front 1 susceptible host | back 1 someone vulnerable to infection by an infectious agent |
front 2 reservoir | back 2 wherever the agent previously resided |
front 3 chain of infection | back 3 the transmission of an agent from its reservoir to a susceptible host |
front 4 portals of exit / entry | back 4 skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, urogenital, conjunctiva |
front 5 direct mode of transmission | back 5 touches an infected individual or is exposed to their body fluids, close contact needed |
front 6 indirect mode of transmission | back 6 inhales infected particles, touches an infected object or is bitten by an infected insect, air particles or animal intermediaries |
front 7 infectious dose | back 7 the number of organisms it takes to cause illness following exposure |
front 8 most dangerous doses in order from most to least | back 8 ebola, mycobacterium TB, influenza, E. coli |
front 9 breaking chain of infection | back 9 stop from spreading from reservoir, block exit from host, stop transmission |
front 10 immune system | back 10 defense mechanism that resists infection by destroying pathogens |
front 11 innate immunity | back 11 nonspecific immune defense mechanisms we are born with, keep anything outside from coming in |
front 12 acquired immunity | back 12 specific immune defense mechanisms acquired over a lifetime, use antibodies to respond to specific antigens |
front 13 active immunity | back 13 acquired following an infection and recovery or from a vaccine, body makes its own antibodies |
front 14 passive immunity | back 14 acquired from mother, antibodies given to child through placenta or breast feeding |
front 15 lupus | back 15 autoimmune disease that leads immune system to destroy the individual, meds can suppress |
front 16 tears | back 16 innate defense mechanism, contains enzymes that kill invading organisms, wash out invaders |
front 17 nasal mucosa and cilia | back 17 innate defense mechanism, mucus and cilia (small hairs) in nose trap invaders |
front 18 cilia in trachea and lungs | back 18 innate defense mechanism, wave upwards, invaders trapped in mucus and passed up and out |
front 19 digestive enzymes | back 19 innate defense mechanism, oral enzymes help kill invaders |
front 20 phagocytes | back 20 innate defense mechanism, cells that patrol lungs and eat and digest invaders |
front 21 stomach acid | back 21 innate defense mechanism, pH of 2, kills invaders |
front 22 normal flora | back 22 innate defense mechanism, live on skin, intestines, take up space and secrete chemicals to keep foreign invaders out and prevent them from attaching |
front 23 secretions | back 23 innate defense mechanism, urine, female vaginal discharge, defecation flush out organisms |
front 24 inflammation | back 24 innate defense mechanism, localized conditions, small blood vessels in tissue dilate to increase blood flow to injured tissue |
front 25 fever | back 25 innate defense mechanism, elevation of temperature above normal range to stimulate WBC release |
front 26 hypothalamus | back 26 structure in brain that regulates body temperature |
front 27 acquired immunity | back 27 antigen (foreign invader like a pathogen) enters = T-cells cent to site of infection |
front 28 T-cells | back 28 kill infected cells by secreting toxins, remember pathogens |
front 29 B-cells | back 29 produces antibodies to block pathogens from entering cells, prevent bacteria from ingesting nutrients, and bind toxins released by pathogens to prevent them from harm |
front 30 naturally acquired immunity | back 30 gained when an individual becomes ill following exposure to a pathogen and their immune system helps them recover |
front 31 artificially acquired immunity | back 31 occurs when receive a vaccine |
front 32 vaccine | back 32 contains weakened / dead form of pathogen |
front 33 herd immunity | back 33 artificially acquired immunity that occurs when the majority of a population has been given a vaccine → resistant to infection |
front 34 R-naught (R0) | back 34 used to measure how infectious an agent of disease is, quantifies ease of contracting infection |
front 35 R0 < 1 | back 35 one sick individual will, on average, infect fewer than one other individual |
front 36 R0 = 1 | back 36 One sick individual will, on average, infect one other individual. |
front 37 R0 > 1 | back 37 One sick individual will, on average, infect the number of individuals indicated. |