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135 notecards = 34 pages (4 cards per page)

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Infectious Diseases Manifesting in the Genitourinary System

front 1

urinary tract infections causative agents

back 1

E.coli, staphylococcus saprophyticus, enterococcus

front 2

urinary tract infections mode of transmission

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opportunism: transfer from GI tract (community-acquired) or environment or GI tract (via catheter)

front 3

urinary tract infection culture/diagnosis

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usually culture-based; antimicrobial susceptibilities always checked

front 4

urinary tract infection prevention

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hygiene practices; in case of CA-UTIs, limit catheter usage

front 5

E. coli (urinary tract infection) virulence factors

back 5

adhesions, motility

front 6

staphylococcus saprophyticus (urinary tract infection) treatment

back 6

usually nitrofurantoin

front 7

E. coli (urinary tract infection) treatment

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usually nitrofurantoin

front 8

E. coli (urinary tract infection) epidemiological features

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causes 90% of community UTIs and 50-70% of CA-UTIs

front 9

staphylococcus saprophyticus (urinary tract infection) epidemiological features

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causes small percentage of community UTIs and even lower percentage of CA-UTIs

front 10

enterococcus (urinary tract infection) treatment

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based on susceptibility testing; vancomycin-resistant enterococcus is in serious threat category in CDC antibiotic resistance report

front 11

enterococcus (urinary tract infection) epidemiological features

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frequent cause of CA-UTIs

front 12

urinary tract infection disease table

back 12

front 13

leptospirosis disease table

back 13

front 14

leptospirosis causative agent

back 14

leptospira interrogans

front 15

leptospirosis mode of transmission

back 15

vehicle: contaminated soil or water

front 16

leptospirosis virulence factors

back 16

adhesions, invasion proteins

front 17

leptospirosis culture/diagnosis

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slide agglutination test of patient's blood for antibodies; in the US, CDC will culture specimens

front 18

leptospirosis prevention

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avoiding contaminated vehicles

front 19

leptospirosis treatment

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doxycycline, penicillin G, or ceftriaxone

front 20

leptospirosis epidemiological features

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US: 100 to 200 cases per year, half in Hawaii; internationally: 80% of people in tropical areas are seropositive

front 21

urinary schistosomiasis disease table

back 21

front 22

urinary schistosomiasis causative agent

back 22

schistosoma haematobium

front 23

urinary schistosomiasis mode of transmission

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vehicle; contaminated water

front 24

urinary schistosomiasis virulence factors

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antigenic "cloaking," induction of granulomatous response

front 25

urinary schistosomiasis culture/diagnosis

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identification of eggs in urine, PCR methods

front 26

urinary schistosomiasis prevention

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avoiding contaminated vehicles

front 27

urinary schistosomiasis treatment

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praziquantel

front 28

urinary schistosomiasis epidemiological features

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endemic in africa, middle east, india, and turkey, in sub-saharan african: 120 million infected

front 29

vaginitis disease table

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front 30

vaginitis causative agents

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candida albicans and trichomonas vaginalis

front 31

vaginitis (candida albicans) mode of transmission

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opportunism

front 32

vaginitis (candida albicans) culture/diagnosis

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wet prep or gram stain

front 33

vaginitis (candida albicans) treatment

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topical or oral azole drugs, some over-the-counter drugs

front 34

vaginitis (candida albicans) distinctive features

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white, curd-like discharge

front 35

vaginitis (candida albicans) epidemiological features

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US: causes 20% of all vaginitis cases; 75% women reported to have had at least one infection in their lifetimes

front 36

vaginitis (trichomonas vaginalis) mode of transmission

back 36

direct contact (STI)

front 37

vaginitis (trichomonas vaginalis) culture/diagnosis

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protozoa seen on pap smear or gram stain; culture is the gold standard

front 38

vaginitis (trichomonas vaginalis) prevention

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barrier use during intercourse

front 39

vaginitis (trichomonas vaginalis) distinctive features

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discharge may be greenish

front 40

vaginitis (trichomonas vaginalis) epidemiological features

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7 to 8 million women infected per year

front 41

vaginosis disease table

back 41

front 42

vaginosis causative organisms

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mixed infection

front 43

vaginosis mode of transmission

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opportunism or STI

front 44

vaginosis culture/diagnosis

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visual exam of vagina or clue cells seen in pap smear or other smear

front 45

vaginosis treatment

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metronidazole or clindamycin

front 46

vaginosis distinctive features

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discharge may have fishy smell

front 47

vaginosis epidemiological features

back 47

US: estimated 7.4 million new cases per year; internationally: prevalence rates vary by country from 20% to 51%

front 48

prostatitis disease table

back 48

front 49

prostatitis causative agent

back 49

GI tract biota

front 50

prostatitis mode of transmission

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endogenous transfer from GI tract; otherwise unknown

front 51

prostatitis virulence factors

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various

front 52

prostatitis culture/diagnosis

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digital rectal exam to examine prostate; culture or urine or semen

front 53

prostatitis treatment

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antibiotics, muscle relaxers, alpha blockers

front 54

prostatitis distinctive features

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pain in genital area and or/back, difficulty urinating

front 55

prostatitis epidemiological features

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US: 50% of men experience during lifetime

front 56

gonorrhea disease table

back 56

front 57

chlamydia disease table

back 57

front 58

gonorrhea causative agent

back 58

neisseria gonorrhoeae

front 59

gonorrhea mode of transmission

back 59

direct contact (STI), also vertical

front 60

gonorrhea virulence factors

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fimbrial adhesins, antigenic vvariation, IgA protease, membrane blebs/endotoxin

front 61

gonorrhea culture/diagnosis

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gram stain in males, rapid tests (PCR, ELISA) for females, culture on thayer-martin agar

front 62

gonorrhea prevention

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avoid contact; condom use

front 63

gonorrhea treatment

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coinfection by gonorrhea and chlamydia should be assumed; treat with ceftriaxone + azithromycin; antibiotic-resistant strains on urgent threat list from CDC

front 64

gonorrhea distinctive features

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rare complications include arthritis, meningitis, and endocarditis

front 65

gonorrhea effects on fetus

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eye infections, blindness

front 66

gonorrhea epidemiological features

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US: increased 56% since 2015; internationally: 26 million cases

front 67

chlamydia causative agent

back 67

chlamydia tranchomatis

front 68

chlamydia mode of transmission

back 68

direct contract (STI), vertical

front 69

chlamydia virulence factors

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intracellular growth resulting in avoiding immune system and cytokine release, unusual cell wall preventing phagolysosome fusion

front 70

chlamydia culture/diagnosis

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PCR or ELISA, can be followed by cell culture

front 71

chlamydia prevention

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avoid contact; condom use

front 72

chlamydia treatment

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coinfecction by chlamydia and gonorrhea should be assumed; treat with doxycycline or azithromycin

front 73

chlamydia distinctive features

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more commonly asymptomatic than gonorrhea

front 74

chlamydia effects on fetus

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eye infections, pneumonia

front 75

chlamydia epidemiological features

back 75

US: 92% increase since 2009; internationally: eye infection (trachoma) has 90% prevalence rate in developing world

front 76

syphilis disease table

back 76

front 77

chancroid disease table

back 77

front 78

herpes disease table

back 78

front 79

syphilis causative agent

back 79

treponema pallidum

front 80

syphilis mode of transmission

back 80

direct contact and vertical

front 81

syphilis virulence factors

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lipoproteins

front 82

syphilis culture/diagnosis

back 82

direct tests, blood tests for treponemal and nontreponemal antibodies, PCR

front 83

syphilis prevention

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antibiotic treatment of all possible contacts, avoiding contact

front 84

syphilis treatment

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penicillin G

front 85

syphilis distinctive features

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three stages of disease plus latent period, possibly fatal

front 86

syphilis effects on fetus

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congenital syphilis

front 87

syphilis epidemiological features

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US: estimated 120,000 new cases per year; internationally; estimated 12 million new infections per year

front 88

chancroid causative agent

back 88

haemophilus ducreyi

front 89

chancroid mode transmission

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direct contact (vertical transmission not documented)

front 90

chancroid virulence factors

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hemolysin (exotoxin)

front 91

chancroid culture/diagnosis

back 91

rule out other ulcer diseases

front 92

chancroid prevention

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avoiding contact

front 93

chancroid treatment

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ceftriaxone or azithromycin

front 94

chancroid distinctive features

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no systemic effects

front 95

chancroid effects of fetus

back 95

none

front 96

chancroid epidemiological features

back 96

US: no more than a handful per year; internationally: estimated 7 million cases annually

front 97

herpes causative agent

back 97

herpes simplex 1 and 2

front 98

herpes mode of transmission

back 98

direct contact, vertical

front 99

herpes virulence factors

back 99

latency

front 100

herpes culture/diagnosis

back 100

clinical presentation, PCR, Ab tests, growth of virus in cell culture

front 101

herpes prevention

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avoiding contact, antivirals can reduce recurrences

front 102

herpes treatment

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acyclovir and derivatives

front 103

herpes distinctive features

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ranges from asymptomatic to frequent recurrences

front 104

herpes effects on fetus

back 104

blindness, disseminated herpes infection

front 105

herpes epidemiological features

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US: 25% prevalence in adults; internationally: estimated 536 million infected in 15-49 age group

front 106

wart diseases causative agents

back 106

HPV and molluscum contagiosum

front 107

HPV disease table

back 107

front 108

molluscum contagiosum disease table

back 108

front 109

HPV causative agent

back 109

human papillomaviruses

front 110

HPV mode of transmission

back 110

direct contact (STI), also auto inoculation, indirect contact

front 111

HPV virulence factors

back 111

oncogenes (in the case of malignant types of HPV)

front 112

HPV culture and diagnosis

back 112

PCR tests for certain HPV types, clinical diagnosis; pap smear

front 113

HPV prevention

back 113

vaccine available; avoid direct contact and prevent cancer by screening cervix

front 114

HPV treatment

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warts or precancerous tissue can be removed; virus not treatable

front 115

HPV distinguishing features

back 115

infection may or may not results in warts; infection may result in malignancy

front 116

HPV effects on fetus

back 116

may cause laryngeal warts

front 117

HPV epidemiological features

back 117

US: estimated 6 million new infections per year, 12,000 new cases of HPV-associated cervical cancer

front 118

molluscum contagiosum causative agent

back 118

poxvirus, sometimes called the molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV)

front 119

molluscum contagiosum mode of transmission

back 119

direct contact (STI), also indirect and autoinoculation

front 120

molluscum contagiosum culutre/diagnosis

back 120

clinical diagnosis, also histology, PCR

front 121

molluscum contagiosum prevention

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avoid detection contact

front 122

molluscum contagiosum treatment

back 122

warts can be removed; virus not treatable

front 123

molluscum contagiosum distinguishing features

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wart-like growths are only known consequence of infection

front 124

molluscum contagiosum epidemiological features

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US: affects 2-10% of children annually

front 125

group b streptococcus disease table

back 125

front 126

group b streptococcus mode of transmission

back 126

vertical

front 127

group bstreptococcus culture/diagnosis

back 127

culture of mother's genital tract

front 128

group b streptococcus prevention/treatment

back 128

treat mother with penicillin/ampicillin

front 129

group b streptococcus epidemiological features

back 129

US: vaginal carriage rates 15%-45%, neonatal sepsis due to this occurs in 1.8-3.2 per 1,000 live births; internationally: vaginal carriage rates 12%-27%

front 130

gram-positive bacteria

back 130

saphylococcus saprophyticus

group b stretococcus

front 131

gram-negative bacteria

back 131

E. coli

enterococcus

leptospira interrogans

neisseria gonorrhoeae

chlamydia trachomatis

treponema pallidum

haemophilus ducreyi

front 132

DNA viruses

back 132

herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2

human papillomaviruses

pox viruses

front 133

fungi

back 133

candida albicans

front 134

protozoa

back 134

trichomonas vaginalis

front 135

helminth-trematode

back 135

schistosoma haematobium