front 1 In heart failure pharmacology, many drugs help a weak heart by doing which overall action? A) Increasing edema formation B) Increasing venous return C) Lowering cardiac stress D) Increasing vascular resistance | back 1 C. Lowering cardiac stress |
front 2 Which group from the notes mainly increases cardiac work or contractility rather than lowering workload? A) Digoxin, dobutamine, milrinone B) Thiazides, nitrates, SGLT2 inhibitors C) ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta blockers D) Hydralazine, nitroprusside, nesiritide | back 2 A. Digoxin, dobutamine, milrinone |
front 3 A patient with heart failure receives furosemide for edema. Which transporter is directly blocked? A) Na/Cl transporter B) SGLT2 transporter C) Na/K/2Cl transporter D) Na/K ATPase | back 3 C. Na/K/2Cl transporter |
front 4 Furosemide acts primarily in which nephron segment? A) Thick ascending limb B) Proximal tubule C) Collecting tubule D) Distal convoluted tubule | back 4 A. Thick ascending limb |
front 5 Furosemide helps heart failure edema by producing which effect? A) Salt and water retention B) Salt and water removal C) Increased afterload only D) Increased remodeling | back 5 B. Salt and water removal |
front 6 By removing extra salt and water, furosemide decreases which cardiac loading variable? A) Contractility B) Afterload C) Preload D) Heart rate | back 6 C. Preload |
front 7 Furosemide decreases preload because it reduces which variable? A) Venous return B) AV conduction C) Cardiac calcium D) Vascular remodeling | back 7 A. Venous return |
front 8 Which heart failure symptom is directly improved by furosemide-mediated salt and water removal? A) Edema B) Arrhythmia C) Bradycardia D) Lupus | back 8 A. Edema |
front 9 A weak heart benefits from furosemide because reduced preload causes which effect? A) More ventricular stress B) Less cardiac workload C) More sodium reabsorption D) More venous congestion | back 9 B. Less cardiac workload |
front 10 Empagliflozin and dapagliflozin belong to which heart failure drug class? A) Loop diuretics B) SGLT2 inhibitors C) ACE inhibitors D) Cardiac glycosides | back 10 B. SGLT2 inhibitors |
front 11 Which name clue helps identify empagliflozin and dapagliflozin? A) “flozin” ending B) “sartan” ending C) “olol” ending D) “one” ending | back 11 A. “flozin” ending |
front 12 SGLT2 inhibitors act primarily in which nephron segment? A) Collecting tubule B) Distal convoluted tubule C) Thick ascending limb D) Proximal tubule | back 12 D. Proximal tubule |
front 13 Empagliflozin decreases reabsorption of which substances? A) Calcium and chloride B) Sodium and glucose C) Potassium and hydrogen D) Urea and water | back 13 B. Sodium and glucose |
front 14 Dapagliflozin helps heart failure by promoting removal of what? A) Salt and water B) Calcium and protein C) Renin and ACE D) BNP and cGMP | back 14 A. Salt and water |
front 15 SGLT2 inhibitor therapy reduces preload by decreasing which variable? A) Contractility B) Venous return C) AV conduction D) Platelet count | back 15 B. Venous return |
front 16 Which heart failure problem is improved by SGLT2 inhibitor-related fluid removal? A) Edema B) Tachyarrhythmia C) Lupus-like syndrome D) AV node conduction | back 16 A. Edema |
front 17 A heart failure patient receives dapagliflozin. Which mechanism best explains its benefit? A) Blocks beta receptors B) Blocks SGLT2 transport C) Releases nitric oxide D) Inhibits PDE-3 | back 17 B. Blocks SGLT2 transport |
front 18 Hydrochlorothiazide lowers fluid burden by blocking which transporter? A) Na/K ATPase B) Na/Cl transporter C) Na/K/2Cl transporter D) SGLT2 transporter | back 18 B. Na/Cl transporter |
front 19 Thiazide diuretics act mainly in which nephron segment? A) Proximal tubule B) Collecting tubule C) Loop of Henle D) Distal convoluted tubule | back 19 D. Distal convoluted tubule |
front 20 Hydrochlorothiazide helps heart failure mainly by removing which substances? A) Salt and water B) Calcium and protein C) Angiotensin and renin D) cAMP and cGMP | back 20 A. Salt and water |
front 21 Thiazide-mediated fluid removal decreases which cardiac loading condition? A) Preload B) Contractility C) Remodeling D) AV conduction | back 21 A. Preload |
front 22 Spironolactone and eplerenone belong to which heart failure drug class? A) ACE inhibitors B) Beta blockers C) Aldosterone antagonists D) SGLT2 inhibitors | back 22 C. Aldosterone antagonists |
front 23 Which name clue helps identify spironolactone and eplerenone? A) “flozin” ending B) “pril” ending C) “sartan” ending D) “one” ending | back 23 D. “one” ending |
front 24 Aldosterone antagonists block receptors in which nephron region? A) Collecting tubules B) Proximal tubule C) Thick ascending limb D) Distal convoluted tubule | back 24 A. Collecting tubules |
front 25 Spironolactone helps heart failure by promoting which overall effect? A) Sodium and water removal B) Calcium entry increase C) Beta-1 stimulation D) cAMP breakdown | back 25 A. Sodium and water removal |
front 26 Aldosterone antagonists reduce preload because they decrease which variable? A) Venous return B) Contractility C) AV node conduction D) cGMP signaling | back 26 A. Venous return |
front 27 Which listed heart failure drugs block aldosterone receptors? A) Captopril and losartan B) Empagliflozin and dapagliflozin C) Spironolactone and eplerenone D) Dobutamine and milrinone | back 27 C. Spironolactone and eplerenone |
front 28 Captopril directly inhibits which enzyme? A) Renin B) ACE C) PDE-3 D) Na/K ATPase | back 28 B. ACE |
front 29 ACE inhibition decreases formation of which molecule? A) Angiotensin II B) Dopamine C) BNP D) cGMP | back 29 A. Angiotensin II |
front 30 Captopril helps heart failure by decreasing which two harmful effects? A) Vasoconstriction and aldosterone B) Contractility and perfusion C) Diuresis and vasodilation D) cGMP and BNP | back 30 A. Vasoconstriction and aldosterone |
front 31 ACE inhibitors decrease afterload mainly by reducing which process? A) Vasoconstriction B) Glucose excretion C) AV node conduction D) Platelet breakdown | back 31 A. Vasoconstriction |
front 32 ACE inhibitors decrease preload partly by reducing which hormone effect? A) Aldosterone B) Insulin C) Glucagon D) Thyroxine | back 32 A. Aldosterone |
front 33 Why does reduced afterload help a weak ventricle? A) It increases resistance strongly B) It makes pumping easier C) It increases edema formation D) It worsens remodeling | back 33 B. It makes pumping easier |
front 34 ACE inhibitors help heart failure partly by reducing which long-term harmful process? A) Bronchoconstriction B) Remodeling C) Thrombocytopenia D) Visual changes | back 34 B. Remodeling |
front 35 Losartan belongs to which heart failure drug class? A) ACE inhibitor B) Beta blocker C) Angiotensin II receptor blocker D) Cardiac glycoside | back 35 C. Angiotensin II receptor blocker |
front 36 Which name clue helps identify losartan and related ARBs? A) “olol” ending B) “flozin” ending C) “sartan” ending D) “pril” ending | back 36 C. “sartan” ending |
front 37 Angiotensin receptor blockers improve heart failure by decreasing which effect? A) Vasoconstriction B) Diuresis C) Calcium retention D) Bradycardia | back 37 A. Vasoconstriction |
front 38 ARBs help heart failure by decreasing which disease process? A) Ototoxicity B) Remodeling C) Constipation D) Thrombocytopenia | back 38 B. Remodeling |
front 39 Compared with ACE inhibitors, ARBs are associated with less of which adverse effect? A) Cough B) Edema C) Tachycardia D) Hypotension | back 39 A. Cough |
front 40 Which statement best compares losartan with captopril in heart failure? A) Similar benefit, less cough B) More cough, less benefit C) Only increases contractility D) Only treats arrhythmias | back 40 A. Similar benefit, less cough |
front 41 Carvedilol, metoprolol, bisoprolol, and nebivolol belong to which class? A) Beta blockers B) ACE inhibitors C) Cardiac glycosides D) Bipyridines | back 41 A. Beta blockers |
front 42 Beta blockers help chronic heart failure by reducing which harmful drive? A) Sympathetic overstimulation B) Proximal glucose uptake C) BNP receptor activation D) Nitric oxide signaling | back 42 A. Sympathetic overstimulation |
front 43 Beta blockers improve chronic heart failure by causing which heart rate effect? A) Slows heart rate B) Speeds heart rate C) Stops AV conduction completely D) Has no heart effect | back 43 A. Slows heart rate |
front 44 Beta blockers improve survival in chronic heart failure partly by decreasing what? A) Remodeling B) Diuresis C) Cyanide toxicity D) Sodium current | back 44 A. Remodeling |
front 45 Which beta blocker listed for heart failure also blocks alpha receptors? A) Carvedilol B) Metoprolol C) Bisoprolol D) Nebivolol | back 45 A. Carvedilol |
front 46 Which listed heart failure beta blocker is beta-1 selective? A) Hydralazine B) Metoprolol C) Losartan D) Nesiritide | back 46 B. Metoprolol |
front 47 Beta blockers are especially useful in which heart failure setting from the notes? A) Chronic heart failure B) Acute cyanide toxicity C) Immediate inotrope rescue D) Severe thrombocytopenia | back 47 A. Chronic heart failure |
front 48 Digoxin belongs to which drug class? A) Cardiac glycoside B) SGLT2 inhibitor C) Bipyridine D) ARB | back 48 A. Cardiac glycoside |
front 49 Digoxin directly inhibits which membrane pump? A) Na/K ATPase B) Na/Cl transporter C) SGLT2 transporter D) Na/K/2Cl transporter | back 49 A. Na/K ATPase |
front 50 Inhibition of Na/K ATPase by digoxin increases which intracellular ion? A) Sodium only B) Calcium C) Chloride D) Magnesium | back 50 B. Calcium |
front 51 Digoxin helps heart failure mainly by increasing which cardiac property? A) Contractility B) Preload C) Afterload D) Remodeling | back 51 A. Contractility |
front 52 Digoxin is also useful in atrial fibrillation because it slows which conduction pathway? A) AV node conduction B) SA node automaticity C) His-Purkinje conduction D) Ventricular repolarization | back 52 A. AV node conduction |
front 53 Which adverse effect is most associated with digoxin toxicity in the notes? A) Arrhythmias B) Cyanide toxicity C) Lupus-like syndrome D) Thrombocytopenia | back 53 A. Arrhythmias |
front 54 A heart failure patient with atrial fibrillation receives digoxin. Which combined benefit is expected? A) More contractility, slower AV conduction B) Less contractility, faster AV conduction C) More preload, less contractility D) Less cAMP, more congestion | back 54 A. More contractility, slower AV conduction |
front 55 Which drug increases intracellular Ca2+ by inhibiting Na/K ATPase? A) Dobutamine B) Digoxin C) Milrinone D) Nesiritide | back 55 B. Digoxin |
front 56 Hydralazine belongs to which heart failure drug category in the notes? A) Arteriolar dilator B) Cardiac glycoside C) Natriuretic peptide D) SGLT2 inhibitor | back 56 A. Arteriolar dilator |
front 57 Hydralazine increases which signaling pathway? A) Nitric oxide signaling B) Beta-1 signaling C) BNP signaling D) Sodium-glucose signaling | back 57 A. Nitric oxide signaling |
front 58 Hydralazine helps heart failure by decreasing which loading variable? A) Afterload B) Preload C) Contractility D) AV conduction | back 58 A. Afterload |
front 59 Why does decreased afterload help a weak ventricle pump? A) Less resistance opposes ejection B) More edema reaches ventricles C) Less calcium enters cells D) More sodium is retained | back 59 A. Less resistance opposes ejection |
front 60 Which side effect is associated with hydralazine? A) Reflex tachycardia B) Cyanide toxicity C) Thrombocytopenia D) Visual brightness | back 60 A. Reflex tachycardia |
front 61 A patient taking hydralazine develops facial warmth and head pain. Which side effect pair best fits? A) Headache and flushing B) Cough and angioedema C) Bradycardia and vision D) Edema and cyanosis | back 61 A. Headache and flushing |
front 62 Hydralazine can cause which autoimmune-like adverse effect? A) Lupus-like syndrome B) Guillain-Barré syndrome C) Myasthenic syndrome D) Nephrotic syndrome | back 62 A. Lupus-like syndrome |
front 63 Nitroprusside is best described as which type of heart failure vasodilator? A) Pure arteriolar dilator B) Pure venous dilator C) Combined arterial and venous dilator D) Pure renal tubule dilator | back 63 C. Combined arterial and venous dilator |
front 64 Nitroprusside directly releases which mediator? A) Nitric oxide B) Angiotensin II C) Aldosterone D) Dopamine | back 64 A. Nitric oxide |
front 65 Nitroprusside helps acute heart failure by rapidly decreasing which loading variables? A) Preload and afterload B) Contractility and calcium C) Heart rate and rhythm D) AV conduction and remodeling | back 65 A. Preload and afterload |
front 66 Nitroprusside decreases congestion mainly by reducing which variable? A) Preload B) Contractility C) Platelet count D) AV conduction | back 66 A. Preload |
front 67 Nitroprusside improves forward pumping by reducing which variable? A) Afterload B) Calcium C) cAMP D) AV conduction | back 67 A. Afterload |
front 68 Which heart failure setting best matches nitroprusside use in these notes? A) Acute heart failure B) Chronic remodeling prevention C) Stable outpatient edema only D) Atrial fibrillation rate control | back 68 A. Acute heart failure |
front 69 Which toxicity is associated with nitroprusside? A) Cyanide toxicity B) Lupus-like syndrome C) Bronchoconstriction D) Gynecomastia | back 69 A. Cyanide toxicity |
front 70 Which additional toxicity is associated with nitroprusside? A) Thiocyanate toxicity B) Ototoxicity C) Visual brightness D) Constipation | back 70 A. Thiocyanate toxicity |
front 71 A patient on nitroprusside develops a dangerous BP drop. Which adverse effect is this? A) Severe hypotension B) Bradycardia only C) Hyperkalemia only D) Reflex hypertension | back 71 A. Severe hypotension |
front 72 Which side effect set best matches nitroprusside? A) Cyanide toxicity, thiocyanate toxicity, severe hypotension B) Bradycardia, bronchoconstriction, survival benefit C) Arrhythmias, AV slowing, constipation D) Lupus-like syndrome, flushing, thrombocytopenia | back 72 A. Cyanide toxicity, thiocyanate toxicity, severe hypotension |
front 73 Dobutamine belongs to which drug category? A) Beta-adrenoceptor agonist B) ACE inhibitor C) Natriuretic peptide D) Cardiac glycoside | back 73 A. Beta-adrenoceptor agonist |
front 74 Dobutamine primarily activates which receptor? A) Beta-1 receptor B) Alpha-1 receptor C) D1 receptor D) BNP receptor | back 74 A. Beta-1 receptor |
front 75 Beta-1 agonism by dobutamine increases which second messenger? A) cAMP B) cGMP C) IP3 D) DAG | back 75 A. cAMP |
front 76 Dobutamine helps acute decompensated heart failure by increasing which cardiac property? A) Contractility B) Preload C) Afterload D) Remodeling | back 76 A. Contractility |
front 77 Dobutamine temporarily improves which hemodynamic outcome? A) Cardiac output B) Venous congestion C) Aldosterone release D) Sodium retention | back 77 A. Cardiac output |
front 78 Which heart failure setting best matches dobutamine use in the notes? A) Acute decompensated heart failure B) Chronic outpatient remodeling prevention C) Isolated edema without low output D) Stable hypertension without symptoms | back 78 A. Acute decompensated heart failure |
front 79 Which adverse effect is associated with dobutamine? A) Tachycardia B) Lupus-like syndrome C) Cyanide toxicity D) Thrombocytopenia | back 79 A. Tachycardia |
front 80 Dobutamine can trigger which rhythm-related adverse effect? A) Arrhythmias B) AV slowing C) Bradycardia D) QT shortening | back 80 A. Arrhythmias |
front 81 Why can dobutamine be risky in ischemic patients? A) Increases myocardial oxygen demand B) Decreases contractility too much C) Blocks coronary vasodilation D) Causes severe sodium retention | back 81 A. Increases myocardial oxygen demand |
front 82 Milrinone belongs to which drug category? A) Bipyridine B) Cardiac glycoside C) ARB D) Loop diuretic | back 82 A. Bipyridine |
front 83 Milrinone directly inhibits which enzyme? A) PDE-3 B) ACE C) Renin D) Na/K ATPase | back 83 A. PDE-3 |
front 84 PDE-3 inhibition by milrinone causes which intracellular effect? A) Decreased cAMP breakdown B) Increased cAMP breakdown C) Decreased cGMP formation D) Increased Na/K ATPase activity | back 84 A. Decreased cAMP breakdown |
front 85 Milrinone helps acute heart failure by increasing contractility and causing what else? A) Vasodilation B) Sodium retention C) AV node slowing D) Glucose reabsorption | back 85 A. Vasodilation |
front 86 Milrinone improves output partly by increasing which cardiac property? A) Contractility B) Preload C) Edema D) Remodeling | back 86 A. Contractility |
front 87 Milrinone decreases afterload through which effect? A) Vasodilation B) Venoconstriction C) Aldosterone release D) Beta blockade | back 87 A. Vasodilation |
front 88 Which adverse effect is associated with milrinone? A) Arrhythmias B) Cyanide toxicity C) Lupus-like syndrome D) Cough | back 88 A. Arrhythmias |
front 89 Milrinone can cause which blood pressure adverse effect? A) Hypotension B) Hypertension C) Reflex hypertension D) No BP change | back 89 A. Hypotension |
front 90 Which hematologic adverse effect is associated with milrinone? A) Thrombocytopenia B) Polycythemia C) Neutrophilia D) Eosinophilia | back 90 A. Thrombocytopenia |
front 91 Nesiritide belongs to which drug category? A) Natriuretic peptide B) Beta blocker C) Bipyridine D) Cardiac glycoside | back 91 A. Natriuretic peptide |
front 92 Nesiritide activates which receptor pathway? A) BNP receptors B) Beta-1 receptors C) Angiotensin II receptors D) Aldosterone receptors | back 92 A. BNP receptors |
front 93 BNP receptor activation by nesiritide increases which second messenger? A) cGMP B) cAMP C) IP3 D) DAG | back 93 A. cGMP |
front 94 Nesiritide helps acute heart failure by causing vasodilation and what else? A) Diuresis B) Bronchoconstriction C) AV slowing D) Calcium retention | back 94 A. Diuresis |
front 95 Nesiritide decreases which loading variables in acute heart failure? A) Preload and afterload B) Contractility and output C) cAMP and calcium D) Sodium and glucose reabsorption | back 95 A. Preload and afterload |
front 96 Which adverse effect is associated with nesiritide? A) Hypotension B) Arrhythmias C) Lupus-like syndrome D) Cyanide toxicity | back 96 A. Hypotension |
front 97 Which heart failure drug directly increases contractility by increasing intracellular calcium? A) Digoxin B) Furosemide C) Losartan D) Nesiritide | back 97 A. Digoxin |
front 98 Which heart failure drug directly increases contractility by increasing cAMP through beta-1 activation? A) Dobutamine B) Captopril C) Dapagliflozin D) Hydralazine | back 98 A. Dobutamine |
front 99 Which heart failure drug increases contractility by preventing cAMP breakdown? A) Milrinone B) Metoprolol C) Losartan D) Hydrochlorothiazide | back 99 A. Milrinone |
front 100 Which heart failure drug decreases edema by blocking SGLT2 in the proximal tubule? A) Empagliflozin B) Spironolactone C) Captopril D) Carvedilol | back 100 A. Empagliflozin |
front 101 Which heart failure drug has tachycardia, arrhythmias, and increased myocardial oxygen demand as listed side effects? A) Dobutamine B) Digoxin C) Milrinone D) Losartan | back 101 A. Dobutamine |
front 102 Which heart failure drug has arrhythmias, hypotension, and thrombocytopenia as listed side effects? A) Milrinone B) Captopril C) Furosemide D) Carvedilol | back 102 A. Milrinone |
front 103 Which heart failure drug has cyanide toxicity, thiocyanate toxicity, and severe hypotension as listed side effects? A) Nitroprusside B) Hydralazine C) Nesiritide D) Dobutamine | back 103 A. Nitroprusside |
front 104 Which heart failure drug has hypotension as the main listed side effect? A) Nesiritide B) Digoxin C) Spironolactone D) Hydrochlorothiazide | back 104 A. Nesiritide |
front 105 Which of the following is the best-documented mechanism | back 105 (D) An increase in systolic cytoplasmic calcium levels |
front 106 After your patient has been receiving digoxin for 3 weeks, he
| back 106 (B) Increased intracellular calcium |
front 107 A patient who has been taking digoxin for several years for
| back 107 (D) Increased PR interval on ECG The parasympathomimetic effects of digitalis can be blocked |
front 108 A 65-year-old woman has been admitted to the coronary | back 108 (B) Furosemide |
front 109 A 72-year-old woman has long-standing heart failure. Which | back 109 (E) Spironolactone |
front 110 Which of the following drugs increases the plasma levels of
| back 110 (D) Valsartan |
front 111 Which one of the following drugs is associated with clinically
| back 111 (B) Dobutamine |
front 112 The first-line drug of choice in most cases of acute decompensation
in patients with chronic heart failure is: | back 112 (H) Furosemide In both acute and chronic failure and systolic (HFrEF) and
|
front 113 Which of the following has been shown to prolong life in
| back 113 (A) Carvedilol |
front 114 Which of the following is the drug of | back 114 (A) Digoxin antibodies |