front 1 what is a variant? | back 1 a virus whose genome sequence differs (varies from a reference virus |
front 2 what is a strain/serotype? | back 2 a variant that possess unique and stable phenotypic characteristics; also referred to as a serotype |
front 3 what is antigenic drift? | back 3 selection favors those strains that don't illicit a strong immune response coupled with antigenic original sin, it means that response can be very different the accumulation of minor genetic changes |
front 4 what is antigenic shift? | back 4 simultaneous infection of pigs with both human and avian influenza strains leads to a unique new strain of virus the human population is entirely unprepared |
front 5 what is gene conversion? | back 5 when a trypanosome infects a human, it will replicate before adaptive immunity can fight it. most of the resulting trypanosomes will express the same dominant VSG chronic cycle of antibody production and antigen clearance leads to immune complex deposition and heavy inflammation eventually neurological damage results and the individual falls into a coma malaria uses a similar evasion strategy |
front 6 what is VSG? | back 6 variable surface genome, only one of those variants can be expressed at a time |
front 7 what is superantigen? | back 7 a molecule that, by binding nonspecifically to MHC class II molecules and T cell receptors, stimulates the polyclonal activation of T cells |
front 8 how does a superantigen work? | back 8 usually, they contain binding sites that allow them to cross-link MHC class II (on the APC) as well as the antigen receptor and CD28 (on the CD4+ T cell) results in non-specific activation of CD4+ T cells and excessive amounts of IL-2, IFNy, and TNFa |
front 9 primary immunodeficieny | back 9 an immunodeficiency resulting from an inherited defect in immune development or function loosely categorized by effects innate or adaptive responses; grouped by the specific components they affect all immune components (innate or adaptive, humoral or cell-mediated) can be affected nature of innate immune defect will determine which pathogens are most problematic |
front 10 what are the warning signs of primary immunodeficiency? | back 10 early detection is key for primary immunodeficiency recurrent infections are often an indication can be difficult to detect based on the presence of maternal antibodies if there is cause for concern the response to vaccines can be monitored newborn blood samples are screened for TCR excision circles |
front 11 secondary immunodeficiency | back 11 a condition where the immune system becomes compromised due to external factors, such as infections like HIV/AIDS, malnutrition, certain medications like chemotherapy, or chronic illness |
front 12 what is an opportunistic infection? | back 12 an infection that takes place when a pathogen only cause serious illness in individuals with a weakened immune system |
front 13 what is SCID? | back 13 severe combined immunodeficiency stems from genetic defects leading to a lack of T cells in the periphery defective differentiation of myeloid and lymphoid lineages from HSCs defective cytokine signaling in T-cell progenitors defects in purine metabolism rearrangement defects caused by RAG1, RAG2, or other proteins involved in gene rearrangement signaling defects of pre-TCR or TCR |
front 14 what causes SCID? | back 14 reticular dysgenesis ADA deficiency impaired RAG1/2 disruption of genes for cytokine signaling disruption of the genes involved in pre-TCR and pre-TCR signaling |
front 15 bare-lymphocyte syndrome | back 15 no MHC class II molecules lack of positive T cell selection events impaired peripheral helper T cell responses |
front 16 defective MHC class I expression | back 16 mutated TAP genes impaired positive selection of CD8+ T cells heightened susceptibility to viral infections |
front 17 hyper IgM syndrome | back 17 deficiency in CD40L impairing communications between helper T cells and APCs impairs interactions between B cells and helper T cells leading to limited production of antibodies to T-dependent Ag production of Ab to T-independent Ag not affected, leading to high levels of IgM |
front 18 hyper IgE syndrome | back 18 characterized by skin abscesses, recurrent pneumonia, eczema, and high levels of IgE may be accompanied by facial abnormalities and bone fragility induced by STAT3 gene mutation causes dysregulation of TH pathways, particularly TH17 |
front 19 CVID | back 19 common variable immunodeficiency disorders several defects induce this problem allows recurrent infections due to immunodeficiency one or more antibody levels are seriously reduced, though B cell numbers are usually normal |
front 20 X-linked agammaglobulinemia | back 20 extremely low levels of IgG, absence of other isotypes, causes recurrent bacterial infections caused by a defect in Bruton's tyrosine kinase required for BCR signal transduction B cells are locked in the pro- to pre-B cell stage in the bone marrow disease managed by antibiotics and passive antibodies |
front 21 leukocyte adhesion deficiency | back 21 caused by an abnormality in the gene for the common B chain of inegrin adhesion molecules limits leukocyte recruitment to inflamed areas higher susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections severity of defect varies for unknown reasons |
front 22 chronic granulomatous disease | back 22 defect in NADPH oxidative pathway used by phagocytes to generate ROS results in more bacterial/fungal infections and higher degrees of inflammation responses that produce granulomas treatment relies on anti-fungal/antibacterial drugs |
front 23 general complement deficiency | back 23 C4 defects: generalized failure to activate complement alternative pathway failure: failure of entire pathway often results in greater likelihood of bacterial/fungal infections |
front 24 IPEX | back 24 mutated and inactive FoxP3 gene preventing development and function of T(REG) cells allows autoreactive T cells that escape the thymus to go unchecked immune destruction of bowel, pancreas, thyroid, skin can result in death before 2 years of age |
front 25 APECED | back 25 caused by a mutation in the AIRE gene for autoimmmune regulatory activities allows escape of autoreactive T cells from the thymus, causing organ-specific autoimmunity |
front 26 replacement therapy | back 26 passive Ig injection production and injection of recombinant protein |
front 27 gene therapy | back 27 replacement of missing or defective gene |
front 28 bone marrow transplantation | back 28 replacement of missing cell type or lineage |
front 29 what are the causes of secondary immunodeficiency? | back 29 acquired hypogammaglobulinemia agent-induced immunodeficiency infectious disease |
front 30 how is HIV spread? | back 30 intimate contact with infected body fluids vaginal/anal intercourse receipt of infected blood/blood products passage of HIV from mother to infant |
front 31 what are the important structural components of HIV? | back 31 RNA retro-virus expresses gp120 and gp41 glycoproteins preferentially infects CD4+ T cells binds CD4 and then CXCR4 and/or CCR5 |
front 32 what are the three structural genes of HIV? | back 32 gag pol env |
front 33 what are the three phases of HIV infection? | back 33 acute phase asymptomatic phase AIDS |
front 34 what are the targets of HAART? | back 34 chemokine receptor antagonists fusion inhibition RT inhibition integrase inhibition protease inhibition |
front 35 what are some of the challenges to finding an HIV vaccine? | back 35 a vaccine is hard to produce virus mutates rapidly trials have been ineffective dangers of testing attenuated vaccines |