front 1 The major fat in the human diet is: | back 1 C. Triacylglycerols |
front 2 Triacylglycerols consist of three fatty acids esterified to
a: | back 2 A. Glycerol backbone |
front 3 The lipase secreted in the mouth is: | back 3 D. Lingual lipase |
front 4 The lipase secreted in the stomach is: | back 4 B. Gastric lipase |
front 5 In the intestine, fats are emulsified by: | back 5 A. Bile salts |
front 6 Intestinal end products of triacylglycerol digestion are: | back 6 D. Free fatty acids, 2-monoacylglycerol |
front 7 The intestinal hormone that stimulates gallbladder + pancreas
secretion is: | back 7 B. Cholecystokinin |
front 8 Phospholipids are hydrolyzed in the intestinal lumen by: | back 8 C. Phospholipase A2 |
front 9 Cholesterol esters are hydrolyzed in the intestine by: | back 9 A. Cholesterol esterase |
front 10 Digestion products (FFA, cholesterol, etc.) form ____ with bile
acids: | back 10 D. Micelles |
front 11 Micelles promote lipid entry mainly by interacting with the: | back 11 B. Enterocyte membrane |
front 12 FFA and 2-monoacylglycerol are packaged with ____ into
chylomicrons: | back 12 C. Apolipoprotein B-48 |
front 13 Newly formed chylomicrons are secreted first into: | back 13 A. Lymph |
front 14 Intestinal lymph enters the bloodstream via the: | back 14 D. Thoracic duct |
front 15 Chylomicrons receive which apoproteins from HDL? | back 15 B. ApoC-II and ApoE |
front 16 ApoC-II and ApoE acquisition converts chylomicrons into: | back 16 C. Mature form |
front 17 ApoC-II activates which enzyme? | back 17 A. Lipoprotein lipase |
front 18 Lipoprotein lipase is located primarily on: | back 18 D. Capillary endothelium, muscle/adipose |
front 19 LPL digestion of chylomicron triglycerides produces: | back 19 B. Free fatty acids and glycerol |
front 20 Most released fatty acids enter nearby tissues for: | back 20 C. Energy use or storage |
front 21 Chylomicron-derived glycerol is primarily: | back 21 A. Metabolized by the liver |
front 22 After losing triglyceride, a chylomicron becomes: | back 22 D. Chylomicron remnant |
front 23 As triglyceride is removed, chylomicron density: | back 23 B. Increases |
front 24 The lymph system is best described as: | back 24 C. Vessels around interstitial spaces |
front 25 Sympathetic-chain–like lipid delivery to tissues depends critically
on: | back 25 A. Capillary LPL activity |
front 26 A child has severe hypertriglyceridemia after meals. Most likely
defect: | back 26 D. ApoC-II deficiency |
front 27 Failure to form chylomicrons in enterocytes most directly implicates
loss of: | back 27 C. ApoB-48 |
front 28 Thoracic duct obstruction would most directly impair: | back 28 B. Chylomicron entry to bloodstream |
front 29 Lymph fluid is most similar in composition to: | back 29 A. Plasma |
front 30 Lymph differs from blood mainly because it lacks: | back 30 B. Cells |
front 31 Icteric yellow discoloration from bilirubin accumulation is: | back 31 B. Jaundice |
front 32 Cholecystitis refers to: | back 32 C. Gallbladder inflammation |
front 33 Amylase is produced only in: | back 33 C. Salivary glands and pancreas acini |
front 34 Elevated lipase levels diagnose: | back 34 B. Pancreatitis |
front 35 Lipases preferentially hydrolyze: | back 35 D. Short/medium-chain fatty acids |
front 36 Typical American diet calories from fat are about: | back 36 C. 38% |
front 37 Recommended maximal fat intake is: | back 37 C. 30% of calories |
front 38 Long-chain fatty acids predominate in: | back 38 B. Breast milk |
front 39 Dominant long-chain fatty acids in breast milk include: | back 39 B. Palmitic, oleic, linoleic |
front 40 Infant human milk fat is readily absorbed because: | back 40 C. Lingual/gastric lipases compensate |
front 41 Bile salts are best described as: | back 41 B. Amphipathic compounds |
front 42 Bile salts act as detergents by: | back 42 B. Binding to fat globules |
front 43 Pancreatic lipase is secreted with ____ in response to CCK: | back 43 C. Colipase |
front 44 Secretin is released by the small intestine in response to: | back 44 C. Acid entering duodenum |
front 45 Secretin signals secretion of: | back 45 B. Bicarbonate |
front 46 Bicarbonate raises lumen pH optimal for intestinal enzymes to: | back 46 C. pH 6 |
front 47 Bile salts can inhibit pancreatic lipase by: | back 47 B. Coating the substrate |
front 48 Colipase enhances lipase function by: | back 48 C. Relieving bile salt inhibition |
front 49 Pancreatic lipase cleaves triglycerides mainly at positions: | back 49 A. 1 and 3 |
front 50 Hydrolysis at positions 1 and 3 of triglycerides yields
primarily: | back 50 A. Monoacylglycerol and FFAs |
front 51 Enzymes that remove fatty acids from compounds are: | back 51 D. Esterases |
front 52 Secretin stimulates bicarbonate release from: | back 52 A. Liver, pancreas, intestinal cells |
front 53 Acute right upper quadrant pain + fever suggests: | back 53 A. Cholecystitis |
front 54 Low pancreatic lipase in infants is partly offset by: | back 54 B. Lingual and gastric lipase |
front 55 Amphipathic bile salts contain: | back 55 C. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts |
front 56 If bile salts are absent, dietary fat digestion mainly decreases due
to: | back 56 B. Failure of emulsification |
front 57 Phospholipase A2 digestion produces: | back 57 B. Free fatty acid + lysophospholipid |
front 58 Micelles form when bile salts reach: | back 58 C. 5–15 mM |
front 59 Bile salts recirculate to the liver via: | back 59 B. Enterohepatic circulation |
front 60 Short/medium-chain fatty acid absorption does NOT require: | back 60 A. Bile salts |
front 61 Protein constituents of lipoproteins are: | back 61 C. Apolipoproteins |
front 62 Apolipoproteins are synthesized mainly on: | back 62 B. Rough ER |
front 63 Steatorrhea can result from insufficient: | back 63 B. Bile salt production/secretion |
front 64 Olestra is best described as: | back 64 C. Artificial noncaloric fat substitute |
front 65 Olestra yields no calories because it is: | back 65 D. Excreted intact in feces |
front 66 A common side effect of olestra is: | back 66 C. Cramping and diarrhea |
front 67 Chylomicrons float in plasma after centrifugation because they
are: | back 67 B. Least dense particles |
front 68 Chylomicrons are least dense because they have: | back 68 A. High triacylglycerol content |
front 69 Heparin dislodging LPL causes plasma: | back 69 A. Triglycerides to increase |
front 70 Chylomicrons appear in blood about: | back 70 B. 1–2 hours |
front 71 HDL contains the highest: | back 71 C. Protein concentration |
front 72 HDL also has the lowest: | back 72 B. Triglyceride concentration |
front 73 Chylomicron triglycerides are digested by: | back 73 C. Lipoprotein lipase |
front 74 LPL is bound to endothelial basement membranes via: | back 74 A. Myosin filaments |
front 75 LPL is produced primarily by: | back 75 C. Adipose, muscle, mammary cells |
front 76 After a meal, LPL activity is highest in: | back 76 A. Adipose tissue |
front 77 Adipose LPL synthesis is stimulated by: | back 77 C. Insulin |
front 78 A weight loss strategy targets inhibition of: | back 78 B. Pancreatic lipase |
front 79 Orlistat is a drug that inhibits: | back 79 A. Pancreatic lipase |
front 80 Orlistat is derived from lipostatin, a natural inhibitor from: | back 80 B. Bacteria |
front 81 Alcohol-induced pancreatitis can occur due to: | back 81 B. Proteinaceous duct plugs |
front 82 Proteinaceous plugs cause pancreatic injury by: | back 82 B. Back pressure and autodigestion |
front 83 Steatorrhea from bile salt deficiency is most likely due to: | back 83 A. Impaired micelle formation |
front 84 A patient can taste olestra but gains no calories because: | back 84 B. It is not metabolized |
front 85 Intestinal lymph enters bloodstream via the: | back 85 D. Thoracic duct |
front 86 Chylomicron assembly in enterocyte ER requires: | back 86 A. MTP |
front 87 Absent triglyceride transfer activity causes: | back 87 B. Abetalipoproteinemia |
front 88 MTP deficiency impairs assembly of: | back 88 C. Chylomicrons and VLDL |
front 89 A child with abetalipoproteinemia most likely has: | back 89 A. Steatorrhea and vomiting |
front 90 Intestinal phospholipid digestion uses: | back 90 C. Phospholipase A2 |
front 91 Chylomicron triglycerides are hydrolyzed by: | back 91 D. LPL |
front 92 LPL action on chylomicrons yields: | back 92 B. Fatty acids and glycerol |
front 93 Amylase is made only by: | back 93 B. Salivary glands and pancreas |
front 94 Parotid swelling with high amylase suggests: | back 94 D. Mumps |
front 95 Pancreatic amylase is produced by: | back 95 A. Acinar cells |
front 96 Lingual/gastric lipases prefer hydrolyzing: | back 96 C. Short/medium-chain fatty acids |
front 97 Pancreatic lipase is co-secreted with: | back 97 A. Colipase |
front 98 CCK release from intestine stimulates: | back 98 D. Lipase and colipase secretion |
front 99 Bile salts inhibit pancreatic lipase by: | back 99 C. Coating the substrate surface |
front 100 Bile salts are reabsorbed mainly in: | back 100 A. Ileum |
front 101 C4–C12 fatty acids can absorb without: | back 101 B. Bile salts |
front 102 Protein components of lipoproteins are: | back 102 A. Apolipoproteins |
front 103 Heparin reduces LPL activity by: | back 103 B. Dislodging LPL from capillaries |
front 104 Heparin dislodging LPL causes plasma: | back 104 A. Triglycerides to increase |
front 105 A noncaloric fat substitute is: | back 105 D. Olestra |
front 106 Olestra allows fat taste but: | back 106 C. Adds no dietary fat calories |
front 107 Which statement best fits abetalipoproteinemia? | back 107 C. MTP loss blocks chylomicrons |
front 108 VLDL assembly fails in abetalipoproteinemia because: | back 108 D. Hepatic MTP-dependent transfer fails |
front 109 Loss of chylomicron formation causes: | back 109 B. Lipid malabsorption with steatorrhea |
front 110 LPL-mediated triglyceride removal mainly supports: | back 110 A. Fatty acid uptake by tissues |