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18 BMD 430 lecture 18

front 1 1. The key difference between active and passive immunization is: A. Active immunization provides immediate immunity B. Passive immunization requires antigen exposure C. Active immunization induces memory cell formation D. Passive immunization lasts longer than active	back 1 C. Active immunization induces memory cell formation
front 2 2. Which of the following is an example of natural passive immunity? A. Breast milk antibodies B. Receiving a flu vaccine C. Recovering from measles infection D. Injection with antivenom	back 2 A. Breast milk antibodies
front 3 3. Passive immunization is advantageous because: A. It provides long-term protection B. It gives immediate protection C. It enhances T cell memory D. It can be administered orally only	back 3 B. It gives immediate protection
front 4 4. The term “horse α-snake” in vaccines refers to: A. Recombinant vaccines B. Source species of antibodies C. Attenuated virus strain D. Chemical adjuvant	back 4 B. Source species of antibodies

front 5 5. What is the main goal of vaccination? A. To treat infections B. To boost innate immunity C. To generate long-term adaptive immune memory D. To increase white blood cell count	back 5 C. To generate long-term adaptive immune memory
front 6 6. The difference between vaccination and immunization is: A. Immunization always requires an injection B. Vaccination causes passive immunity C. Vaccination introduces antigen; immunization is the resulting protection D. There is no difference	back 6 C. Vaccination introduces antigen; immunization is the resulting protection
front 7 7. Which disease is the only one eradicated by vaccination? A. Measles B. Smallpox C. Polio D. Tetanus	back 7 B. Smallpox
front 8 8. Live attenuated vaccines: A. Contain dead microorganisms B. Provide weaker immune responses C. Can replicate in the host D. Cannot cause infection in immunocompromised people	back 8 C. Can replicate in the host

front 9 9. Which vaccine type carries no risk of infection? A. Live attenuated B. Inactivated/killed C. Recombinant vector D. mRNA	back 9 B. Inactivated/killed
front 10 10. The oral and inactivated polio vaccines differ because: A. Both are live B. The oral form induces mucosal IgA immunity C. The inactivated form is more natural D. The oral form is injected	back 10 B. The oral form induces mucosal IgA immunity
front 11 11. What is an adjuvant? A. A stabilizer in vaccines B. A molecule that enhances immune response C. A viral antigen D. A carbohydrate subunit	back 11 B. A molecule that enhances immune response
front 12 12. Liposomes and ISCOMs are used in vaccines to: A. Kill bacteria directly B. Deliver antigens more effectively C. Replace adjuvants D. Increase shelf life	back 12 B. Deliver antigens more effectively

front 13 13. The NVICP (National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program) was created to: A. Fund new vaccine research B. Compensate people injured by vaccines C. Mandate vaccinations for all citizens D. Approve vaccine licensing	back 13 B. Compensate people injured by vaccines
front 14 14. The VAERS system is used to: A. Record and monitor vaccine side effects B. Create new vaccines C. Approve vaccine safety D. Distribute vaccines	back 14 A. Record and monitor vaccine side effects
front 15 15. Non-vaccination can lead to: A. Herd immunity B. Disease outbreaks C. Higher antibody levels D. Reduced transmission	back 15 B. Disease outbreaks
front 16 16. Therapeutic vaccines are designed to: A. Prevent infection B. Treat existing diseases like cancer or HIV C. Induce allergies D. Replace antibodies	back 16 B. Treat existing diseases like cancer or HIV

front 17 17. The spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 binds to which receptor? A. CD4 B. ACE2 C. MHC I D. FcγR	back 17 B. ACE2
front 18 18. The relationship between infectivity and mortality generally shows: A. Highly infectious diseases are always deadly B. As infectivity increases, mortality often decreases C. There is no relationship D. High mortality always means high infectivity	back 18 B. As infectivity increases, mortality often decreases
front 19 19. How do mRNA vaccines work? A. They deliver antibodies directly B. They provide live viruses C. They use host cells to make viral proteins that trigger immunity D. They neutralize toxins	back 19 C. They use host cells to make viral proteins that trigger immunity
front 20 20. Herd immunity occurs when: A. Everyone is infected B. Enough people are immune that disease spread is limited C. Immunity only exists in animals D. Only children are vaccinated	back 20 B. Enough people are immune that disease spread is limited

front 21 21. What is the main advantage and disadvantage of passive immunization? A. Advantage: long-lasting; Disadvantage: slow onset B. Advantage: immediate protection; Disadvantage: no memory, short-lived C. Advantage: stimulates memory; Disadvantage: requires multiple doses D. Advantage: prevents viral entry; Disadvantage: causes autoimmunity	back 21 B. Advantage: immediate protection; Disadvantage: no memory, short-lived
front 22 22. Which factor contributed MOST to the eradication of smallpox? A. Animal reservoirs that diluted the virus B. Lack of symptoms in infected individuals C. Human-only reservoir, visible rash, and an effective vaccine D. Short survival of the virus outside the body	back 22 C. Human-only reservoir, visible rash, and an effective vaccine
front 23 23. What are the three main goals of vaccination? A. Increase antibody decay, reduce immunity, create tolerance B. Prevent disease, reduce transmission, achieve herd immunity C. Boost inflammation, increase fever, activate macrophages D. Eliminate all pathogens worldwide	back 23 B. Prevent disease, reduce transmission, achieve herd immunity
front 24 24. Which option correctly defines an adjuvant and gives an example? A. A toxin that weakens vaccines; example: botulinum toxin B. A compound that enhances immune responses; example: alum C. A viral vector for vaccines; example: adenovirus D. A memory cell marker; example: CD40L	back 24 B. A compound that enhances immune responses; example: alum

front 25 25. What is the difference between variolation and vaccination? A. Variolation uses cowpox; vaccination uses smallpox B. Variolation uses weakened virus; vaccination uses inactivated virus C. Variolation used smallpox material; vaccination used cowpox for safer immunity D. They are identical practices	back 25 C. Variolation used smallpox material; vaccination used cowpox for safer immunity
front 26 26. What is rational vaccine design? A. Randomly testing antigens until immunity is generated B. Using computational models only C. Designing vaccines based on antigen structure, immune mechanisms, and genetics D. Creating vaccines without considering immune response	back 26 C. Designing vaccines based on antigen structure, immune mechanisms, and genetics
front 27 27. How does SARS-CoV-2 enter host cells? A. Using MHC I receptors B. Spike protein binding to ACE2 receptors C. Attaching to red blood cells D. Binding complement proteins	back 27 B. Spike protein binding to ACE2 receptors
front 28 28. What is the purpose of a vaccine booster? A. To suppress memory cells B. To reduce antibody levels C. To increase or renew memory responses and raise antibody titers D. To replace previous vaccinations entirely	back 28 C. To increase or renew memory responses and raise antibody titers

front 29 29. What is herd immunity threshold? A. The number of people who choose not to get vaccinated B. The percent of a population that must be immune to stop disease spread C. The minimum number of vaccine doses needed per person D. The amount of viral load required for infection	back 29 B. The percent of a population that must be immune to stop disease spread
front 30 30. What is the purpose of VAERS? A. To approve new vaccines B. To track and investigate reports of adverse vaccine events C. To produce vaccines for public use D. To measure antibody titers after vaccination	back 30 B. To track and investigate reports of adverse vaccine events