front 1 Skeletal System | back 1 Technically organs; contain more than one type of tissue |
front 2 Average number of bones | back 2 206 total bones on average |
front 3 Bone tissue composition | back 3 Mostly osseous (bone) tissue; also cartilage, muscle, nervous, and epithelial tissue |
front 4 Bone tissue activity | back 4 Active connective tissue constantly breaking down, regenerating, and repairing itself |
front 5 Skeleton renewal | back 5 You need a new skeleton every 7–10 years |
front 6 Support and scaffolding | back 6 Function of the skeletal system |
front 7 Movement | back 7 Ability to move around |
front 8 Mineral storage | back 8 Stores calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals |
front 9 Neuron and muscle function | back 9 Needed to keep neurons going and muscles contracting |
front 10 Homeostasis | back 10 Maintain homeostasis |
front 11 Blood calcium regulation | back 11 Regulating blood calcium levels |
front 12 Osteocalcin | back 12 Hormone produced by bones |
front 13 Osteocalcin function | back 13 Regulates bone formation; protects against glucose intolerance and diabetes |
front 14 Hematopoiesis | back 14 Blood cell production |
front 15 Axial bones | back 15 80 bones divided into the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage |
front 16 Axial skeleton function | back 16 Carry other body parts; provide skeleton support; organ protection |
front 17 Appendicular bones | back 17 Everything else |
front 18 Appendicular skeleton function | back 18 Bones that help us move around |
front 19 Long bones | back 19 Example: Fibula, Tibia |
front 20 Short bones | back 20 Bone shape type |
front 21 Flat bones | back 21 Bone shape type |
front 22 Irregular bones | back 22 Bone shape type |
front 23 Compact bone | back 23 Dense smooth external layer of bone |
front 24 Cortical bone | back 24 Another name for compact bone |
front 25 Spongy bone | back 25 Porous area of bone |
front 26 Trabeculae | back 26 Tiny cross-hatching supports in spongy bone |
front 27 Trabeculae function | back 27 Help the bone resist stress |
front 28 Bone marrow location | back 28 Found in spongy bone |
front 29 Red bone marrow | back 29 Produces blood cells |
front 30 Yellow bone marrow | back 30 Stores energy as fat |
front 31 Epiphyses | back 31 Tips of long bones where spongy bone and red marrow are concentrated |
front 32 Diaphysis | back 32 Long bone’s shaft |
front 33 Medullary cavity | back 33 Hollow cavity in the diaphysis filled with yellow marrow |
front 34 Osteons | back 34 Cylindrical, weight-bearing structures that run parallel to the bone’s axis |
front 35 Osteon structure | back 35 Tubes inside of tubes |
front 36 Lamellae | back 36 Concentric (circular) tubes of osteons |
front 37 Collagen fibers | back 37 Fill lamellae and run in the same direction |
front 38 Alternating lamellae pattern | back 38 Neighboring lamellae run in different directions |
front 39 Torsion resistance | back 39 Helps resist torsion stress |
front 40 Central canals | back 40 Hold nerves and blood vessels |
front 41 Lacunae | back 41 Tiny spaces between layers of lamellae |
front 42 Osteocytes | back 42 Mature bone cells housed in lacunae |
front 43 Osteocyte function | back 43 Monitor and maintain the bone matrix |
front 44 Osteoblasts | back 44 Bone makers |
front 45 Cartilage origin | back 45 Bone tissue starts off as cartilage |
front 46 Osteoblast secretion | back 46 Collagen and enzymes that absorb calcium, phosphate, and other minerals |
front 47 Calcium phosphate | back 47 Minerals that crystallize to form bone matrix |
front 48 Bone matrix composition | back 48 1/3 mineral, 2/3 protein |
front 49 Osteoclasts | back 49 Bone breakers |
front 50 Bone remodeling | back 50 Process maintained by osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
front 51 Fracture detection | back 51 Osteocytes detect tiny fractures |
front 52 Chemical signaling | back 52 Osteocytes release chemical signals to direct osteoclasts |
front 53 Resorption | back 53 Osteoclasts dissolve calcium phosphate and release components into the blood |
front 54 Rebuilding | back 54 Osteoblasts rebuild bone |
front 55 Apoptosis | back 55 Osteoclasts self-destruct |
front 56 Exercise effect | back 56 Stimulates bone remodeling and bone strength |
front 57 Low gravity effect | back 57 Osteoclast resorption increases; osteoblast formation decreases |
front 58 Joints (articulations) | back 58 Meeting places between two or more bones |
front 59 Structural classification | back 59 What joints are made of / material binding bones |
front 60 Fibrous joints | back 60 Bones connected by dense fibrous connective tissue; don’t move |
front 61 Cartilaginous joints | back 61 Bones united by cartilage; don’t move very much |
front 62 Synchondroses | back 62 Type of cartilaginous joint |
front 63 Symphyses | back 63 Type of cartilaginous joint |
front 64 Synovial joints | back 64 Freely moveable joints |
front 65 Articular cartilage | back 65 Covers opposing bone surfaces |
front 66 Ligaments | back 66 Bandlike structures in synovial joints |
front 67 Joint cavity | back 67 Space within synovial joint |
front 68 Synovial fluid | back 68 Lubricant |
front 69 Fibrous joint capsule | back 69 Encloses synovial joint |
front 70 Sensory nerves and blood vessels | back 70 Found in synovial joints |
front 71 Plane joints | back 71 Gliding movement |
front 72 Gliding movement | back 72 Flat bone surface glides over another |
front 73 Hinge joints | back 73 Uniaxial movement |
front 74 Flexion | back 74 Bending that decreases joint angle |
front 75 Extension | back 75 Bending that increases joint angle |
front 76 Hyperextension | back 76 Dangerous overextension |
front 77 Condylar joints | back 77 Biaxial movement |
front 78 Abduction | back 78 Movement away from the body |
front 79 Adduction | back 79 Movement toward the body |
front 80 Circumduction | back 80 Circular movement |
front 81 Ball-and-socket joints | back 81 Multiaxial movement |
front 82 Rotation | back 82 Bone turns around its axis |
front 83 Saddle joints | back 83 Opposition movement |
front 84 Pivot joints | back 84 Supination and pronation |
front 85 Supination | back 85 Rotation forward or anteriorly |
front 86 Pronation | back 86 Rotation backward or posteriorly |
front 87 Function classification | back 87 What joints do and how much they move |
front 88 Synarthroses | back 88 Non-moving joints |
front 89 Amphiarthroses | back 89 Partly-moving joints |
front 90 Diarthroses | back 90 Fully moveable joints |
front 91 Diarthroses location | back 91 Mostly found in limbs |
front 92 Exoskeleton | back 92 Outside skeleton |
front 93 Endoskeleton | back 93 Inside skeleton |
front 94 Skeletal support | back 94 Supports and framework for movement |
front 95 Organ protection | back 95 Protects vital organs |
front 96 Storage function | back 96 Storage of calcium and hematopoiesis |
front 97 5 primary skeletal functions | back 97 Support; storage of minerals and lipids; blood cell production; protection; leverage |
front 98 Bone classification | back 98 Shape; internal tissue organization; bone markings |
front 99 Flat bones | back 99 Shape of bones |
front 100 Long bones | back 100 Shape of bones |
front 101 Short bones | back 101 Shape of bones |
front 102 Irregular bones | back 102 Shape of bones |
front 103 Structure of a long bone | back 103 Diaphysis and epiphysis |
front 104 Diaphysis | back 104 Shaft with compact bone and medullary cavity |
front 105 Epiphysis | back 105 Wide ends; articulation with other bones; mostly spongy bone; covered with compact bone |