front 1 ___ cranial nerve fibers go to the parotid gland. | back 1 B. CN IX |
front 2 Sacral parasympathetic fibers are carried mainly in the: | back 2 C. Pelvic nerves |
front 3 Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are located in the: | back 3 D. Wall of the organ |
front 4 Most ANS synapses use which transmitters? | back 4 A. Acetylcholine or norepinephrine |
front 5 Fibers that secrete acetylcholine are called: | back 5 B. Cholinergic fibers |
front 6 Fibers that secrete norepinephrine are called: | back 6 C. Adrenergic fibers |
front 7 All preganglionic autonomic neurons are: | back 7 A. Cholinergic |
front 8 Most postganglionic sympathetic neurons are: | back 8 D. Adrenergic |
front 9 A key sympathetic exception using acetylcholine is innervation
of: | back 9 B. Sweat glands |
front 10 Neurotransmitter vesicles are synthesized and stored mainly
in: | back 10 C. Axonal varicosities |
front 11 Reactants for acetylcholine formation are: | back 11 A. Acetyl-CoA and choline |
front 12 The enzyme that forms acetylcholine is: | back 12 D. Choline acetyltransferase |
front 13 Norepinephrine synthesis begins with which amino acid? | back 13 A. Tyrosine |
front 14 Tyrosine → DOPA occurs by: | back 14 B. Hydroxylation |
front 15 DOPA → dopamine occurs by: | back 15 C. Decarboxylation |
front 16 In adrenergic terminals, dopamine is transported into: | back 16 D. Vesicles |
front 17 Dopamine → norepinephrine occurs by: | back 17 B. Hydroxylation |
front 18 Norepinephrine → epinephrine occurs by: | back 18 A. Methylation |
front 19 Norepinephrine is methylated to epinephrine mainly in the: | back 19 C. Adrenal medulla |
front 20 The major removal mechanism for released norepinephrine is: | back 20 D. Reuptake into nerve endings |
front 21 Reuptake accounts for removal of approximately: | back 21 B. 50–80% |
front 22 Most remaining norepinephrine is removed by: | back 22 A. Diffusion into fluids and blood |
front 23 Small amounts of norepinephrine are destroyed mainly by: | back 23 C. MAO and COMT |
front 24 Norepinephrine at a tissue site remains active for: | back 24 D. A few seconds |
front 25 Catechol-O-methyl transferase action occurs mainly in the: | back 25 B. Liver |
front 26 Acetylcholine activates mainly which receptor types? | back 26 A. Muscarinic and nicotinic |
front 27 Muscarinic receptors are best described as: | back 27 C. G-protein–coupled receptors |
front 28 Nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia are: | back 28 D. Ligand-gated ion channels |
front 29 Postganglionic cholinergic fibers stimulate effector cells mainly
via: | back 29 A. Muscarinic receptors |
front 30 A drug that blocks autonomic ganglionic transmission targets: | back 30 B. Nicotinic receptors |
front 31 Two major classes of adrenergic receptors are: | back 31 D. Alpha and beta |
front 32 Two major types of alpha receptors are: | back 32 B. Alpha1 and alpha2 |
front 33 Beta receptors are divided into: | back 33 A. Beta1, beta2, beta3 |
front 34 Norepinephrine excites mostly: | back 34 B. Alpha receptors |
front 35 Cocaine prolongs norepinephrine signaling primarily by
inhibiting: | back 35 D. Reuptake into nerve endings |
front 36 A patient given atropine develops tachycardia and dry mouth. The
blocked receptor is: | back 36 C. Muscarinic receptor |
front 37 Epinephrine excites alpha and beta receptors: | back 37 C. Equally |
front 38 A synthetic agent with strong β action and minimal α action is: | back 38 A. Isoproterenol |
front 39 Autonomic control of pupil diameter is best described as: | back 39 D. Sympathetic dilates, parasympathetic constricts |
front 40 Lens accommodation during near vision depends mainly on: | back 40 B. Parasympathetic ciliary contraction |
front 41 Primary control of small and large intestinal glands is: | back 41 C. Local enteric mechanisms |
front 42 Axillary apocrine glands secrete primarily in response to: | back 42 D. Sympathetic stimulation |
front 43 The intrinsic neural network of the GI tract is the: | back 43 B. Intramural enteric plexus |
front 44 Sympathetic stimulation of the heart increases: | back 44 A. Rate and force |
front 45 The typical sympathetic effect on systemic blood vessels is: | back 45 C. Constriction |
front 46 Arterial pressure is determined primarily by: | back 46 B. Cardiac output and resistance |
front 47 Compared with norepinephrine, epinephrine produces: | back 47 D. Greater beta, cardiac, metabolic effects |
front 48 Dual sympathetic action via nerves and adrenal hormones provides
a: | back 48 A. Safety factor |
front 49 A key difference between autonomic and skeletal systems is that
ANS: | back 49 C. Activates at low frequency |
front 50 Intrinsic smooth muscle tone persists after denervation due to: | back 50 B. Smooth muscle contractile force |
front 51 Baroreceptors are best described as: | back 51 D. Pressure sensors in carotid, aorta |
front 52 Near-simultaneous discharge of most sympathetic pathways is
called: | back 52 A. Mass discharge |
front 53 Brain stem autonomic centers primarily regulate: | back 53 C. Arterial pressure, heart, respiration |
front 54 Intravenous acetylcholine fails to mimic parasympathetic activation
because it is degraded by: | back 54 B. Plasma cholinesterase |
front 55 A patient given pilocarpine develops miosis and salivation. This drug
is best classified as: | back 55 D. Parasympathomimetic drug |
front 56 Post-op ileus is treated by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. Which
drug? | back 56 A. Neostigmine |
front 57 Atropine causes tachycardia and mydriasis mainly by blocking: | back 57 C. Cholinergic effector receptors |
front 58 Which drug directly stimulates autonomic postganglionic
neurons? | back 58 B. Nicotine |
front 59 A drug that blocks preganglionic → postganglionic transmission
is: | back 59 A. Hexamethonium |
front 60 Celiac, superior mesenteric, and aorticorenal ganglia are: | back 60 D. Prevertebral ganglia |
front 61 Preganglionic sympathetic outflow arises from spinal
segments: | back 61 C. T1–L2 |
front 62 Sympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies are located in
the: | back 62 D. Intermediolateral horn |
front 63 Preganglionic fibers reach prevertebral ganglia primarily
via: | back 63 A. Splanchnic nerves |
front 64 Sympathetic fibers in skeletal nerves to sweat glands are: | back 64 C. Type C fibers |
front 65 Sympathetic fibers from T7–T11 primarily terminate in the: | back 65 B. Abdomen |
front 66 Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla receive: | back 66 A. Preganglionic sympathetic fibers |
front 67 Parasympathetic outflow exits the CNS via: | back 67 D. CN III VII IX X, S2–S4 |
front 68 Vagus supplies most parasympathetic fibers, except to the: | back 68 C. Distal colon and rectum |
front 69 Parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland travels via: | back 69 B. CN IX → otic ganglion |
front 70 Pelvic splanchnic (S2–S4) fibers primarily support: | back 70 D. Erection and bladder emptying |
front 71 Compared with sympathetic pathways, parasympathetic pathways
have: | back 71 B. Long pre, short post |
front 72 ACh is hydrolyzed into acetate and choline. ACh resynthesis from
acetyl-CoA uses: | back 72 A. Choline acetyltransferase |
front 73 Catecholamine destruction in peripheral tissues occurs mainly
via: | back 73 A. Catechol-O-methyl transferase |
front 74 Which catecholamine excites alpha and beta receptors equally? | back 74 C. Epinephrine |
front 75 Which catecholamine excites alpha more than beta? | back 75 A. Norepinephrine |
front 76 Sudden fear causes mydriasis primarily via: | back 76 C. Iris radial muscle contraction |
front 77 A decongestant causes acute urinary retention by: | back 77 C. Detrusor muscle relaxation |
front 78 Goosebumps during cold exposure are mediated by: | back 78 D. Pilomotor muscle contraction |
front 79 A drug that decreases NE release acts primarily at: | back 79 A. Presynaptic alpha2 receptors |
front 80 Catecholamine-driven tachycardia and lipolysis are mediated
by: | back 80 B. Beta1 receptors |
front 81 Epinephrine causes bronchodilation and glycogenolysis mainly
via: | back 81 C. Beta2 receptors |
front 82 A β2 agonist can delay preterm labor by: | back 82 A. Increasing uterine contraction |
front 83 Brown fat heat production is mediated primarily by: | back 83 A. Beta3 receptors |
front 84 Near-vision accommodation occurs when: | back 84 C. Parasympathetic ciliary contracts |
front 85 Acute stress reduces bowel sounds by: | back 85 B. Inhibits peristalsis, tightens sphincters |
front 86 After sympathectomy, targets still respond because of: | back 86 A. Circulating adrenal catecholamines |
front 87 Intravenous epinephrine raises arterial pressure mainly by: | back 87 D. Increased cardiac output |
front 88 Which has a stronger metabolic effect? | back 88 B. Epinephrine |
front 89 After stellate ganglionectomy, a small NE dose causes exaggerated
effects due to: | back 89 C. Upregulated receptors on effector cells |
front 90 A patient given phenylephrine develops constipation. This reflects α1
action causing: | back 90 A. GI relaxation, sphincter contraction |
front 91 Cold, pale fingers after adrenergic surge most directly reflect
α1-mediated: | back 91 C. Vasoconstriction |
front 92 Clonidine reduces sympathetic outflow mainly by activating: | back 92 B. Alpha2 receptors |
front 93 A catecholamine increasing HR and contractility most strongly
activates: | back 93 D. Beta1 receptors |
front 94 Low-dose epinephrine can lower diastolic pressure mainly via: | back 94 A. Beta2 vasodilation |
front 95 A β2 agonist may worsen urinary retention by causing: | back 95 C. Bladder smooth muscle relaxation |
front 96 Post-meal heat production attributed to β2 activation is best
termed: | back 96 B. Calorigenesis |
front 97 Thermogenesis via adrenergic stimulation is most associated
with: | back 97 A. Beta3 receptors |
front 98 After eating, increased peristalsis + relaxed sphincters best
reflects: | back 98 D. Parasympathetic stimulation |
front 99 The dominant adrenergic receptor subtype in myocardium is: | back 99 D. Beta1 |
front 100 Norepinephrine raises arterial pressure primarily by
increasing: | back 100 C. Peripheral resistance |
front 101 Denervation supersensitivity occurs mainly due to: | back 101 A. Upregulation of effector receptors |
front 102 Stretching carotid/aortic baroreceptors causes what immediate
autonomic change? | back 102 B. Decreased sympathetic to heart/vessels |
front 103 “Mass discharge” refers to: | back 103 D. Near-total SNS discharge simultaneously |
front 104 Mass discharge is commonly triggered when the hypothalamus is
activated by: | back 104 A. Fright or severe pain |
front 105 The widespread body reaction from mass discharge is best
termed: | back 105 C. Alarm/stress response |
front 106 Methoxamine, phenylephrine, isoproterenol, and albuterol are: | back 106 A. Sympathomimetic drugs |
front 107 Phenylephrine primarily acts on: | back 107 D. Alpha receptors |
front 108 Isoproterenol primarily stimulates: | back 108 B. Beta1 and beta2 receptors |
front 109 Albuterol primarily stimulates: | back 109 C. Beta2 receptors only |
front 110 Ephedrine, tyramine, and amphetamine are: | back 110 D. Indirect sympathomimetic drugs |
front 111 Guanethidine lowers sympathetic effects by blocking release
of: | back 111 B. Norepinephrine |
front 112 Phenoxybenzamine and phentolamine are best described as: | back 112 C. Alpha receptor blockers |
front 113 Yohimbine selectively blocks: | back 113 A. Alpha2 receptors |
front 114 Atenolol, nebivolol, and metoprolol mainly block: | back 114 D. Beta1 receptors |
front 115 Propranolol blocks: | back 115 C. Beta1 and beta2 receptors |
front 116 A drug blocking both SNS and PNS ganglionic transmission is: | back 116 B. Hexamethonium |
front 117 Pilocarpine and methacholine are best classified as: | back 117 A. Parasympathomimetic drugs |
front 118 Neostigmine, pyridostigmine, and ambenonium act mainly via: | back 118 C. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition |
front 119 Atropine, homatropine, and scopolamine are: | back 119 D. Antimuscarinic drugs |
front 120 Nicotine produces widespread autonomic effects by
stimulating: | back 120 A. Ganglionic nicotinic receptors |
front 121 Tetraethyl ammonium, hexamethonium, and pentolinium are: | back 121 B. Ganglion-blocking drugs |
front 122 White rami communicantes are present at: | back 122 B. T1–L2 only |
front 123 Gray rami communicantes are present at: | back 123 D. All spinal levels |
front 124 Postganglionic sympathetics re-enter spinal nerves via: | back 124 A. Gray rami communicantes |
front 125 Parasympathetic fibers to parotid synapse in: | back 125 B. Otic ganglion |
front 126 Parasympathetic fibers to pupillary sphincter use: | back 126 A. CN III → ciliary ganglion |
front 127 A preganglionic fiber entering the chain may: | back 127 A. Ascend/descend then synapse |
front 128 Preganglionics reaching celiac ganglion travel via: | back 128 D. Splanchnic nerves |
front 129 Sympathetic outflow from T1 usually targets: | back 129 B. Head |
front 130 Sympathetic outflow from T3–T6 usually targets: | back 130 B. Neck |
front 131 Sympathetic outflow from T12–L2 usually targets: | back 131 D. Legs |
front 132 Sympathetic outflow from T7–T11 usually targets: | back 132 A. Abdomen |
front 133 Ganglionic cholinergic receptors are mainly: | back 133 C. Nicotinic ion channels |
front 134 Most parasympathetic effector receptors are: | back 134 B. Muscarinic GPCRs |
front 135 White rami communicantes carry mainly: | back 135 C. Preganglionic sympathetic fibers |
front 136 ACh is broken down into: | back 136 B. Choline and acetate ion |
front 137 Basal sympathetic tone most maintains: | back 137 B. Vascular resistance |
front 138 A selective β2 agonist used clinically is: | back 138 B. Albuterol |