front 1 During embryological development the CNS arises from a sheet of
ectodermal cells that folds over to form the | back 1 C. Neural tube |
front 2 The fluid-filled cavities within the neural tube develop into which
CSF-containing structures? | back 2 A. Ventricles |
front 3 During early development: Hindbrain: ______ Midbrain: ______ Forebrain: ______ | back 3 Rhombencephalon Mesencephalon Prosencephalon |
front 4 A developmental anatomist labels the forebrain as “prosencephalon.”
It subdivides into: | back 4 B. Telencephalon and diencephalon |
front 5 A tumor localizes to the diencephalon and disrupts two major nuclei there. Which pair is most consistent? | back 5 Thalamus and hypothalamus |
front 6 telencephalon becomes? ______ | back 6 cerebrum |
front 7 metencephalon becomes ____ and ____ myencephalon becomes ____ ____ | back 7 pons and cerebelllum medulla oblongata |
front 8 A ventricular mass causes CSF overproduction by enlarging vascular
tufts within ventricles. These tufts are the: | back 8 A. Choroid plexus |
front 9 Give me the path that the CSF flows: | back 9 A. Lateral to third to fourth |
front 10 After leaving the ventricles, CSF percolates around the brain and
spinal cord in which space? | back 10 C. Between arachnoid and pia |
front 11 After circulating around the CNS surface, CSF is ultimately
reabsorbed into the: | back 11 A. Venous system |
front 12 Humans have an upright posture, producing a nearly 90° bend in the
nervous system near the: | back 12 C. Midbrain–diencephalic junction |
front 13 What happens to the Ventral-Rostral-Caudal-Dorsal map above the
midbrain | back 13 A. it ticks counterclock-wise once |
front 14 ____ are the primary structures on a neuron that receive inputs from
other neurons. | back 14 D. Dendrites Dan is popular and gets invites from others |
front 15 A demyelinating process preferentially slows propagation along the
process carrying most neuronal outputs. Which process is this? | back 15 A. Axon |
front 16 In mammals, the most common neuronal morphology has several dendrites
and an axon. This neuron is: | back 16 C. Multipolar |
front 17 What does bipolar mean? | back 17 A. One dendrite, one axon |
front 18 A patient has a disorder affecting sensory pathways used for vision
or olfaction. The implicated neurons are often: | back 18 B. Bipolar |
front 19 Sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) with a single,
T-shaped bifurcating axon (one branch to the periphery, one to the
spinal cord/brain) and no true dendrites: | back 19 D. Pseudo-unipolar |
front 20 Cell bodies in which structure are classic examples of
pseudo-unipolar sensory neurons? | back 20 A. Dorsal root ganglion |
front 21 A lab records millisecond postsynaptic voltage changes that can
depolarize or hyperpolarize a neuron. These are best classified
as: | back 21 D. EPSPs and IPSPs |
front 22 A transmitter effect unfolds over seconds to minutes, altering
circuit responsiveness rather than producing discrete fast potentials.
This function is: | back 22 A. Neuromodulation |
front 23 In the CNS, the most common excitatory neurotransmitter is: | back 23 Glutamate |
front 24 In the CNS, the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter is: | back 24 GABA |
front 25 At the neuromuscular junction in the PNS, the main transmitter is | back 25 Acetylcholine |
front 26 Short exposed axonal segments with high concentrations of
voltage-gated ion channels are: | back 26 C. Nodes of Ranvier |
front 27 The structure primarily described as “vascular tufts within
ventricles” is NOT responsible for which function? | back 27 B. Neurotransmitter release |
front 28 Regions of the CNS composed mainly of myelinated axons are
called: | back 28 B. White matter |
front 29 Regions composed mainly of neuronal cell bodies are called: | back 29 C. Gray matter |
front 30 Most local synaptic communication between CNS neurons occurs
primarily in: | back 30 B. Gray matter |
front 31 Axons specialized for transmitting signals over greater distances are
found primarily in: | back 31 A. White matter |
front 32 The unique mantle of gray matter covering the cerebral hemispheres is the: A. Medulla | back 32 C. Cerebral cortex |
front 33 Large clusters of gray matter cell bodies within the CNS are
called: | back 33 D. Nuclei |
front 34 In the cerebral hemispheres, the typical arrangement is: | back 34 B. Gray outside, white inside |
front 35 In the spinal cord, the typical arrangement is: | back 35 C. White outside, gray center |
front 36 In the brainstem, which statement best matches gross
organization? | back 36 C. Gray and white mixed |
front 37 A tract connects right and left CNS structures across the midline.
This white matter pathway is a: | back 37 B. Commissure |
front 38 In the PNS, bundles of axons are called: | back 38 C. Peripheral nerves |
front 39 In the PNS, clusters of neuronal cell bodies are called: | back 39 A. Ganglia |
front 40 A lesion interrupts sensory information traveling from the periphery
toward the CNS. The interrupted signal type is: | back 40 D. Afferent |
front 41 A lesion interrupts motor commands traveling from the CNS to skeletal
muscle. The interrupted signal type is: | back 41 C. Efferent |
front 42 Each spinal cord segment gives rise to which pair of roots on each
side? | back 42 C. Sensory and motor roots |
front 43 A stabbing injury selectively damages dorsal nerve roots. The most
direct deficit is loss of: | back 43 A. Afferent sensory signals |
front 44 A herniation compresses ventral nerve roots. The most direct deficit
is loss of: | back 44 B. Efferent motor signals |
front 45 The adult spinal cord ends near: | back 45 B. L1 or L2 vertebrae |
front 46 A synapse is pharmacologically silenced by preventing synaptic
vesicles from releasing their contents. What communication is most
directly impaired? | back 46 A. Chemical postsynaptic signaling |
front 47 After an L2 burst fracture, descending lumbar nerve roots in the
canal are compressed. What structure is involved? | back 47 A. Cauda equina |
front 48 Cervical and lumbosacral enlargements contain increased gray
matter primarily because they have | back 48 B. More limb motor neurons |
front 49 A patient has impaired peristalsis and gut secretion control from a
plexus within the gut wall. Which division is this? | back 49 B. Enteric nervous system |
front 50 Deep crevices and infoldings of the cerebral cortex are
called: | back 50 A. Sulci |
front 51 The ridges of cortex between sulci are called: | back 51 B. Gyri |
front 52 The frontal lobe extends posteriorly to which landmark? | back 52 C. Central sulcus |
front 53 During a pterional approach, the surgeon identifies the Sylvian
fissure. What is its other common name? | back 53 D. Lateral fissure |
front 54 A hemorrhage tracks along the deep Sylvian fissure. This fissure
primarily separates which lobes laterally/inferiorly? | back 54 B. Frontal and temporal lobes |
front 55 The parietal lobe is bounded anteriorly by the: | back 55 C. Central sulcus |
front 56 On a medial view, which sulcus separates parietal from occipital
lobes? | back 56 B. Parietooccipital sulcus |
front 57 A focal seizure focus is “buried” deep within the Sylvian fissure.
Which cortex is implicated? | back 57 D. Insular cortex |
front 58 The anterior “lip” covering the insula is formed by which
structure? | back 58 C. Frontal operculum |
front 59 The posterior “lip” covering the insula is formed by which
structure? | back 59 B. Parietal operculum |
front 60 The two cerebral hemispheres are separated at midline by the: | back 60 C. Interhemispheric fissure |
front 61 Another accepted name for the interhemispheric fissure is
the: | back 61 D. Longitudinal fissure |
front 62 In split-brain surgery, the surgeon transects a large C-shaped white matter band. What was cut? | back 62 Corpus callosum |
front 63 Damage to this structure disrupts connections between both homologous
and heterologous cortical areas. Which structure is described? | back 63 D. Corpus callosum |
front 64 The superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri are subdivided by
which sulci? | back 64 A. Superior and inferior frontal sulci |
front 65 The superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri are divided by which
sulci? | back 65 D. Superior and inferior temporal sulci |
front 66 Which sulcus divides the superior from inferior parietal
lobule? | back 66 A. Intraparietal sulcus |
front 67 A left precentral gyrus infarct most likely causes: | back 67 B. Right facial weakness the MCA is often involved, supplied by lateral cortex. |
front 68 A right postcentral gyrus lesion most likely causes: | back 68 B. Left arm numbness |
front 69 Primary visual cortex lies along the banks of the: | back 69 C. Calcarine fissure |
front 70 A right calcarine cortex stroke most likely impairs: | back 70 B. Left visual field |
front 71 Primary auditory cortex is primarily composed of: | back 71 B. Transverse Heschl gyri |
front 72 The transverse gyri of Heschl lie: | back 72 B. In Sylvian fissure |
front 73 Tonotopic organization refers to mapping: | back 73 C. Cochlear frequency |
front 74 Retinotopic organization refers to mapping: | back 74 B. Retinal adjacency |
front 75 “Motor homunculus” most directly refers to: | back 75 A. Somatotopic cortical map |
front 76 Compared with vision, auditory cortex input is: | back 76 D. Mixed from both ears |
front 77 A unilateral primary auditory cortex lesion typically causes: | back 77 B. Subtle localization deficits |
front 78 Most cerebral cortex is: | back 78 C. Neocortex |
front 79 Neocortex has how many layers? | back 79 C. Six layers |
front 80 Neocortical layers are numbered I–VI: | back 80 B. Surface to deep |
front 81 Layer I contains mainly: | back 81 B. Dendrites and axons |
front 82 Layers II and III primarily project to: | back 82 C. Other cortex |
front 83 Layer IV primarily receives input from the: | back 83 B. Thalamus |
front 84 Layer V neurons project mostly to: | back 84 C. Subcortical targets |
front 85 Layer VI primarily projects to the: | back 85 A. Thalamus |
front 86 Primary motor cortex characteristically has: | back 86 C. Thick layer V |
front 87 Primary visual cortex characteristically has: | back 87 C. Thick layer IV |
front 88 The most important human motor pathway is the: | back 88 C. Corticospinal tract |
front 89 Corticospinal tract neurons arise mainly from: | back 89 B. Primary motor cortex |
front 90 “Pyramidal tract” is another name for: | back 90 A. Corticospinal tract |
front 91 “Pyramidal” refers to the tract’s shape in the: | back 91 C. Medulla |
front 92 About what fraction of corticospinal fibers cross? | back 92 C. About 85% |
front 93 Pyramidal decussation occurs at the: | back 93 B. Medulla–spinal junction |
front 94 A lesion above pyramidal decussation causes weakness that is: | back 94 B. Contralateral to lesion |
front 95 A lesion below pyramidal decussation causes weakness that is: | back 95 C. Ipsilateral to lesion |
front 96 Upper motor neurons are best defined as neurons that: | back 96 B. Project cortex to cord |
front 97 Lower motor neurons are located in: | back 97 B. Anterior horn gray matter |
front 98 Lower motor neurons may also reside in: | back 98 B. Brainstem motor nuclei |
front 99 UMNs synapse most directly onto: | back 99 C. Lower motor neurons |
front 100 A spinal cord anterior horn lesion primarily damages: | back 100 B. Lower motor neurons |
front 101 A patient loses pain/temperature but preserves strength. Which
cortical area is least implicated? | back 101 B. Precentral gyrus |
front 102 LMN axons normally exit the CNS via: | back 102 B. Anterior spinal roots |
front 103 A brainstem motor nucleus LMN ultimately reaches skeletal muscle
via: | back 103 D. Cranial nerves |
front 104 To refine movement output, major feedback loops prominently
include: | back 104 A. Cerebellum and basal ganglia |
front 105 Cerebellar and basal ganglia feedback reaches motor cortex chiefly
through the: | back 105 C. Thalamus |
front 106 A patient has wide-based gait and dysmetria. The lesion most likely
involves the: | back 106 A. Cerebellum |
front 107 A patient has slow, rigid movements. The most consistent lesion site
is: | back 107 D. Basal ganglia |
front 108 A patient has dance-like, involuntary movements. The most consistent
lesion site is: | back 108 B. Basal ganglia |
front 109 The major relay center for diverse signals to cortex is the: | back 109 C. Thalamus |
front 110 Which sensory modality is the classic exception to thalamic
relay? | back 110 D. Olfaction |
front 111 Thalami are best described as: | back 111 A. Gray matter structures |
front 112 Thalami are located deep within cerebral white matter, just: | back 112 C. Above the brainstem |
front 113 Relative to the basal ganglia, the thalami lie: | back 113 B. Behind |
front 114 Virtually all cortical regions send strong projections back to
thalamic input areas via layer: | back 114 A. VI |
front 115 Which structure is part of the epithalamus? | back 115 D. Pineal body |
front 116 The epithalamus encompasses small nuclei including: | back 116 C. Habenula and pretectum |
front 117 Proprioception, vibration, and fine touch ascend primarily
via: | back 117 B. Posterior column pathways |
front 118 Pain, temperature, and crude touch ascend primarily via: | back 118 D. Anterolateral pathways |
front 119 Primary somatic sensory neuron cell bodies are located in
the: | back 119 A. Dorsal root ganglia |
front 120 Primary sensory neurons described here characteristically
have: | back 120 C. Bifurcating axons |
front 121 In the posterior column pathway, primary axons ascend in the
ipsilateral: | back 121 B. Dorsal columns |
front 122 Posterior column primary axons synapse first in the medulla
at: | back 122 A. Posterior dorsal column nuclei |
front 123 In the posterior column pathway, the second-order axons cross in
the: | back 123 D. Medulla |
front 124 After crossing, posterior column second-order axons ascend to
the: | back 124 C. Thalamus |
front 125 In the anterolateral pathway, primary sensory axons synapse first in
spinal: | back 125 B. Gray matter |
front 126 In the anterolateral pathway, second-order axons cross in
the: | back 126 D. Spinal cord |
front 127 After crossing, anterolateral fibers ascend in the: | back 127 A. Spinothalamic tract |
front 128 Both posterior column and anterolateral pathways relay in
the: | back 128 B. Thalamus |
front 129 A right posterior column lesion in the spinal cord most directly
impairs: | back 129 C. Right vibration and proprioception |
front 130 A left anterolateral tract lesion in the spinal cord most directly
impairs: | back 130 A. Right pain and temperature |
front 131 The posterior column pathway is sometimes summarized as “crosses in
the”: | back 131 D. Medulla |
front 132 The anterolateral pathway is sometimes summarized as “crosses in
the”: | back 132 B. Spinal cord |
front 133 The monosynaptic stretch reflex begins with receptors called: | back 133 C. Muscle spindles |
front 134 Muscle spindles detect the amount and rate of: | back 134 A. Stretch |
front 135 Stretch-reflex afferents enter spinal gray matter via: | back 135 D. Dorsal roots the strech reflex is technically sensory, that is why this is dorsal roots |
front 136 Stretch-reflex afferents synapse onto LMNs located in the: | back 136 B. Anterior horn |
front 137 In the stretch reflex, LMN axons exit back to muscle via: | back 137 A. Ventral roots |
front 138 Damage anywhere in this stretch-reflex arc most directly causes
reflexes to be: | back 138 C. Diminished or absent |
front 139 Beyond the monosynaptic arc, afferents also synapse onto
spinal: | back 139 D. Interneurons |
front 140 Most cranial nerves arise primarily from the: | back 140 A. Brainstem |
front 141 The reticular formation extends through central brainstem
from: | back 141 B. Medulla to midbrain |
front 142 Caudal reticular formation (medulla/lower pons) is mainly involved
in: | back 142 D. Motor and autonomic functions |
front 143 Rostral reticular formation (upper pons/midbrain) is crucial for
regulating: | back 143 C. Level of consciousness |
front 144 A dorsal root ganglion lesion most directly disrupts primary sensory
neuron: | back 144 C. Cell bodies outside CNS |
front 145 Posterior column primary axons enter the spinal cord through: | back 145 D. Dorsal roots |
front 146 In the posterior column pathway, crossing occurs after synapse
onto: | back 146 A. Secondary sensory neurons |
front 147 Lesions that cause lethargy and coma are located where? | back 147 A. Pontomesencephalic reticular formation |
front 148 A comatose patient has bilateral lesions in a deep gray relay
structure above the brainstem. Which site best explains impaired
consciousness? | back 148 A. Thalami |
front 149 A massive unilateral hemispheric hemorrhage causes impaired
consciousness despite intact brainstem reflexes. The best explanation
is involvement of: | back 149 B. Cerebral hemispheres |
front 150 Which lesion pattern most strongly threatens level of
consciousness? | back 150 B. Bilateral thalamic infarcts |
front 151 Limbic structures are located near which cortical region? | back 151 B. Medial cortical fringe |
front 152 Which cortical lobes contain key limbic cortical areas? | back 152 A. Medial and anterior temporal lobes |
front 153 The hippocampal formation and amygdala are located within
the: | back 153 A. Medial temporal lobe |
front 154 A paired arch-shaped white matter tract connects the hippocampus to
hypothalamus and septal nuclei. This is the: | back 154 B. Fornix |
front 155 After a limbic system lesion, a patient most likely shows: | back 155 C. Impaired new memory formation |
front 156 A patient cannot form new episodic memories but recalls childhood
events normally. The most likely lesion involves the: | back 156 A. Limbic system |
front 157 Focal seizures begin with fear, déjà vu, and olfactory
hallucinations. The most common origin is the: | back 157 B. Medial temporal lobe |
front 158 Higher-order processing beyond primary sensation is mediated
by: | back 158 A. Somatosensory association cortex |
front 159 A cortex region processes mainly a single modality at a higher level.
This is: | back 159 B. Unimodal association cortex |
front 160 A cortex region integrates multiple sensory and motor modalities.
This is: | back 160 C. Heteromodal association cortex |
front 161 When listening to speech, language is typically first perceived by
primary auditory cortex in the: | back 161 A. Superior temporal lobe |
front 162 When reading words, language is typically first perceived by primary
visual cortex in the: | back 162 B. Occipital lobes |
front 163 A fluent patient speaks with difficulty. What area is
damaged? | back 163 A. Broca’s area |
front 164 A patient has receptive aphasia. The lesion site is: | back 164 A. Wernicke’s area |
front 165 brodmann area for Wernicke’s Area? | back 165 22 |
front 166 brodmann area for broca's? | back 166 44/45 |
front 167 Broca’s area is adjacent to primary motor regions
controlling: | back 167 C. Face and larynx |
front 168
Left inferior parietal lobule lesion (specifically angular
gyrus) produces dyscalculia, finger agnosia, right–left
confusion, and agraphia. This syndrome is: | back 168 B. Gerstmann syndrome |
front 169 Gerstmann syndrome is classically associated with lesions of
the: | back 169 B. Left inferior parietal lobule |
front 170 A patient has difficulty planning and executing learned motor acts
despite intact strength. This is: | back 170 B. Apraxia |
front 171 Apraxia may result from diffuse cortical lesions or focal lesions
involving: | back 171 B. Frontal or left parietal |
front 172 A patient ignores objects on the left unless strongly cued, after a
right parietal lesion. This is: | back 172 B. Hemineglect |
front 173 Right parietal lobe lesions most often cause neglect of the: | back 173 B. Contralateral side |
front 174 Unawareness of one’s neurologic deficit is: | back 174 C. Anosognosia |
front 175 The patient can detect a stimulus on the contralesional side when
it’s presented alone, but “misses” it when both sides are stimulated
at the same time: | back 175 B. Extinction |
front 176 Extinction most specifically reflects neglect of stimuli on the
side: | back 176 B. Contralateral to lesion |
front 177 Primitive reflexes reappear in an adult with frontal lobe damage.
These are: | back 177 B. Frontal release signs |
front 178 Which is a frontal release sign? | back 178 A. Grasp reflex |
front 179 A patient exhibits grasp, rooting, and snout reflexes after a new
cortical lesion. The likely location is: | back 179 B. Frontal lobe |
front 180 A man with a left frontal infarct repeatedly claps after being told
“stop.” This behavior is best termed: | back 180 C. Perseveration |
front 181 An older adult has shuffling “feet stuck” walking
plus urinary incontinence after frontal damage. This
gait is: | back 181 A. Magnetic gait |
front 182 A patient can describe objects but cannot recognize familiar people
by sight after inferior temporal damage. This deficit is: | back 182 D. Prosopagnosia |
front 183 A patient with parieto-occipital association injury cannot identify
traffic-light hues. This is: | back 183 B. Achromatopsia |
front 184 After occipitotemporal association injury, a patient reports
“afterimages” that reappear minutes later. This is: | back 184 A. Palinopsia |
front 185 Visual association cortex lesions causing prosopagnosia most impair
recognition of: | back 185 C. Faces |
front 186 The main anterior arterial supply to cerebral hemispheres arises
from: | back 186 B. Internal carotid arteries |
front 187 The internal carotid arteries form the anterior blood supply, and the
vertebral arteries, which join together to form: | back 187 D. Basilar artery |
front 188 The anastomotic ring linking anterior and posterior circulations is
the: | back 188 C. Circle of Willis |
front 189 The anterior and middle cerebral arteries derive their main supply
from the: | back 189 D. Internal carotid arteries |
front 190 The posterior cerebral arteries derive their main supply from
the: | back 190 B. Vertebrobasilar system |
front 191 Which cerebellar artery is most posterior (front→back
ordering)? | back 191 A. PICA |
front 192 In the cervical spinal cord, anterior/posterior spinal arteries
mainly arise from branches of: | back 192 C. Vertebral arteries |
front 193 In thoracic/lumbar cord, anterior/posterior spinal arteries are
reinforced by radicular arteries from: | back 193 D. Aorta |
front 194 Which corpus callosum region is most posterior? | back 194 A. Splenium |
front 195 The central sulcus does not extend medially; the surrounding medial
region is called the: | back 195 B. Paracentral lobule |
front 196 The medial parietal lobe region is the: | back 196 A. Precuneus |
front 197 Sympathetic postganglionic neurons typically release: | back 197 D. Norepinephrine |
front 198 Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons typically release: | back 198 B. Acetylcholine |
front 199 Both posterior column and anterolateral pathways synapse in the
thalamic: | back 199 D. Ventrolateral posterior nucleus |
front 200 Action potentials “jump” between nodes due to: | back 200 C. Saltatory conduction |