front 1 What are peptides secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid and
can function as autocrines, paracrines, or endocrine hormones? | back 1 C. Cytokine |
front 2 A lymphocyte secretes a factor that binds receptors on the same cell
that released it. This signaling is: | back 2 A. Autocrine |
front 3 A hormone-like cytokine produced by adipocytes is most specifically
termed a(n): | back 3 D. Adipokine |
front 4 Which is NOT one of the three general hormone classes? | back 4 B. Nucleic acids |
front 5 Most hormones in the human body are: | back 5 A. Polypeptides and proteins |
front 6 A newly discovered pituitary hormone is a 110–amino acid polypeptide.
By the usual size convention, it is a: | back 6 D. Protein hormone |
front 7 A 60–amino acid hormone secreted from endocrine cells is best termed
a: | back 7 B. Peptide hormone |
front 8 An endocrine cell making peptide hormones shows prominent
ribosome-studded membranes. Protein/peptide hormones are synthesized
on the: | back 8 C. Rough ER |
front 9 A secreted hormone is translated initially as a larger, biologically
inactive precursor. This larger precursor is a: | back 9 A. Preprohormone |
front 10 In the rough ER, a preprohormone is cleaved to form a smaller
intermediate. That intermediate is the: | back 10 D. Prohormone |
front 11 After prohormone formation, it is transferred for packaging into
secretory vesicles primarily by the: | back 11 B. Golgi apparatus |
front 12 In many endocrine cells, the immediate trigger for vesicle fusion and
hormone exocytosis is increased cytosolic: | back 12 C. Calcium |
front 13 Compared with peptide hormones, steroid hormones are
typically: | back 13 D. Not stored significantly |
front 14 A steroidogenic cell is stimulated to increase hormone synthesis. The
cholesterol source for steroid production is primarily: | back 14 A. Plasma plus de novo synthesis |
front 15 Two major hormone groups derived from tyrosine are: | back 15 C. Thyroid and adrenal medulla |
front 16 Thyroid hormones are synthesized and stored in the thyroid gland
incorporated into macromolecules of: | back 16 B. Thyroglobulin |
front 17 Thyroid hormone secretion into blood occurs when: | back 17 D. Amines split from thyroglobulin |
front 18 After entering the bloodstream, thyroid hormones bind especially
to: | back 18 A. Thyroxine-binding globulin |
front 19 In circulating blood, most thyroid hormone molecules are: | back 19 B. Protein-bound |
front 20 The adrenal medulla secretes approximately how much more epinephrine
than norepinephrine? | back 20 C. 4× |
front 21 A patient with adrenal medullary hypersecretion has elevated
catecholamines. The predominant secreted catecholamine is: | back 21 A. Epinephrine |
front 22 A hormone is synthesized from cholesterol and is not stored to any
significant degree. It is most consistent with a: | back 22 D. Steroid hormone |
front 23 In peptide-hormone synthesis, cleavage that generates smaller
prohormones from preprohormones occurs in the: | back 23 C. Rough ER |
front 24 A cytokine enters the bloodstream and acts on distant organs rather
than local cells. This cytokine is acting as a(n): | back 24 B. Endocrine hormone |
front 25 A patient’s hormone pulses shift predictably over 24 hours and with
sleep. Release can be influenced by: | back 25 B. Diurnal cycle and sleep |
front 26 Hormone release can be influenced by: | back 26 C. Season, development, aging stages |
front 27 Large amounts of hormone bound to plasma proteins mainly function
as: | back 27 A. Reservoirs |
front 28 Two factors that determine hormone concentration in blood
are: | back 28 D. Secretion rate and removal rate |
front 29 The rate of removal of a hormone from blood is the: | back 29 B. Metabolic clearance rate |
front 30 A hormone is inactivated by enzymes within peripheral tissues. This
represents clearance by: | back 30 B. Metabolic destruction by tissues |
front 31 A conjugated hormone is secreted into bile after hepatic processing.
This represents clearance by: | back 31 A. Liver excretion into bile |
front 32 A water-soluble hormone is eliminated unchanged in urine. This
represents clearance by: | back 32 C. Kidney excretion into urine |
front 33 Typical half-life for adrenal steroids in circulation is: | back 33 D. 20–100 minutes |
front 34 Half-life of protein-bound thyroid hormones may be as long
as: | back 34 C. 1–6 days |
front 35 A receptor that loops in and out of membrane seven times is
a: | back 35 D. GPCR |
front 36 Trimeric G proteins are named for binding: | back 36 A. Guanosine nucleotides |
front 37 In the resting state, the G protein α subunit binds: | back 37 A. GDP |
front 38 After GDP is exchanged for GTP, the immediate consequence is: | back 38 D. α subunit dissociates |
front 39 Enzyme-linked receptors typically pass through the membrane: | back 39 B. Once |
front 40 Which hormone uses receptor tyrosine kinase signaling? | back 40 C. Insulin |
front 41 Which hormone uses receptor tyrosine kinase signaling? | back 41 D. Insulin-like growth factor-1 |
front 42 Which hormone uses receptor tyrosine kinase signaling? | back 42 B. Growth hormone |
front 43 Which hormone uses receptor tyrosine kinase signaling? | back 43 C. Prolactin |
front 44 Which hormone uses receptor tyrosine kinase signaling? | back 44 D. Leptin |
front 45 Which factor uses receptor tyrosine kinase signaling? | back 45 D. Fibroblast growth factor |
front 46 Which factor uses receptor tyrosine kinase signaling? | back 46 A. Vascular endothelial growth factor |
front 47 Which factor uses receptor tyrosine kinase signaling? | back 47 A. Hepatocyte growth factor |
front 48 A highly protein-bound hormone pool in plasma most directly: | back 48 B. Serves as hormone reservoir |
front 49 Which set contains key second messengers? | back 49 D. cAMP, Ca2+-calmodulin, phospholipid products |
front 50 Phospholipase C breaks PIP2 into: | back 50 B. IP3 and DAG |
front 51 IP3 most directly causes: | back 51 D. Releases Ca2+ from ER mitochondria |
front 52 DAG most directly causes: | back 52 C. Activates protein kinase C |
front 53 After DAG activation, protein kinase C primarily leads to: | back 53 D. Increased protein phosphorylation |
front 54 Calmodulin contains how many calcium-binding sites? | back 54 A. Four binding sites |
front 55 Calmodulin changes shape and initiates effects when: | back 55 A. Three of four bound |
front 56 Two factors that raise or lower blood hormone levels are: | back 56 B. Secretion rate and clearance rate |
front 57 A lab needs an extremely sensitive method to measure hormones, their
precursors, and metabolic end products. Best method? | back 57 C. Radioimmunoassay |
front 58 In radioimmunoassay, the first key reagent generated is a: | back 58 A. Highly specific anti-hormone antibody |
front 59 Early in radioimmunoassay setup, the antibody is mixed with: | back 59 D. Sample fluid plus standard hormone |
front 60 In radioimmunoassay, antibody-hormone binding is allowed to
reach: | back 60 B. Equilibrium |
front 61 After equilibrium in radioimmunoassay, the next required step
is: | back 61 A. Separate complex and measure |
front 62 In radioimmunoassay, if a large fraction is antibody-bound, the
assayed fluid had: | back 62 D. Very low natural hormone |
front 63 To quantify unknowns in radioimmunoassay, the assay is also run
with: | back 63 B. Standard untagged hormone solutions |
front 64 A clinician wants to measure “any protein,” including hormones, using
antibody specificity plus enzyme readout. Best assay? | back 64 C. ELISA |
front 65 In ELISA, hormone amount in sample is proportional to: | back 65 A. Amount of product formed |
front 66 A patient has low TSH and low prolactin due to hypothalamic damage.
Which missing hypothalamic hormone explains both? | back 66 D. TRH |
front 67 TRH is released primarily by the: | back 67 C. Hypothalamus |
front 68 A patient with hypothalamic inflammation cannot mount ACTH release.
Which hypothalamic hormone is deficient? | back 68 B. CRH |
front 69 CRH is released primarily by the: | back 69 D. Hypothalamus |
front 70 A child has low growth hormone because the hypothalamus cannot
stimulate somatotrophs. Which hormone is lacking? | back 70 A. GHRH |
front 71 GHRH is released primarily by the: | back 71 B. Hypothalamus |
front 72 A patient has abnormally suppressed growth hormone due to excess
inhibitory hypothalamic input. Which hormone mediates this? | back 72 C. Somatostatin |
front 73 Somatostatin is released primarily by the: | back 73 A. Hypothalamus |
front 74 A prolactinoma patient’s prolactin falls sharply after a hypothalamic
drug. Which hypothalamic signal inhibits prolactin? | back 74 C. Dopamine |
front 75 Dopamine (prolactin-inhibiting factor) is released primarily by
the: | back 75 B. Hypothalamus |
front 76 A patient with hypothalamic injury has low LH and low FSH. Which
missing hormone best explains this? | back 76 D. GnRH |
front 77 GnRH is released primarily by the: | back 77 A. Hypothalamus |
front 78 A teen with pituitary failure has poor linear growth and low lean
mass due to low hormone that normally drives protein synthesis and
growth. Which hormone is missing? | back 78 B. Growth hormone |
front 79 Growth hormone is released primarily by the: | back 79 C. Anterior pituitary |
front 80 A patient with pituitary damage has low T4 and T3 despite normal
thyroid tissue. Which pituitary hormone is deficient? | back 80 D. TSH |
front 81 TSH is released primarily by the: | back 81 B. Anterior pituitary |
front 82 A patient with hypocalcemia needs a hormone that raises serum Ca2+ by
increasing gut/kidney absorption and mobilizing bone calcium. Which
hormone does this? | back 82 A. Parathyroid hormone |
front 83 Parathyroid hormone is released primarily by the: | back 83 D. Parathyroid gland |
front 84 Which pairing is incorrect? | back 84 C. Progesterone—posterior pituitary |
front 85 After pituitary infarct, adrenal cortex output of
cortisol/androgens/aldosterone drops. Which pituitary hormone normally
drives this? | back 85 B. ACTH |
front 86 ACTH is released primarily by the: | back 86 D. Anterior pituitary |
front 87 A postpartum patient cannot lactate and has underdeveloped breast
secretory function due to low milk-promoting hormone. Which hormone is
missing? | back 87 A. Prolactin |
front 88 Prolactin is released primarily by the: | back 88 C. Anterior pituitary |
front 89 A man has impaired spermatogenesis due to reduced Sertoli support.
Which anterior pituitary hormone most directly affects
Sertoli-mediated sperm maturation? | back 89 D. FSH |
front 90 FSH is released primarily by the: | back 90 B. Anterior pituitary |
front 91 A patient has absent male secondary sex characteristics due to low
androgen from gonads. Primary source of testosterone? | back 91 C. Testes |
front 92 A pregnant patient has low estrogen leading to impaired development
of female reproductive tissues and breasts. Major source listed
is: | back 92 A. Ovaries and placenta |
front 93 A luteal-phase defect causes poor “uterine milk” secretion and
inadequate breast secretory apparatus. Which hormone is
deficient? | back 93 B. Progesterone |
front 94 Progesterone is produced primarily by: | back 94 D. Ovaries and placenta |
front 95 Early pregnancy fails because corpus luteum is not maintained and
estrogen/progesterone production falls. Which hormone normally
prevents this? | back 95 A. hCG |
front 96 hCG is produced primarily by the: | back 96 C. Placenta |
front 97 A pregnant patient has low placental hormone that supports fetal
tissue growth and maternal breast development. Which hormone is
deficient? | back 97 A. Human somatomammotropin |
front 98 Human somatomammotropin is produced primarily by the: | back 98 D. Placenta |
front 99 “Prolactin-inhibiting factor” is best identified as: | back 99 C. Dopamine |
front 100 ELISA combines antibody specificity with the sensitivity of: | back 100 B. Simple enzyme assays |
front 101 A patient with chronic kidney disease develops normocytic anemia from
reduced stimulation of RBC production. Which hormone is
deficient? | back 101 C. Erythropoietin |
front 102 A man has low testosterone from impaired Leydig stimulation; his
partner also has anovulation with absent corpus luteum. Which hormone
is low? | back 102 A. Luteinizing hormone |
front 103 A patient has central diabetes insipidus with dilute urine; they also
lose vasoconstrictor tone and become hypotensive. Which hormone is
missing? | back 103 D. Antidiuretic hormone |
front 104 During breastfeeding, milk is produced but not expelled; uterine tone
is also reduced postpartum. Which hormone is deficient? | back 104 B. Oxytocin |
front 105 A patient’s angiotensin I levels fail to rise despite normal
angiotensinogen. Which enzyme-hormone is deficient? | back 105 A. Renin |
front 106 After nephrectomy, a patient develops decreased intestinal calcium
absorption and impaired bone mineralization. Which hormone is
reduced? | back 106 C. Calcitriol |
front 107 A patient with volume overload has a hormone surge causing
natriuresis and lower blood pressure. Which hormone mediates
this? | back 107 B. Atrial natriuretic peptide |
front 108 A duodenal hormone increases pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate and
water to neutralize acid. Which hormone is it? | back 108 C. Secretin |
front 109 After a fatty meal, a patient fails to contract the gallbladder and
has reduced pancreatic enzyme release. Which hormone is
deficient? | back 109 A. Cholecystokinin |
front 110 A patient has hyperphagia and low thermogenesis due to loss of an
adipocyte signal. Which hormone is missing? | back 110 B. Leptin |
front 111 A patient has cold intolerance and slowed cellular chemical reactions
due to reduced thyroid output. Which hormones are low? | back 111 D. T3 and T4 |
front 112 A hormone lowers extracellular Ca2+ by promoting calcium deposition
in bone. Which hormone is it? | back 112 A. Calcitonin |
front 113 A patient on long-term steroids shows impaired immune responses;
which endogenous hormone normally has anti-inflammatory effects and
regulates macronutrient metabolism? | back 113 C. Cortisol |
front 114 A patient has hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis with decreased
renal Na+ reabsorption. Which hormone is deficient? | back 114 D. Aldosterone |
front 115 A patient with episodic palpitations, diaphoresis, and tremor has
excess hormone producing sympathetic-like effects. Which hormones are
elevated? | back 115 B. Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
front 116 Luteinizing hormone (LH) is released by the:: | back 116 D. Anterior pituitary |
front 117 Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) is released by the: | back 117 A. Posterior pituitary |
front 118 Renin is released by the: | back 118 C. Kidneys |
front 119 Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is released by the: | back 119 B. Heart |
front 120 Gastrin is released by the: | back 120 A. Stomach |
front 121 Secretin is released by the: | back 121 D. Small intestine |
front 122 Leptin is released by: | back 122 B. Adipocytes |
front 123 Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) are released by the: | back 123 C. Thyroid |
front 124 A patient with new-onset type 1 diabetes has impaired glucose entry
into muscle and adipose. Which hormone is deficient? | back 124 B. Insulin |
front 125 During prolonged fasting, a hormone increases hepatic glucose release
into body fluids. Which hormone is this? | back 125 D. Glucagon |
front 126 The smallest protein/polypeptide hormone listed is: | back 126 A. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone |
front 127 The largest protein/polypeptide hormones listed are: | back 127 C. Growth hormone and prolactin |
front 128 Protein/peptide hormones are initially synthesized as: | back 128 D. Large preprohormones |
front 129 Protein/peptide hormones are stored mainly in: | back 129 C. Secretory vesicles |
front 130 Which tissue set secretes protein/polypeptide hormones? | back 130 A. Pituitary, pancreas, parathyroid |
front 131 Protein/peptide hormones are secreted primarily via: | back 131 D. Exocytosis |
front 132 A pancreatic β-cell depolarizes after glucose uptake. What triggers
insulin vesicle fusion most directly? | back 132 C. Increased cytosolic calcium |
front 133 A hormone binds a surface receptor, raising cAMP. Secretion is
promoted by activation of: | back 133 B. Protein kinases |
front 134 Which site produces steroid hormones? | back 134 B. Adrenal cortex |
front 135 Amine hormones are derived from the amino acid: | back 135 D. Tyrosine |
front 136 A patient has a sudden “fight-or-flight” surge with effects
developing within seconds. Which hormones fit best? | back 136 B. Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
front 137 Which hormone(s) may require months for full effect? | back 137 D. Thyroxine and growth hormone |
front 138 Which hormone shows positive feedback? | back 138 C. Luteinizing hormone |
front 139 A child’s hormone secretion varies with age and development in cyclic
patterns. Which hormone best matches? | back 139 B. Growth hormone |
front 140 Which are water-soluble hormone classes? | back 140 A. Peptides and catecholamines |
front 141 A water-soluble hormone travels to targets mainly by: | back 141 C. Dissolving freely in plasma |
front 142 Water-soluble hormones reach targets by first: | back 142 D. Diffusing into interstitial fluid |
front 143 Which hormones circulate bound to plasma proteins? | back 143 B. Steroids and thyroid hormones |
front 144 Metabolic clearance rate (mL/min) equals: | back 144 A. Disappearance rate / [hormone] |
front 145 "Hormone clearance” includes which mechanism? | back 145 C. Liver excretion into bile |
front 146 Among angiotensin II, steroids, thyroid hormones, the longest
half-life is: | back 146 D. Thyroid hormones |
front 147 Thyroid hormones have long half-life largely because they: | back 147 A. Bind plasma proteins extensively |
front 148 A clinician notes a hormone clears quickly because it circulates
freely and is filtered readily. Best example? | back 148 C. Angiotensin II |
front 149 Pancreatic insulin and glucagon are best classified as: | back 149 D. Peptide hormones |
front 150 Which hormone classes have receptors in/on cell membrane? | back 150 C. Protein, peptide, catecholamine hormones |
front 151 Steroid hormones most typically bind receptors in the: | back 151 A. Cell cytoplasm |
front 152 Thyroid hormones most typically bind receptors in the: | back 152 D. Cell nucleus |
front 153 ACh/NE bind receptors that open/close channels. Receptor
type? | back 153 B. Ion-channel linked receptors |
front 154 Hormones regulate enzymes/channels indirectly via trimeric G
proteins. Receptor type? | back 154 C. G-protein hormone receptor |
front 155 G-protein signaling is terminated mainly by: | back 155 D. GTP autohydrolysis to GDP |
front 156 Which hormone increases intracellular cGMP? | back 156 A. Atrial natriuretic peptide |
front 157 Calcium-calmodulin signaling activates: | back 157 B. Myosin light chain kinase |
front 158 Myosin light chain kinase activation causes: | back 158 D. Smooth muscle contraction |
front 159 Which hormone class increases protein synthesis? | back 159 C. Steroid hormones |
front 160 Thyroid hormones act on genetic machinery by: | back 160 A. Nuclear gene transcription |
front 161 Aldosterone’s key effect is: | back 161 B. Na+ reabsorption, K+ secretion |
front 162 Key ELISA feature vs radioimmunoassay: | back 162 C. Uses excess antibody to capture |
front 163 Using excess antibodies in ELISA ensures: | back 163 D. All hormone captured in complexes |
front 164 The ELISA readout described is the: | back 164 B. Enzyme product amount |