomplished when what conditions exist?

High concentration and long contact time

You are working with a solution with a 15% chemical strength. How many pounds of chemical are in this solution?

1.25

The plant flow is 7.5 MGD. The treatment unit is 70' long, 20' wide, and 10' deep. What is the detention time in minutes?

20 min

Five pounds of HTH are added to 100 gallons of water for disinfection. 80 gal. of the solution were used. How many ponds of chlorine were actually used?

2.6

What treatment method should be used for raw water with the following analysis?

Lime Softening

Taste and odor problems required super chlorination in plant. How would you dechlorinate before sending the water to distribution?

Which of these terms best describes electrolysis?

Stray current

Convert 250 mg/L. of total hardness to grains per gallon?

15

Convert 35 gpg to mg/L of total hardness.

599

The pressure gauge on the chlorine cylinder reads 90#s, and the chlorinator gauge reads 10#s. The chlorine residual is dropping. What is the most likely cause?

Restriction in supply line

For Question 359, what action is needed to correct the problem?

Question 359:

The pressure gauge on the chlorine cylinder reads 90#s, and the chlorinator gauge reads 10#s. The chlorine residual is dropping. What is the most likely cause?

Increase water pressure to injector

When installing a pipe fitting that will change direction of flow, what is the proper installation method?

Thrust block

How long must water plant operation records be kept on site?

10 yr

What is usually indicated when at sample point "A" in a water main a high DO reading is obtained, and at sample point "B" downstream the DO reading is substantially lower?

Corrosion

When is THM formation more likely to occur?

Summer

With what material is hydrochloric acid highly reactive?

Metals

Sand drying beds are similar in construction to?

Sand Filters

Calculate the Langelier Index where the pH=8.8, and the pHs is 8.3.

Calculate the Langelier Index where the pH=8.8, and the pHs is 8.3.

In Question 367, what is the water condition?

Question 367:

Calculate the Langelier Index where the pH=8.8, and the pHs is 8.3.

Scaling

What do we call a detailed description of all underground features discovered during well drilling?

Geological log

What information is needed to calculate the pHs for the Langelier Index?

Temp, TDS, Alkalinity, Calcium Hardness

What process is commonly used to remove volatile organics from water?

Air stripping

How often must a water system test for radionuclides?

3 yr

Calculate the amount of water needed to backwash a 360 sq. ft. filter at 9,000 gpm. The backwash duration is 8 minutes.

72,000 gal

In January, a 6 ppm Cl₂ dosage produced a 2.0 ppm residual. In July, an 8 ppm dosage produced a 1.5 residual. What is the most likely cause for the lower Cl₂ residual?

Increase in water temperature

Why is recarbonation necessary when lime softening is used to reduce excessive hydroxide hardness?

Reduce the scale forming tendencies of the supersaturated H₂O

In hot water systems, scaling is a problem because __________ is less soluble in hot H₂O than it is in cold H₂O.

Calcium Carbonate

What is the primary purpose of filters in a WTP?

Lower turbidity

A WTP meets or exceeds all treatment parameters. It has started to receive customer complaints concerning red water in the distribution system. Polyphosphate is being used in the treatment process. What is most likely causing the red water?

Polyphosphate reverted to orthophosphate

Orthophosphate is less effective and iron settled out of the water causing the problem.

A well pump is rated at 600 gpm at 85% efficiency. The well is 15' long, 12' wide, and 10' deep. If the pump takes 10 minutes to lower the well 5 feet, does it pump higher or lower than rated?

73 gpm (higher)

What will happen if the recirculation rate for a solid contact unit is too high?

Overflow of slurry to filter

If a water sample tests positive for coliform, what action must be taken by the water system?

Repeat sample 24 hours after notification

Many samples for MCL compliance are taken in the distribution system. Which sample is taken where the water enters the distribution system?

Turbidity

When taking a hardness test, the titration should be completed within 5 min. An inhibitor reagent should be used when metal ion interference causes an indistinct end point, and

A sample volume should be selected which requires less than 15 mL of EDTA
titrant

To control THM formation, alternate disinfectants are used including ozone, chlorine dioxide, and

Chloramines

What do RO plants add to the feed water to insure membrane longevity and slow down hydrolysis?

Acid

The recovery rate of a membrane softening plant is limited by what two factors?

Desired product H₂O quality and mineral content

Media loss is caused by a high backwash rate and air bubbles caused by

Air Binding

When the alum dosage is decreased, the lime dosage may

Decrease

What will happen if the brine valve in an RO unit is fully closed?

100% recovery and damage to the membrane

The plant operator is having difficulty maintaining the sludge blanket in the solids contact unit. What action is needed?

Adjust recirculation rate

How often must the standby generator be operated?

4 hr continuously under load monthly

The sludge blanket is too low. What should you do to raise the blanket level?

Reduce blow off times or duration

A WTP is receiving customer complaints concerning milky water. What is a likely cause?

Alum overdose

What chemical is used to clean a hypochlorinator poppet valve?

Hydrochloric Acid (30-37%)

Who is responsible for accident investigation and written safety procedures in the work place?

Safety Officer/Risk Manager

When backwashing an air bound filter, what procedure should you follow?

Backwash slowly

When the chlorinator is set at a high feed rate, chlorine feed/dosage is good. When the rate is lowered, chlorine will not feed properly. What is the likely cause?

Vacuum regulating valve

When alum is used as a thickener, what is used to precoat a filter belt?

Diatomaceous earth

Noncarbonate hardness is also called?

Permanent hardness

What is the correct method to determine the hydroxide alkalinity in the lime softening process?

2P-T

What does it indicate when the L.I. is 0, and the Driving Force Index is 1?

Saturated

Which of these compounds are most commonly used to fluoridate drinking water?

NaF, Na₂SiF₆, H₂SiF₆

The WTP has a flow of 4.6 MGD. The raw water contains 0.2 mg/L of fluoride. The desired finished fluoride content is 0.85 mg/L. How many pounds of 100% fluoride is needed per day?

25 lbs

H₂SiF6 is the chemical name for which fluoride compound?

Hydrofluosilicic Acid

A saturator used with sodium fluoride will have severe scaling if the water hardness is above which of the following?

10 mg/L

Water that has hardness in excess of must be softened in order to prepare a sodium fluoride solution.

75 mg/L

What is usually one of the first symptoms when fluoride is inhaled?

Nosebleed

What is usually one of the first symptoms from swallowing fluoride?

Vomiting

If the TA is 160 and the PA is 84, what is the hydroxide alkalinity? (2P-T)

8

Which of the following is the correct procedure to follow 24 hours after notification of a positive coliform sample?

Resample at the site and sample upstream and downstream from the site

411. Determine break point chlorination point using the following chlorine analyses.

2.0

What is the minimum amount of sample volume used in coliform tests?

100 mL

When collecting samples for coliform, which of the following steps is not correct?

Remove the cap and place it on a clean surface

In order to meet system demand for water, clear wells and storage tanks should?

Be filled during periods of low demands

Conservation of energy includes matching motors to their loads. Generally,______ motors should be loaded nearer their capacity than _______ motors.

Larger/smaller

The scheduling of electrically powered treatment equipment to minimize peak electric demands is called?

Load management

The WTP source water has high turbidity. How will this affect the treatment process?

Increases chemical demand

What is the flow rate in gallons per minute of an 8" pipe that has a velocity of 3.5 FPS and 70 psi?

547 gpm

What is one function of clear wells?

Provide contact time for disinfection

Which of the following will cause shortened filter runs?

Filter aid overdose

Why is it important to have low water turbidity?

Less difficult to disinfect

What is the function of a rotameter?

Meter gas flow

What does this reaction indicate: H₂S+ 4 Cl₂ + 4 H₂O→ H₂SO₄ + 8 HCl

Complete Oxidation of Sulfide to Sulfate

What is required for public notification of Primary Standards MCL violation?

Mail, newspaper, broadcast

How is the aeration of water accomplished?

Baffles

What is the final step for removal of suspended solids?

Filtration

A lime softening plant is having trouble with slow floc formation. What is the most cost effective way to correct the problem?

Recycle settled sludge

Which one of the following conditions will lead to a smaller number of THMS forming?

Low pH

A surface WTP has a medicinal taste in its finished water. What is the most likely cause?

Phenols

Volatile organics are commonly removed by?

Degasification

A chlorinator is experiencing low chlorine feed rate with the rate valve open. The injector vacuum is low but increases when the rate valve is shut. What is the probable cause?

Insufficient injector water supply.

High concentration of hypochlorous acid is found in water with a pH of?

6.6

A WTP using the lime softening process has a finished water hardness of 82 mg/L and a +0.5 L.I. What does this indicate?

Finished water is scale forming

The oxidation of iron to form insoluble ferric hydroxide can be increased by?

Raise water pH

If the Heterotrophic Plate Count is less than ________ than the sample is considered to have the equivalence to a detectable disinfectant level.

500

What is the first step taken to determine the cause of a taste or odor problem in the distribution system?

Locate point of origin in distribution system

Which of the following methods is used to determine the optimum coagulant dosage?

Jar test

Lower water temperatures in the treatment unit can cause?

Floc carryover

Which of the following are considered water-borne diseases?

Cholera

What is a common cause of temporary cloudiness in a water sample taken from kitchen tap?

Air

Generally, the detention time in a conventional sedimentation basin is?

2-6 hours

Water with high amounts of DO is?

Corrosive

A WTP using a 10% sodium hypochlorite solution switches to a 5% solution. What change must they make to insure adequate disinfection?

Increase dosage by 100%

To remove magnesium, a WTP is using excess lime and recarbonation. What method can you recommend to lower their treatment costs and maintain the water quality?

Split Treatment

A treatment plant using greensand filtration is receiving complaints of red water? What can you recommend to resolve the problem?

Regenerate the greensand with potassium permanganate

In membrane softening, concentration polarization leads to an increasing tendency for precipitation of sparingly soluble salts and?

Deposition of particulate matter on the membrane

Which of the following can be used to increase the recovery rate of an RO plant?

Increase operating pressure

Groundwater systems using free chlorine as a disinfectant are required to provide a minimum of _____________ minutes contact time at ____________ flow.

15/peak hourly

The solution feeder has a maximum output of 30 gph. The rate control scale reads in percentage. What should the feeder be set at to feed 10 gph?

33%

Express 20° C as Fahrenheit.

68°

Pumping from a well at a rate exceeding the rate of replacement leads to what condition?

Cavitation

A vent on the well casing allows?

Entrance or escape of air or gas

In order to prevent damage from water hammer, hydropneumatic tanks should have?

Pressure relief valves

A RO plant produces 0.880 MGD with a feed flow of 740 gpm. What is the percent recovery?

83%

What is a probable source of gasoline or chemical taste and odor complaints?

Chemical spill

Why is sodium thiosulfate added to a coliform sample bag?

Remove chlorine

How long can samples be held before testing for chlorine residual?

Immediately

Who is responsible for plant operations regardless of the size or process method?

Licensed Operator

What information is needed to determine the amount of alkalinity to add for proper coagulation?

Alkalinity of raw water

When a well has been cleaned and pumped until all traces of disinfectant are gone, bacteriological samples must be taken for how many consecutive days?

20

To prepare a solution, 9.5004 grams of chemical must be diluted to 1,000 ml. with distilled water, but only 6. 2004 grams are available. How many ml. of distilled water must be used to obtain the desired solution strength?

653 mL

When must a WTP submit the results of fluoride split analysis sampling to the HRS State Dental Office?

Monthly

How many grams per liter of NaOCI are in a 0.20 M solution?

14.9

What is the maximum holding time for turbidity samples?

48 hr

When collecting iron samples, what chemical is added as a preservative?

HNO₃ to pH <2

A WTP is having difficulty maintaining a sludge blanket. What action must be taken?

Adjust recirculation rate

Gaseous chlorine is being withdrawn at a rate faster than liquid can be evaporated. What is likely to happen?

Freezing of the cylinder

When backwashing a filter, how do you determine when the filter is clean?

Backwash water is clear

A positive L. I. will _______________the rate of____________?

Decrease/Corrosion

What process methods are used to reduce the volume of sludge?

Thickening, conditioning, and dewatering

How is water removed from a sand drying bed?

Gravity

Accurate maps of the distribution system are necessary in order to?

Locate valves and mains quickly in emergencies

Which FAC Chapter addresses drinking water standards, monitoring, and reporting?

62-550

In an RO plant, what causes lower than normal water production and higher than normal salt rejection.

Membrane compaction

What action is needed to correct the problem in Question 488?

Question 488:

In an RO plant, what causes lower than normal water production and higher than normal salt rejection.

Replace membrane

What best describes a toxic substance?

Poisonous

How can you improve sedimentation?

Install tube settlers

What are the three types of solids?

Settable, non-settable, and total dissolved

What is the main purpose of flocculation?

Bring micro floc together

What is another name for calcium oxide?

Quicklime

The quantity of water that air will hold without condensing is determined by?

Air temperature

What is the anion that is found in high concentrations in natural waters?

Bicarbonate

When coliform appear in 3 of the 5 ten mL portions of a single standard sample, what action is required?

Collect daily samples until two consecutive satisfactory samples are obtained

Concentrations of nitrite greater than 1 mg/L may cause, __________ in infants?

Blue babies

Community water systems with surface water as a supply source must analyze for inorganic chemicals?

Annually

If alpha emitters are absent, a water supply may be acceptable if the gross beta does not exceed?

4 mrem/year

Drinking water with high levels of silver may cause?

Blue-gray discoloration of eyes and skin

After adding a new chlorine cylinder, the pressure gauge and rotameter read zero. You switch to another tank with the same results. What's the most likely cause?

Line between valve & chlorinator is clogged

What is the best chemical to use to dechlorinate a large amount of water?

Sodium Bisulfite

What method can be used to determine the disinfecting power of chlorine?

ORP Probes

If a licensed operator is found guilty of gross negligence, FDEP can ___________ the operator's license?

Permanently revoke

In addition to the penalty prescribed in Question 505, FDEP may hold the operator liable for __________ and ____________ penalties.

Criminal & Civil

What is the best way to control chemical dosages in a treatment plant?

Electronically Controlled Chemical feeders

Which of the following is a physical characteristic of water?

Color

What is the most likely source of water with a hardness of 200-300 mg/L as CaCO₂?

Groundwater from an area which has a soluble limestone geology

What is a disadvantage of removing noncarbonate hardness?

Sodium content in water is increased

By _________ the speed of the recirculation device, in an upflow solids contact unit, a ___________ amount of slurry can be retained in the unit?

Increasing/Larger

What is the highest possible turbidity reduction expected when operating a filtration process under optimum conditions?

99.5%

Which of the following conditions are conducive to triggering algal blooms?

Abundant sunlight and nutrients like nitrogen & phosphorous

The funnel shaped volume within the radius of influence is called the __________and for an aquifer this represents that part of the aquifer, which is being dewatered.

Cone of depression

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the cascade type aerators?

Encourages biological growths

Which of the following conditions would not be a cause for a pump's electric motor failure to start?

Pump not hooked to the motor

Before starting any water lubricated pump, an operator should make sure that

Bearings are wet

A hypochlorite solution is being prepared in a 100-gallon tank. If you add 20 gallons of 5% NaOCl to the tank, how much water should be added to the tank to get a 1.5% hypochlorite solution?

47 gal

What is the average velocity in an 8" pipe if the flow is 500 GPM?

3.18 ft/sec

Well water with an iron concentration of 2.45 mg/L is aerated. After aeration the iron concentration is 0.35 mg/Land the manganese concentration is 0.60 mg/L. Calculate the KMnO4 dosage needed to remove the iron and manganese.

1.27 mg/L

The ion exchange unit is treating 2.0 MGD with a hardness of 225 mg/L. The desired finished water hardness is 6.0 gpg How many gallons must be bypassed?

0.923 MGD

What is the static water level of a well?

The water level when no water is being pumped

WTP bacteriological records must be kept for how many years

5 years

What do you call the effluent/supernatant from a centrifuge?

Centrate

Which of the following material is a source of lead in drinking water?

Galvanized pipe

Water supplies with high levels of __________ may produce laxative effects.

Sulfates-

R.O. membrane fouling can be caused by?

Bacteria

In January, a WTP is having trouble feeding Cl2. The Cl2 building is heated, but the lines going to the Cl, point are not heated. What is causing the problem?

Condensation in line

When must the MOR be submitted?

Within 10 days after the month of operation

When sludge is allowed to accumulate too long in a solids-contact unit, ___________decreases.

Detention Time

Water treatment using solids-contact units requires?

Tighter process control and Less space to accomplish treatment

Controlling organic loading and taste and odor problems within a reservoir may reduce or eliminate?

Activated carbon treatment

THM precursors are?

Naturally occurring organic compounds

The variable vacuum control on the chlorinator won't feed at maximum rate. Gas pressure and CPRV are good. What is the problem?

Plugged restrictor

When treating very cold water, what change must be considered?

Increase coagulation dose

One of the first warnings a water system has of a possible cross connection contamination is complaint of taste or odor like?

Septic or musky

The finished water from an ion exchange unit has a salty taste to it. What is the likely cause?

The rinse stage was not successful

In a properly operating ion exchange treatment system, the finished water

Is free of calcium and magnesium

The indicators used in the alkalinity titration change color according to changes in?

pH

Iron and manganese react with ___________ to form insoluble compounds.

Chlorine

When using aeration, the rate of iron oxidation to form insoluble ferric hydroxide can be increased by?

Raising pH

If 3.5 mL of titrant are used to reach the total alkalinity end point for a 100 ml. sample, what is the total alkalinity?

35

The water has a marshy or woody odor. What is a likely cause?

Actinomycetes

What action must be taken to verify cause?

Check for organisms in water supply

What is the solution to the problem?

Increase chlorination

Velocity sensing devices measure flow by sensing

Rate of Rotation

Apparent color is removed by?

Filtration

True color is usually removed by?

Coagulation

What standards regulate the amount of fluoride in water?

Primary Standards and Secondary Standards

When making a determination on water production for a specific day, the amount treated in comparison to the previous day may be decreased if?

Temperature Decreases

A shorthand name for a chemical element is?

Chemical symbol

Oxygen bound up in sulfate compounds may serve as a oxygen source for?

Facultative organisms

At what pH is the calcium precipitate formed?

9.4

The magnesium precipitate is formed at which pH?

10.6

Calcium bicarbonate reacts with lime and will precipitate out?

Calcium carbonate

Noncarbonate hardness is caused by?

Sulfates

Where is the sanitary seal located for a raw water well?

At the top of the well

If finished water has a pH of 8.2 and has high levels of CO2 and DO, the water is?

Corrosive

Which treatment method will be best for water with a hardness of 360 mg/L, 100 CU's, 3.0 mg/L TOC, and a 6 NTU turbidity?

Lime softening

The first step in the lime softening process is the?

The conversion of CO₂ to calcium carbonate

The minerals that cause hardness in water are precipitated out as?

Calcium carbonate & magnesium hydroxide

Water that contains 220 mg/L of hardness, 100 color units, and 2 NTUS turbidity is best treated by the _____________process.

Lime Softening

.A solution is acidic if there are more,__________ than __________.

Hydrogen Ion/Hydroxide Ions

The WTP with a hydropneumatic tank is receiving calls concerning air bubbles in the waterlines. What action needs to be taken?

Check storage tank for air pressure, water level, and compressor running time

What is the probable cause for the problem in the preceding question?

Compressor running continuously, air relief valve stuck

What is the best corrective action?

Shut off compressor, drain receiver, remove excess air

Coagulants generally used in water treatment process release?

Ions having more than one positive charge

WTP operators are primarily concerned with particles in water that carry a___?

Negative Electrical charge

Which of the following conditions tend to increase corrosion?

Low flow

The optimum pH range for ferric sulfate usage is?

4.0-6.2

Properly coagulated water shows?

Clear water between particles

A positive mineral ion found in high concentration in deep well water that can cause hard boiler scaling is?

Silica

Water with a TDS concentration of 1500 mg/L may be classified as?

Slightly Saline

How far apart should fire hydrants be in residential areas?

500 feet

Dry fire hydrants have their operating valve where?

At the bottom

Fire hydrants in commercial zoned areas should not be more than?

300 feet from any point of a commercial building

Main line valves should be, _______ apart

800-1,000 feet

Water plant records must be kept on site for __________ years

10

WTP MORS must be kept on site for __________ years

10

The ratio of permeate to feed flow in RO treatment is __________ percent

Recovery

Which of the following is an indication that the backwash rates are too low?

High initial head loss

All chlorinators used for metering gaseous chlorine into water operate basically as?

Pressure reducing devices

The physical and chemical change that occurs between a coagulant and alkaline compounds in water to form an incipient floc is called?

Coagulation

The positive electrode where corrosion takes places is called?

Anode

Hypochlorites tend to?

Increase pH

A glass tube partially filed with liquid that measures gas pressure is called?

Manometer

The maximum Cl2 concentration that a person may be safely exposed to for one hour is?

4 PPM

The available chlorine in HTH is the?

Pounds of available chlorine in the container

What does HTH stand for?

High Test Hypochlorite

Wards and certain employees of the state may be exempted from?

Examination fees

Flow recorders in a water plant record?

Rate of flow at a given time

A sample collected for pH measurement should be?

Measured for temperature

What is an advantage of using a DO probe and meter?

Allows measurement to be taken directly in stream

Besides a DO meter, what other method can you use to measure DO?

Winkler-Azide method

Troubleshooting is a technique for?

Identifying problems, causes, and solutions

Oxygen transfer rate is dependent on?

Total area of water exposed to air

Sludge collection devices should move?

Slowly

Using the following information gathered through chemical analysis of various water sources, select the best method of treatment.

pH 6.6
TH 244 mg/L Color 180 CUS
Iron 0.10 mg/L
Chlorides 10

RO

Using the following information gathered through chemical analysis of various water sources, select the best method of treatment.

pH 7.2
TH 623
Color 8
Iron 0.4
Chlorides 62

Lime Softening

Using the following information gathered through chemical analysis of various water sources, select the best method of treatment.

pH 7.7 TH 10
TA 14 Color 5
Iron 1.0

Stabilization

Using the following information gathered through chemical analysis of various water sources, select the best method of treatment.

pH 8.1 TH 660
TA 420
Color 45
Chlorides 430

RO

When sulfur dioxide in the gaseous form comes into contact with the mucous membranes of the body, ______________ is formed?

H₂SO₄

What is the MCL for Haloacetic Acids (HAAS)

0.06 mgl and 60 ppb

For systems using ozone, what is the MCL for bromate?

10 ppb and 0.01 mg/L

What is the minimum monitoring frequency for ground water systems serving less than 10,000 people?

1 sample per plant per year during warmest water temperature