Blood's General Characteristics

38°C (100.4°F) normal TEMP, ↑ viscosity, slightly alkaline pH (7.35–7.45)

Blood volume ( liters) represents ___% of body weight ( kg)

7

Adult Female - Blood volume

4 to 5 liters

Adult Male - Blood volume

5 to 6 liters

Bill wants to determine his blood type, so he takes a few drops of blood from a puncture wound in his finger and mixes it with various antisera. His blood cells agglutinate when mixed with the anti-A sera but NOT with the anti-B or anti-D sera. This means

Has blood type A negative (A-), which means the plasma contains B antibodies and can receive type B-negative blood in a transfusion.

If your friend asked you to explain the composition of blood plasma, which of the following would you most likely say?

It is composed of water, proteins, nutrients, and hormones.

Although plasma is ________ water, it also transports ______ and ________.

90% water; nutrients; waste

Platelets stop blood loss by:

1. Collecting and adhering at the site of damage
2. Triggering a reaction that promotes the formation of fibrin threads
3. Forming a platelet plug

Blood does all of the following except

Produce stem cells – Stem cells are produced in the bone marrow and found in almost all tissues of the body

All of the following are types of WBCs except:

Platelets

What is the main function of red blood cells?

To transport O2 from lungs to body’s cells.

Where are RBCs produced?

Inside bone marrow

The functions of RBCs are

• Carry O2 from lungs to body cells = O2-->L. C.
• Carry CO2 from cells to lungs = CO2-->C. L.

L C C L

Which of the following accurately compares the blood travelling from the lungs and the blood travelling to the lungs?

The blood travelling from the lungs is oxygenated, whereas the blood travelling to the lungs is deoxygenated.

In tissue, oxygen diffuses from RBC, where oxygen concentration is ____ across the capillary walls into tissue cells, where oxygen concentrations are ____.

High; low

The reverse is true for ____, which diffuses into the bloodstream from the tissues

Answer: CO2

What is the heaviest component of blood?

RBCs

As blood travels through the ____, carbon dioxide is released from the body and oxygen is picked up by red blood cells

vasculature and back to lungs

Carbon dioxide is carried inside _______ and dissolved in _________

RBC; plasma

The waste product bilirubin is produced from

heme molecules lacking iron

What organ filters waste products from blood?

Kidneys

List the waste products that are filtered from the blood by the urinary system

Urea, uric acid, and creatinine

List four more components other than blood gases, waste, nutrients, and formed elements that are transported by blood

Anti-bodies (immune system components), Clotting Factors, Hormones, Electrolytes, Enzymes

Acronym: A.C.H.E.E.

Two things that are carried by plasma proteins

Hormones and fatty acids

RBC make up _______ % of the total blood volume

40-45

A plasma protein essential for blood coagulation is

Fibrinogen

Which of the following is the largest component of blood?

Plasma

Which of the following is a function of the blood?

Transport nutrients, waste, dissolved gasses, body heat, defense against toxins, and pathogens

BH, DATP, DG, NUT, W

Blood is a(n) _______ tissue.

Connective

If you instruction asked you to list the components of blood, from highest percentage of blood volume to lowest, which of the following would you most likely say?

Plasma, red blood cells, platelets, white blood cells

The hepatic portal vein collects blood from the vessels that drain all of the following organs except

The liver.

If you were giving an oral presentation on the functions of blood, you would likely include all of the following points except

It transports CO2 from lungs to body cells and brings oxygen from cells to lungs.

Which of the following statements about blood is false?

Normal pH is 6.8 – 7.0 = Because blood pH levels are between pH levels of 7.35 – 7.45 (slightly alkaline), see PowerPoint page 10

List the components of blood

Plasma, red blood cells, platelets, white blood cells

What percentage of blood is composed of plasma?

55%

Formed elements make up what percentage of blood.

45%

WBC make up ___ % of total blood volume

Less than 1%

Platelets make up ______ % of blood volume

2

A person who has a low blood volume is said to be

Hypovolemic

The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are

Albumins (60%)

Albumins transport substances such as

Fatty Acids, Steroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones

FA SH ST

The most abundant component of plasma is

Water 92%

Which of the following accurately explains plasma protein production?

The liver produces plasma proteins and secretes them into the blood, which leaves the liver through the hepatic veins and returns to the heart to be pumped through the body.

liver, liver, hepatic veins, heart

Which organ produces plasma proteins?

Liver

Which of the following accurately compares the functions of red blood cells and white blood cells?

RBCs transport O2 to body tissues, whereas WBCs defend the body against disease.

Which of the following statements accurately compares two types of white blood cells?

Neutrophils consume bacteria through phagocytosis, whereas basophils control allergic reactions.

Red blood cells contain gas-transporting molecules called

Hemoglobin

If your friend asked you to explain the distinguishing characteristics of leukocytes and erythrocytes, your explanation would likely include all of the following except

Leukocytes originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow, whereas erythrocytes originate in the heart.

WBCs disorder that has abnormally low WBC count

Leukopenia

P.A.L.

WBCs disorder that has abnormally high WBC count

Leukocytosis (from bacterial infection)

C.A.H.

Hormone type substances that are associated with individual type of WBCs and drives production of WBCs

M, G, GM, and Multi-CSFs

M G GM M

Hormones that regulate WB cell populations are called

Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)

All of the following are types of white blood cells except

Erythrocytes

Which of the following is a similarity among red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets?

They originate in red bone marrow inside the bones.

CSF hormones that stimulate monocyte production

M-CSF

CSF hormones that stimulates granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) production

G-CSF

CSF hormones that stimulates granulocytes and monocytes production

GM-CSF

CSF hormones that accelerates granulocytes, monocytes, platelets, and RBCs production

Multi-CSF

WBCs disorder that has extremely high WBC count

Leukemia

M.E.H.

_______ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced

Anemia

An anemic person would expect from their blood sample

Low RBCs, hemoglobin, or hematocrit, not WBCs.

People with type AB blood are considered the “universal recipient” for transfusions because

Their blood lacks A or B agglutinins (antibodies).

Which of the following vitamins are needed for the formation of clotting factors?

Vitamin K

The most numerous WBCs in peripheral circulation are the

Neutrophils

During a bacterial infection you would expect to see increased numbers of

Neutrophils

Phagocytized pathogens or debris in tissues through cytotoxic enzymes and chemicals; also resemble a string of beads, and has large pale inclusions in its cytoplasm

Neutrophils

All of the following are true of neutrophils, except that they are

important in coagulation

Because platelets are responsible for clotting factor.

The process of red blood cell production is called _______ and occurs only in _______ in adults.

Erythropoiesis; myeloid tissue (red bone marrow)

Which hormone, produced in the kidneys and liver, stimulates red blood cell production?

Erythropoietin

The primary WBCs that increase in allergic individuals are ________. Higher number of this type in the blood is a common indicator of allergic conditions.

Eosinophils (sometimes basophils and lymphocytes); attack large parasites and allergens

WBCs that release histamine and heparin at the site of an injury are ______ which controls allergic reactions and promote inflammation.

Basophils

B -->AR-->HH

WBCs that have a nucleus that generally cannot be seen through blue-stained granules in its cytoplasm (shows as little clusters of dots)

Basophils

Basophils release two important substances to combat large parasites and allergens.

Histamine and heparin

Which of the following is true of basophils?

Granules contain heparin and histamine, constitute about 1 percent of WBCs, and attract other defense cells

Which leukocytes are lymphocytes

Agranulocytes

A --> L + M

The three main types of lymphocytes are:

B Cells, T Cells, Natural Killer (NK) Cells

B T NK

___________ provides defense against specific pathogens or toxins like cancer cells or viruses

Lymphocytes

WBCs that are slightly larger than RBCs and have very little cytoplasm.

Lymphocytes

Enter the tissue to become macrophages where they engulf ( phagocytosis) pathogens or debris

Monocytes

___________ have a very large cell and have a kidney bean-shaped nucleus; abundant pale cytoplasm

Monocytes

Phagocytized antibody-labeled materials through cytotoxic enzymes; round cell and nucleus with two lobes and cytoplasm has large granules and stains bright red

Eosinophils

WBCs responsible for reducing inflammation in allergic and parasitic situations

Eosinophils

When a vessel tears, platelets adhere to the _________ _______ of the torn vessel. The platelets change shape and release the contents of their _______. After this transformation, platelets adhere to one another. Together with the RBC that become trapped with them, these platelets form a ___________ _____ that begins to reduce blood loss. The ____ ____ is the first stage in _____ formation

epithelial walls; vesicles

platelet plug; clot

Platelets also release chemicals that stimulate proteins in the blood, called ____ ____. These blood proteins form ____ threads that stick to the platelets, forming a clot, or ____. RBC and platelets stick to the ____ mesh and the hole eventually becomes fully sealed, stopping the flow of blood from the damaged vessel

clotting factors; fibrinogen

t hrombus; fibrin

Where are the proteins of clotting system produced?

Liver

Platelets are pinched off from giant multinucleated cells in the bone marrow called

Megakaryocytes

When a blood vessel tears, ________ at the site adhere to the vessel’s wall to close the tear.

Platelets

Plasma proteins consist of the following

Fibrinogen, Albumin, and Globulin

F.A.G.

Immature RBCs are called _______ where they eject their ________ , allowing the cells to carry more hemoglobin, the molecules that transport oxygen.

Hemocytoblast; nucleus

If your friend asked you to explain the composition of blood plasma, which of the following would you most likely say?

This allows the cell to carry more O2 to the tissues.

When they are mature, RBCs leave the marrow and enter the bloodstream via enlarged, leaky, specialized capillaries called ___________

Sinusoids

Aged and damaged erythrocytes are broken down by macrophages in the

spleen, liver, marrow (bone)

S.L.I.M.

Platelet production is called ______________ which occurs in bone marrow.

thrombopoiesis

Platelet functions include

1. Release important clotting chemicals
2. Actively contract tissue after clot formation
3. Temporarily patch damaged vessel walls

Hormones or chemicals that control the rate of thrombopoiesis and stimulate positive feedback mechanism reaction.

Thrombopoietin (TPO), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Multi-CSF, Erythropoietin (EPO)

T I M E

__________ is the cessation of bleeding

Hemostasis

Thrombocytes (platelets) primary function is

To stop bleeding through a process called hemostasis

Platelet production or formation which occurs in bone marrow

Thrombocytopoiesis

poiesis - means formation or production

Is the initial step of hemostasis where platelets stick to the subendothelial matrix or activated endothelial cells at a vascular injury site

Platelet Adhesion

P A S S

Process where platelets, small blood cells, clump together to form a platelet plug or clot through fibrinogen to stop bleeding and close small breaks

Platelet Aggregation

P A C T

Hemostasis phase where vascular spasm occurs after a cut that lasts 30 minutes

Vascular Phase

Vascular phase steps include

1. Endothelial cells contract & expose basal lamina to bloodstream
2. Endothelial cells release chemical factors like ADP, tissue factor, prostacyclin, endothelin (local hormones), smooth muscle contraction, and cell division
3. Endothelial plasma membranes become “sticky” to seal off blood flow

Hemostasis phase where endothelial plasma membranes become “sticky” to seal off blood flow

Vascular Phase

Hemostasis stage that involves platelet adhesion and aggregation (where platelet plug forms).

Platelet Phase

P A A --> PP

In the _________ phase, activated platelets release the clotting compounds like ADP, thromboxane A2 and serotonin (neurotransmitters), clotting factors, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and calcium ions

platelet

Factors that limit platelet plug growth are

1. Prostacyclin
2. Inhibitory compounds from other WBCs
3. Circulating enzymes break down ADP
4. Negative (inhibitory) feedback from serotonin
5. Development of blood clot isolates area

Involves a cascade of actions leading to chain reactions of enzymes and proenzymes, three pathways’ forms, and circulating fibrinogen converts into insoluble fibrin.

Coagulation

In the _________ phase, circulating fibrinogen turns into insoluble fibrin to create a mesh that goes all out for repairs and throughout that last stage

Coagulation

The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin is catalyzed by the enzyme

Thrombins

Another name for clotting factors is ________ and their main function is to convert fibrinogen into fibrin.

Procoagulants

The process of fibrinolysis

dissolves clots

Which of these descriptions best matches the term B lymphocytes?

Produce antibodies in response to antigens

Are a type of WBCs that play a crucial role in the immune system by producing antibodies against specific pathogens.

B-Cells or B Lymphocytes

Which of these descriptions best matches the term T lymphocytes?

helper cells are one type

Targets viruses, fungi, cancer cells, and transplanted cells

T Cells or T Lymphocytes

B and T cells spend most of their time in the __________

Lymphatic System

Which of the following combinations may result in the hemolytic disease of the newborn

Mother Rh (-) negative, Fetus Rh (+) positive

A person with Type A blood has

Antigen A (on RBCs) and Anti-B agglutinins or antibodies (in plasma)

What is the term “formed elements” used to mean in a description of blood?

RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

Main substances that are transported by blood

1. Oxygen
2. Carbon dioxide
3. Nutrients
4. Hormones

CO H O N

Blood components also protect the body from ________ and form ________ at sites of injury to prevent blood loss

pathogens; clots