front 1 Hyaline Cartilage | back 1 Provides flexible support and reduces friction - Between the ribs and sternum - In the largynx, trachea, and bronchi - Throughout the immature skeleton before ossification |
front 2 Elastic Cartilage | back 2 Provides flexible support - External ear (auricle or pinna) - The auditory canal - Epiglottis |
front 3 Fibrous Cartilage | back 3 Resists compression and absorbs shock; very strong - Tissue-to-bone attachments - The intervertebral discs (annulus fibrous) - The menisci of the knee - Pubic symphysis |
front 4 Skeletal muscles | back 4 Attached to our bones and pulls on those bones to create movement - These muscles are voluntarily contracted |
front 5 Cardiac Muscles | back 5 Found within the cardiovascular system; function pump blood out of our heart - Involuntarily contracted - Cardiac muscles undergo rhythmic contractions |
front 6 Smooth Muscle | back 6 Also involuntarily contracted - Found throughout the digestive tract and in some other internal systems, such as the cardiovascular system - Functions to push fluids and solids through those systems |
front 7 Origin | back 7 The point of muscle attachment to the stationary bone |
front 8 Insertion | back 8 The point of muscle attachment to the mobile bone |
front 9 Action | back 9 The movement produced by the muscle upon contraction |
front 10 Innervation | back 10 The specific motor nerve that controls the muscle |
front 11 Agonist | back 11 (prime mover): the muscle primarily responsible for movement |
front 12 Antagonist | back 12 The muscle that performs the opposite action of the agonist |
front 13 Synergist | back 13 A muscle that assists the prime mover in performing an action |
front 14 Fixator | back 14 Agonist and antagonist muscles that contract at the same time to stabilize a joint |
front 15 Stabilizers | back 15 Muscles that stabilize a region to provide a secure base for limb movement |
front 16 Compact bone | back 16 Dense and solid; it forms the outer layer of bones; conducts stress from one end of the long bone to the other |
front 17 Compact Bone makeup | back 17 Osteon: functional unit Osteocytes are arranged in concentric circles called lamellae Canaliculi: channels between the lacuna and blood vessels that lead out to the surface of the osteon Periosteum: layer of dense irregular connective tissue that covers the bone |
front 18 Spongy Bone | back 18 A lighter, lattice-like structure found deep inside bones - Resists stress applied from many different directions |
front 19 Osteoclasts | back 19 Secrete acids that dissolve bones in a process called osteolysis |
front 20 Osteoblasts | back 20 Immature bone cells |
front 21 Disolaction | back 21 Displacement of an articulating bone; temporarily deforms and immobilizes the joint |
front 22 Basic components of synovial joints | back 22 Joint capsule, articular cartilages, joint cavity (with synovial fluid), accessory structures (ligaments, tendons), synovial membrane, sensory nerves, blood vessels |
front 23 Types of movement of synovial joints | back 23 Angular, rotation, special movements |
front 24 Angular motion | back 24 Abduction (away from body), Adduction (towards body), flexion (decrease angle between bones of joint), extension, hyperextension, circumduction |
front 25 Rotation | back 25 Left and right rotation ("no"), medial (internal) and lateral (external) rotation, pronation and supination (anatomical position = hands in supinated position; pronated position = palms face posterior/downward) |
front 26 Special movements | back 26 Inversion: ankle medial; eversion ankle lateral Dorsiflexion: flexing ankle; plantar: point position Lateral flexion: - Cervical lateral flexion: tilting head to shoulder - Thoracic lateral flexion Protraction: anterior movement of bone; retraction: posterior movement of bone Opposition/reposition Elevation/Depression |
front 27 Relationship between strength and mobility (synovial joint) | back 27 A highly mobile joint (synovial) is not very strong Limited mobility reduces the chance of injury |
front 28 Seven types of bones | back 28 Sutural Pneumatized Flat Long Sesamoid Short Irregular |
front 29 Sutural Bones | back 29 Small bones found in sutures -Found between the flat bones of the skull - Not everyone has them |
front 30 Pneumatized bone | back 30 Contain hollow/open cells that allow for air flow - In sinuses |
front 31 Flat Bones | back 31 Strong, lightweight bones protecting organs - Compact with a layer of spongy bones - Where most red bone marrow is stored - Skull, ribs |
front 32 Long bones | back 32 Contain a diaphysis, a medullary cavity, two epiphysis, two metaphysis - In arms and legs (upper and lower extremities) |
front 33 Sesamoid bones | back 33 Found mostly near joints at the knee, hands, and feet - Few individuals have sesamoid bones at every possible location, but everyone has a sesamoid patellae (kneecap) |
front 34 Short Bones | back 34 Box-like bones - Primarily carpal bones (wrists) and tarsal bones (ankles) - Covered by compact bone; interior contains spongy bone |
front 35 Irregular bones | back 35 Complexly shaped bones - Ex: Vertebrae |
front 36 Cranial Bones | back 36 Occipatial Parietal Frontal Temporal Ethmoid Sphenoid |
front 37 Facial Bones | back 37 Vomer Conchae Nasal Maxillae Mandible Palatine Zygomatic Lacrimal |
front 38 Vomer | back 38 Forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum |
front 39 Conchae | back 39 One on each side of the nasal septum; attached to the lateral wall of the nasal cavity |
front 40 Maxillae | back 40 Anterior part of the hard palate (roof of the mouth) |
front 41 Mandible | back 41 Temporomandibular joint meets with the temporal bone - Sliding hinge joint that allows the mandible to protract and retract so it can slide forward and back & depress and elevate One joint functionally, two different articulation points |
front 42 Palatine | back 42 Posterior part of the hard palate |
front 43 Zygomatic | back 43 Articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to form the zygomatic arch |
front 44 Cranial sutures | back 44 Coronal: between parietal and frontal Sagittal: between parietal bones Lamboid: between parietal and occipital Squamous: between temporal and parietal |
front 45 Bony Nasal Septum | back 45 Anterior nostrils Posterior nasal apertures Nasal septum (vomer & perpendicular plate of the ethmoid) Nasal wall (nasal conchae: superior, middle, inferior) |
front 46 Optic Orbit | back 46 Frontal bone: roof Maxilla bone: floor Lacrimal and ethmoid: medial wall Sphenoid bone: posterior wall Zygomatic: lateral wall Lacrimal gland: produces tears |
front 47 Paranasal sinuses | back 47 Air-filled chambers that open into the nasal cavity - Frontal sinuses - Ethmoid air cells - Sphenoidal sinuses - Maxillary sinuses |
front 48 Hyoid bone | back 48 Sitting deep within the neck Free-floating; doesn't articulate with any other bones (and therefore extremely mobile) Serves as an attachment point for muscles and ligaments - This complex network of muscle and ligaments suspends the hyoid bone, holding it in place and allowing it to move freely Parts: Greater and lesser horns |
front 49 C1 | back 49 Atlas - Lacks a vertebral body - Supports the skull at the atlanto-occipital joining, enabling nodding " |
front 50 C2 | back 50 Axis - The axis features the odontoid process, or dens, which projects superiorly into the atlas and allows for rotation "no" motions - C1 rotates on C2 on the dens - The transverse ligament binds the dens to the atlas The C1-C2 articulation is a pivot join, unlike the gliding facet joints found throughout most of the spine |
front 51 Movements available throughout cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine | back 51 Cervical: flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation - Greatest mobility occurs between C3 and C7 Thoracic: The spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae are sharply angled inferiorly, which limits extension in this region - Less mobile than cervical or lumbar, partly due to the rigid rib cage and the orientation of their costal facets Lumbar: articular facets allow for flexion, extension, and lateral flexion, but restrict rotation |
front 52 Curves of the spine | back 52 Curvatures distribute mechanical stress during movement and standing Maintain balance with help from muscle attachment to various vertebral processes Provide room for organs within the thoracic and abdominal cavities Cervical (anterior), thoracic (posterior), lumbar (anterior), sacral (posterior) |
front 53 Spinal meninges | back 53 Layers of connective tissue membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater |
front 54 Dura Mater | back 54 The tough, outermost layer that stabilizes the spinal cord |
front 55 Arachnoid Mater | back 55 The middle, web-like layer that lines the dura mater |
front 56 Pia Mater | back 56 The innermost, delicate layer that is bound directly to the neural tissue |
front 57 Posterior horns | back 57 Posterior (dorsal) horns: contains somatic and visceral sensory nuclei that receive incoming afferent information |
front 58 Lateral horns | back 58 Contains visceral motor nuclei that sends efferent signals to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands |
front 59 Anterior horns | back 59 Anterior (ventral) horns: Contains somatic motor nuclei that send efferent signals to skeletal muscle |