front 1 During exercise, coronary and skeletal-muscle perfusion increase primarily because most tissues regulate local blood flow in proportion to: A. Metabolic needs | back 1 A. Metabolic needs |
front 2 In a febrile patient, increased blood flow to which tissue most directly increases heat loss? A. Liver | back 2 B. Skin |
front 3 Which statement best describes blood flow to inactive skeletal muscle at rest? A. Very high, due to mass | back 3 C. Very low, despite size |
front 4 Although skeletal muscle makes up roughly 30–40% of body mass, blood flow to inactive muscle is usually: A. Markedly elevated | back 4 B. Very low |
front 5 Under usual conditions, tissue blood flow is regulated near the: A. Maximal reserve level | back 5 C. Minimal adequate level |
front 6 Maintaining tissue perfusion at the minimal adequate level chiefly helps reduce workload on the: A. Heart | back 6 A. Heart |
front 7 Local blood-flow regulation is classically divided into: A. Neural and endocrine | back 7 B. Acute and long term |
front 8 Acute local blood-flow control is produced mainly by: A. New vessel growth | back 8 C. Rapid vasomotor changes |
front 9 Acute control acts predominantly at which vascular sites? A. Veins and venules | back 9 D. Arterioles and metarterioles |
front 10 Long-term local blood-flow control refers to changes occurring over: A. Seconds to minutes | back 10 C. Days to months |
front 11 Which condition decreases oxygen availability to tissues? A. Hyperventilation alone | back 11 B. Carbon monoxide poisoning |
front 12 Which additional condition can reduce tissue oxygen availability? A. Pneumonia | back 12 A. Pneumonia |
front 13 A climber at very high altitude develops local compensatory vasodilation. The initiating problem is reduced tissue availability of: A. Sodium | back 13 B. Oxygen |
front 14 Which substance is a local vasodilator? A. Histamine | back 14 A. Histamine |
front 15 Which combination contains only vasodilator substances listed in your material? A. Potassium, hydrogen, adenosine | back 15 A. Potassium, hydrogen, adenosine |
front 16 Local vasodilator substances are often released in response to: A. Oxygen deficiency | back 16 A. Oxygen deficiency |
front 17 According to the oxygen-demand theory, absence of oxygen causes vessels to: A. Spasm intermittently | back 17 B. Dilate |
front 18 At the origin of the capillary lies the: A. Metarteriole shunt | back 18 C. Precapillary sphincter |
front 19 The cyclical opening and closing of precapillary sphincters is called: A. Vasospasm | back 19 B. Vasomotion |
front 20 Increasing local oxygen concentration tends to increase the ______ of precapillary and metarteriole sphincter contraction. A. Duration | back 20 B. Strength |
front 21 Lack of glucose in perfusing blood most directly causes local tissue: A. Vasodilation | back 21 A. Vasodilation |
front 22 A malnourished patient with thiamine deficiency develops warm extremities and low peripheral resistance. This vasodilation is most characteristic of: A. Scurvy | back 22 C. Beriberi |
front 23 In beriberi, peripheral vascular blood flow is typically: A. Unchanged | back 23 D. Increased two- to threefold |
front 24 Reactive hyperemia occurs after: A. Increased metabolism | back 24 B. Temporary arterial occlusion |
front 25 A forearm cuff is inflated for several minutes, then released. The transient overshoot in flow that follows is: A. Active hyperemia | back 25 C. Reactive hyperemia |
front 26 Active hyperemia most directly follows increased tissue: A. Metabolic activity | back 26 A. Metabolic activity |
front 27 Once previously increased local blood flow falls back toward normal, this return is termed: A. Vasomotion | back 27 B. Autoregulation |
front 28 Which pair lists the two main acute autoregulatory theories? A. Metabolic and myogenic | back 28 A. Metabolic and myogenic |
front 29 In the myogenic theory of acute autoregulation, stretch of small blood vessels causes: A. Endothelial apoptosis | back 29 C. Contraction |
front 30 Which vignette best illustrates active rather than reactive hyperemia? A. Flow rises after cuff release | back 30 B. Flow rises after exercise |
front 31 A patient’s arterioles constrict when arterial pressure suddenly rises, helping protect the vessel wall. This myogenic mechanism is most important for preventing excessive: A. oxygen extraction | back 31 C. stretching |
front 32 Renal blood-flow autoregulation is classically controlled by: A. tubuloglomerular feedback | back 32 A. tubuloglomerular feedback |
front 33 Increased NaCl delivery to the macula densa causes afferent arteriolar constriction primarily to normalize: A. renal vein pressure | back 33 D. GFR |
front 34 The level of excitability of the brain depends importantly on control of: A. sodium and chloride | back 34 B. carbon dioxide and hydrogen |
front 35 Nitric oxide released in the vasculature is produced mainly by: A. endothelial cells | back 35 A. endothelial cells |
front 36 Endothelial nitric oxide is synthesized from which substrates by eNOS? A. citrulline and carbon dioxide | back 36 C. arginine and glucose |
front 37 Nitric oxide has a blood half-life of only a few seconds, so its effects are mainly: A. endocrine | back 37 D. local |
front 38 Increased blood flow stimulates endothelial nitric oxide release mainly through: A. shear stress | back 38 A. shear stress |
front 39 Which vasoconstrictor can paradoxically stimulate endothelial nitric oxide release to limit excessive constriction? A. norepinephrine | back 39 B. endothelin |
front 40 The most important vasoconstrictor released by endothelial cells is: A. prostacyclin | back 40 B. endothelin |
front 41 The usual stimulus for endothelin release is: A. endothelium injury | back 41 A. endothelium injury |
front 42 Endothelin-receptor blockers are used clinically to treat: A. essential hypertension | back 42 D. pulmonary hypertension |
front 43 A key mechanism for long-term local blood-flow regulation is changing tissue: A. viscosity | back 43 B. vascularity |
front 44 A tissue with chronically increased metabolism develops more microvessels over weeks. This process is called: A. vasomotion | back 44 C. angiogenesis |
front 45 A neonatal retinal vascular overgrowth syndrome associated with blindness is called: A. cataracta brunescens | back 45 D. retrolental fibroplasia |
front 46 Which set contains only factors that increase growth of new blood vessels? A. VEGF, PDGF, angiogenin, FGF | back 46 A. VEGF, PDGF, angiogenin, FGF |
front 47 Angiogenesis begins with new vessels ______ from existing small vessels. A. looping | back 47 C. sprouting |
front 48 Steroid hormones and angiostatin act ______ angiogenesis. A. opposite to | back 48 A. opposite to |
front 49 Small vessels chronically exposed to higher pressure may reorganize around a smaller lumen diameter. This is called: A. outward hypertrophic remodeling | back 49 B. inward eutrophic remodeling |
front 50 In chronic pressure loading, large arteries that fail to constrict to rising pressure respond with: A. Vasomotion | back 50 C. Hypertrophic remodeling |
front 51 The hallmark of chronic hypertension is: A. Stiffer blood vessels | back 51 A. Stiffer blood vessels |
front 52 A vessel exposed to chronically high flow and shear stress enlarges its lumen while wall thickness stays the same. This is: A. Inward eutrophic remodeling | back 52 D. Outward remodeling |
front 53 On the venous side of an arteriovenous fistula, increased pressure and flow most directly cause: A. Inward remodeling | back 53 B. Outward hypertrophic remodeling |
front 54 During increased cardiac activity, epinephrine may produce vasodilation in the: A. Coronary arteries | back 54 A. Coronary arteries |
front 55 Which listed substance is a vasodilator? A. Vasopressin | back 55 C. Bradykinin |
front 56 Which listed substance is a vasoconstrictor? A. Histamine | back 56 B. Vasopressin |
front 57 The kinins are small polypeptides cleaved by proteolytic enzymes from: A. Albumins | back 57 D. Alpha2-globulins |
front 58 Bradykinin is inactivated by which enzyme? A. Renin | back 58 D. Converting enzyme |
front 59 Activated kallikrein is destroyed by a: A. Histamine esterase | back 59 B. Kallikrein inhibitor |
front 60 Bradykinin causes powerful arteriolar dilation and increased: A. Capillary permeability | back 60 A. Capillary permeability |
front 61 In damaged tissues, histamine is derived mainly from: A. Basophils | back 61 C. Mast cells |
front 62 In the blood, histamine is derived from: A. Eosinophils | back 62 C. Basophils |
front 63 Histamine-induced arteriolar dilation and increased capillary porosity can cause marked: A. Edema | back 63 A. Edema |
front 64 Which ion most strongly favors vasoconstriction? A. Potassium | back 64 D. Calcium |
front 65 Which ion most strongly favors vasodilation? A. Calcium | back 65 B. Potassium |
front 66 Which ion is also associated with vasodilation? A. Magnesium | back 66 A. Magnesium |
front 67 Increased tissue carbon dioxide causes vasodilation especially in the: A. Kidney | back 67 D. Brain |
front 68 Which sequence ranks blood flow highest to lowest? A. Kidney > liver > muscles > thyroid | back 68 D. Liver > kidney > thyroid/adrenal > muscles |
front 69 In outward remodeling driven by high flow and shear stress, wall thickness is usually: A. Increased | back 69 B. Unchanged |
front 70 Which peptide is named as the immediate precursor converted to bradykinin? A. Histamine | back 70 D. Kallidin |
front 71 Which pair are both listed vasodilators? A. Bradykinin and histamine | back 71 A. Bradykinin and histamine |
front 72 Which enzyme besides converting enzyme inactivates bradykinin? A. Renin | back 72 C. Carboxypeptidase |
front 73 A coronary artery transiently underperfuses working myocardium. Which local metabolite is especially important for restoring coronary blood flow? A. Adenosine | back 73 A. Adenosine |
front 74 Increased cardiac activity most directly causes which change inside heart muscle cells? A. Increased intracellular oxygen | back 74 D. Decreased oxygen concentration |
front 75 In the heart, increased metabolic activity causes which paired change? A. Increased oxygen, less adenosine | back 75 B. More ATP degradation, more adenosine |
front 76 The number of open precapillary sphincters is most proportional to tissue: A. Nutritional requirement | back 76 A. Nutritional requirement |
front 77 The duration of precapillary sphincter opening is most proportional to tissue need for: A. Sodium | back 77 C. Oxygen |
front 78 The strength of vascular smooth-muscle contraction is most proportional to local concentration of: A. Glucose | back 78 D. Oxygen |
front 79 Rising local oxygen concentration most directly causes precapillary sphincters to: A. Open wider | back 79 B. Constrict more strongly |
front 80 Which vitamin-deficiency pattern is most associated with beriberi-related vasodilation in your notes? A. A, D, E | back 80 B. Thiamine, niacin, riboflavin |
front 81 Autoregulation is especially precise in which two organs? A. Liver and skin | back 81 D. Brain and heart |
front 82 Which statement best describes the myogenic theory of acute autoregulation? A. Excess flow creates more vasodilators | back 82 B. Sudden vessel stretch triggers contraction |
front 83 Which juxtaglomerular apparatus structure detects increased tubular flow at the distal convoluted tubule and helps restore filtration toward normal? A. Extraglomerular mesangium | back 83 B. Macula densa |
front 84 When the macula densa senses excessive distal tubular flow from increased renal blood flow, the immediate corrective response is usually: A. Afferent arteriolar constriction | back 84 A. Afferent arteriolar constriction |
front 85 A patient with hypercapnia develops a compensatory cerebrovascular response. Increased brain CO2 and H+ most directly cause: A. Cerebral vasoconstriction | back 85 C. Cerebral vasodilation |
front 86 The major purpose of cerebral vasodilation in response to elevated brain CO2 or H+ is to: A. Increase CSF formation | back 86 B. Wash out excess CO2 and H+ |
front 87 Which statement best describes control of cutaneous and subcutaneous blood flow? A. It is mainly fixed locally | back 87 B. It is regulated by sympathetic nerves |
front 88 During environmental heat exposure, rising body temperature normally causes skin blood flow to: A. Decrease sharply | back 88 C. Increase |
front 89 During cold exposure, the usual thermoregulatory response in skin is: A. Vasodilation to lose heat | back 89 B. Decreased skin blood flow |
front 90 Even during marked cutaneous vasoconstriction, some skin flow is still maintained primarily to meet: A. Lymphatic demand | back 90 D. Skin metabolic needs |
front 91 Chronic hypertension and atherosclerosis damage endothelium. Reduced nitric oxide release in that setting most strongly promotes: A. Excessive vasoconstriction | back 91 A. Excessive vasoconstriction |
front 92 PDE-5 normally promotes vasoconstriction mainly by: A. Blocking guanylate cyclase | back 92 C. Degrading cGMP |
front 93 A PDE-5 inhibitor prolongs nitric oxide–mediated vasodilation primarily by: A. Increasing endothelin release | back 93 B. Preventing cGMP breakdown |
front 94 One physiologic role of endothelin is to: A. Promote angiogenesis | back 94 D. Limit arterial bleeding |
front 95 If tissue metabolism remains elevated for a prolonged period, tissue vascularity generally: A. Increases | back 95 A. Increases |
front 96 If tissue metabolism remains low for a prolonged period, tissue vascularity generally: A. Becomes unchanged | back 96 B. Decreases |
front 97 In premature infants, excess oxygen initially causes retinal vessels to: A. Overgrow immediately | back 97 C. Stop growing and regress |
front 98 When the infant is removed from excess oxygen, the subsequent retinal vessel overgrowth is driven mainly by: A. Sudden glucose excess | back 98 B. Sudden oxygen deficiency |
front 99 The first listed step of angiogenesis is: A. Capillary loop perfusion | back 99 C. Basement membrane dissolution |
front 100 After sprouting begins, endothelial cells next: A. Reproduce and stream outward | back 100 A. Reproduce and stream outward |
front 101 During angiogenesis, the endothelial cords then: A. Become lymphatics | back 101 B. Fold into tubes |
front 102 A later step in angiogenesis occurs when a new tube: A. Undergoes thrombosis | back 102 D. Connects with another tube |
front 103 The final listed result of angiogenesis is: A. A perfused capillary loop | back 103 A. A perfused capillary loop |
front 104 Which substance is a plasminogen fragment that inhibits angiogenesis? A. Endothelin | back 104 C. Angiostatin |
front 105 Endostatin is best described as an: A. Endothelial vasodilator | back 105 B. Anti-angiogenic peptide |
front 106 Vascularity is primarily determined by the tissue’s: A. Resting venous pressure | back 106 D. Maximum flow requirement |
front 107 After exercise-induced vascularity has developed, the extra vessels not currently needed usually: A. Remain vasoconstricted | back 107 A. Remain vasoconstricted |
front 108 A patient develops gradual reperfusion of ischemic tissue after an arterial occlusion because preexisting vascular connections enlarge and later new channels grow. This process is called: A. Active hyperemia | back 108 B. Collateral circulation |
front 109 Immediately after a vessel becomes blocked, the first stage of collateral development consists primarily of: A. New capillary sprouting | back 109 C. Dilation of small vascular loops |
front 110 The earliest dilation of preexisting collateral loops after arterial blockage is driven mainly by: A. Sympathetic discharge | back 110 B. Metabolic factors |
front 111 In the second stage of collateral development over hours to days, which change predominates? A. Vessel calcification | back 111 B. Greater vessel opening |
front 112 Over months after an occlusion, collateral vessels typically: A. Undergo thrombosis | back 112 C. Form multiple channels |
front 113 In most tissues, small arteries and arterioles respond within seconds to increased arterial pressure by: A. Vasodilation | back 113 D. Vasoconstriction |
front 114 The rapid vasoconstrictor response of small resistance vessels to increased pressure primarily serves to: A. Increase lymph formation | back 114 B. Autoregulate tissue blood flow |
front 115 Inward eutrophic remodeling is best defined as: A. Wall thickening with lumen gain | back 115 B. Cell rearrangement around smaller lumen |
front 116 Which statement best describes inward eutrophic remodeling? A. Wall area stays unchanged | back 116 A. Wall area stays unchanged |
front 117 Large vessels that do not constrict when pressure rises are most likely to undergo: A. Inward eutrophic remodeling | back 117 C. Hypertrophic remodeling |
front 118 Which change is characteristic of hypertrophic remodeling? A. Smaller wall cross-sectional area | back 118 B. Increased wall cross-sectional area |
front 119 Hypertrophic remodeling helps vessels adapt to high blood pressure mainly by: A. Increasing vessel compliance | back 119 B. Reinforcing wall strength |
front 120 Which vein is commonly harvested for coronary artery bypass grafting? A. Basilic vein | back 120 B. Saphenous vein |
front 121 A direct connection between a large artery and a large vein that bypasses resistance vessels and capillaries is called a: A. Sinusoid | back 121 C. Anastomotic plexus |
front 122 On the arterial side of an arteriovenous fistula, the expected vascular response is: A. Outward remodeling | back 122 A. Outward remodeling |
front 123 On the venous side of an arteriovenous fistula, the expected remodeling pattern is: A. Inward eutrophic remodeling | back 123 B. Outward hypertrophic remodeling |
front 124 Between epinephrine and norepinephrine, which is the more potent vasoconstrictor? A. Epinephrine | back 124 C. Norepinephrine |
front 125 Which statement about epinephrine’s vascular effect is most accurate? A. It is always stronger than NE | back 125 B. It may cause slight vasodilation |
front 126 A patient with severe hypotension develops a hormone-mediated rise in total peripheral resistance along with decreased renal sodium and water excretion. Which mediator best fits? A. Bradykinin | back 126 C. Angiotensin II |
front 127 The direct vascular effect of angiotensin II is primarily: A. Small-arteriole venodilation | back 127 B. Small-arteriole vasoconstriction |
front 128 Which mediator is most associated with arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability that may produce edema? A. Angiotensin II | back 128 B. Bradykinin |
front 129 Regulation of blood flow in skin, salivary glands, and GI glands is especially associated with: A. Bradykinin | back 129 A. Bradykinin |
front 130 In inflamed tissue, kinins mainly regulate: A. Conduction velocity and capillary leakage | back 130 B. Blood flow and capillary leakage |
front 131 Which acid-base state is most associated with arteriolar vasoconstriction? A. Acidosis | back 131 B. Alkalosis |
front 132 Which group contains anions specifically noted to cause vasodilation? A. Sulfate and phosphate | back 132 D. Lactate and pyruvate |