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63 notecards = 16 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

A&P chapters 22 + 23

front 1

what does the respiratory system contain?

back 1

  • upper respiratory tract
  • lower respiratory tract

front 2

upper respiratory tract contains

back 2

  • the nose
  • the nasal cavities
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • upper trachea

front 3

lower respiratory tract

back 3

  • lower trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli

front 4

nasal cavities

back 4

separated into right and left halves by a nasal septum

front 5

the pharynx includes three parts

back 5

  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx

front 6

thyroid cartliage

back 6

largest of the cartilaginous structures

front 7

epiglottis

back 7

located at the top of the larynx, acts as a flap, covers the opening of the trachea during eating so that the food doesn't enter the lungs

front 8

the space between the vocal cords

back 8

glottis

front 9

false vocal cords

back 9

do not produce sounds

front 10

true vocal cords

back 10

produce sound, air slowing, air flowing from the lungs through the glottis during exhalation

front 11

windpipe

back 11

tube 4 to 5 inches in length and 1 inch in diameter

front 12

carina

back 12

point where the trachea splits at the manubriosternal junction ( where the manubrium of the sternum meets the sternal body)

front 13

tracheostomy

back 13

tube that bypasses the obstruction and allows air to flow through the tube into the lungs

front 14

bronchial tree consists of

back 14

  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
  • resembles an upside down tree

front 15

primary bronchi

back 15

enters the lungs at a region called the hilus

front 16

left bronchus

back 16

narrower because the heart lies to the left side of chest

front 17

right bronchus

back 17

shorter and wider and extends downward in a vertical direction

front 18

bronchioles

back 18

regulate the flow of air to the alveoli

front 19

alveoli

back 19

small grape like structures, tiny air sacs that form at the end of the respiratory passages

front 20

alveoli function

back 20

to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide across the alveolar- pulmonary capillary membrane

front 21

pleura

back 21

lining of the inner chest wall, continuous serous membrane

front 22

tendency of the lungs to collapse is due to two factors:

back 22

  • elastic recoil
  • alveolar surface tension

front 23

surfactant

back 23

decreases surface tension

front 24

negative intrapleural pressure

back 24

remains negative when no holes exist in the chest wall

front 25

respiration includes

back 25

  • ventilation or breathing
  • exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide by the blood

front 26

respiratory cycle

back 26

one inhalation and one exhalation

front 27

anatomical dead space

back 27

some air that you inhale never reaches the alveoli, it is not available for gas exchange

front 28

normal breathing

back 28

rhythmic and involuntary

front 29

medullary respiratory control center

back 29

main control center for breathing, located in the medulla, sets the basic breathing rhythm

front 30

phrenic nerve

back 30

nerve for the diaphragm

front 31

the exchange of gases occurs at two sites

back 31

the lungs and the cells

front 32

three conditions make alveoli suited for exchange

back 32

  • large surface area
  • thin alveolar and capillary walls
  • closeness of the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries

front 33

functions of digestive system

back 33

  • ingestion of food
  • digestion
  • absorption of end-products
  • elimination of waste

front 34

accessory organs of digestive system include

back 34

  • salivary organs include
  • teeth
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas

front 35

digestion

back 35

process by which food is broken down into smaller particles suitable for absorption

front 36

two types of digestion

back 36

  • mechanical- breakdown of large food particles into smaller pieces by physical means
  • chemical- the chemical alteration of food by chemical substances such as digestive enzymes, acid and bile

front 37

the walls of the digestive tract has 4 layers

back 37

  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscle layer
  • serosa

front 38

mouth AKA oral cavity

back 38

beginning of digestive tract

contains: teeth- tongue- salivary glands

front 39

teeth names

back 39

  • incisors
  • cuspids
  • premolars
  • molars

front 40

the tongue has two structures

back 40

  • mucous membrane called frenulum which anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth
  • capillary network that provides sublingual area with rich blood supply

front 41

parotid glands

back 41

largest; lies below and anterior to the ears

front 42

submandibular glands

back 42

located in the floor of mouth

front 43

sublingual glands

back 43

located under the tongue and are the smallest

front 44

uvula

back 44

a v-shaped piece of soft tissue that hangs down from the upper back region of the mouth and aids in swallowing

front 45

pharynx

AKA throat

back 45

involved in swallowing by reflex action called delgtuiotn

front 46

esophagus

back 46

tube-like structure that carries the food from the pharynx to the stomach

front 47

two sphincters in esophagus

back 47

  • phayngoesophageal sphincter-located at the top of the esophagus
  • gastrosophageal or lower esophageal sphincter- located at the base of the esophagus

front 48

stomach performs 5 functions

back 48

  • digestion of food
  • secretion of gastric juices, digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid
  • secretion of gastric hormones and intrinsic factor
  • regulation of the rate and delivery of partially digested food to small intestine

front 49

peristalsis

back 49

moves the propels the food toward the pylorus

front 50

small intestine

back 50

  • 20 feet long
  • held in place by the mesentery

front 51

small intestine has three parts

back 51

  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum

front 52

most digestion and absorption occurs in where?

back 52

duodenum

front 53

large intestine has 4 parts

back 53

  • cecum
  • colon
  • rectum
  • anal canal

front 54

accessory digestive organs

back 54

liver

gallbladder

pancreas

front 55

phagocytsis

back 55

the kupffer cells can phagocytose bacteria and other substances within the liver

front 56

hepatic portal system

back 56

  • receives 1.5 liters of blood/minute from the portal vein and hepatic artery

front 57

bile

back 57

green-yellow secretion produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder

front 58

biliary tree

back 58

the ducts that connect the liver, gallbladder, pancreas and duodenum

front 59

gallbladder

back 59

  • bile produced in the liver, flows through the hepatic ducts, cystic ducts and gallbladder

front 60

alkaline substances

back 60

rich in bicarbonate, neutralize the highly acidic chyme coming out of the stomach and entering the duodenum

front 61

primary role of the digestive system

back 61

the breaking down of food into particles suitable for absorption

front 62

mechanical digestion occurs

back 62

chewing in the mouth and mixing and churning activities of muscles in the digestive organs

front 63

chemical digestion

back 63

refers to a change in the chemical composition of the food molecule