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Microbiology Chapter 1

front 1

Microbes-also called micro organisms

back 1

Are minute living things that individually are too small to be seen with unaided eye

front 2

What groups are included in microbes.

back 2

Bacteria, fungi ( yeasts and molds), Protozoa , and microscopic algae and viruses.

front 3

The majority of of micro organisms actually help maintain the balance of living organisms and chemicals in our environment. True or False.

back 3

True

front 4

What forms the basis of food chain oceans, lakes and rivers?

back 4

marine and freshwater microorganisms

front 5

What do soil microbes do?

back 5

break down wastes and incorporate nitrogen gas from the air into organic compounds, thereby recycling chemical elements between the soil, water, life and air.

front 6

Why do humans and animals depend on microbes in their intestines?

back 6

For digestion and the synthesis of of some vitamins that their bodies require including some vitamin b for metabolism and vitamin k for blood clotting.

front 7

In 1914, Chaim Weizmann discovered? And what is the importance of this?

back 7

The process by which microbes produce acetone and butanol. The importance of this was WW1 was breaking out and his discovery produced cordite a smokeless form of gun powder used in munitions. It played a significant role in the outcome of the war.

front 8

What can microbial enzymes do?

back 8

They can be manipulated to produce substances that they don't normally synthesize. Such as cellulose, digestive aids, and other therapeutic substances such as insulin.

front 9

What is pathogenic?

back 9

Disease producing

front 10

Why do hospital workers need to know about microbes more so than other people?

back 10

Because they are working with the sick and injured and microbes that are usually harmless can pose a threat to sick/injured patients.

front 11

Andrea has what appears to be a small spider bite but it turns out to be a staph infection. The doctor prescribes B-lactam antibiotic why doesn't kill the staph?

back 11

The Staph Aureus is resistant to the B-lactam antibiotic

front 12

What is staph the common name for?

back 12

Staphyloccoccus aureus bacteria

front 13

True or false. Staph is carried on the skin by about 30% of the population?

back 13

True

front 14

What is MRSA staph?

back 14

methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

front 15

why wouldn't the B-lactam antibiotic kill the MRSA?

back 15

MRSA produces B-lactamase an an enzyme that destroys B-latam antibiotics.

front 16

How does antibiotic resistance occur?

back 16

Mutations develop randomly and some are nothing and some are fatal and some beneficial. Once these mutations develop the offspring of the parent cells also carry the same mutation. Because they have an advantage in the presence of the antibiotic bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics soon out number those that are susceptible to antibiotic therapy. The widespread use of antibiotics selectively allows the resistant bacteria to grow whereas susceptible bacteria are killed. Eventually almost all the entire population is is resistant to antibiotic

front 17

How does MRSA enter the body?

back 17

Through skin abrasions from the environmental surfaces or other people.

front 18

Who developed the nomenaclature system?

back 18

Carolus Linnaeus (1735)

front 19

How many names is is each living organism given?

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2

front 20

The two name consist of a ___________and a __________ both if which are underlined or italicized.

back 20

A genus and a specific epithet

front 21

Genus (plural- genera)

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Is the first name and is always capitialized

front 22

specific eepithet (species name)

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second follows the genus and is not capitalized

front 23

scientific names can describe:

back 23

an organism, honor a researcher, or identify the habitat of a species (e.g. staphylococcus aureus Staphylo- describes the cluster arrangement of the cells ; coccus indicates that they are shaped like spheres. The specific epithet aureus id lati for golden the color of many colonies of the bacterium.

front 24

Who is the bacterium Escherichia coli get its nae?

back 24

Theodor Escherich -genus
coli- reminds us E. coli live in the colon or large intestine

front 25

Bsctria

back 25

(singular: bacterium: are simply single-celled organisms.
Unicellular

front 26

Is bacteria's genetic material enclosed in a specil nuclear membrane?

back 26

No

front 27

Bacteria cells are called

back 27

prokaryotes- Greek meaning prenucleus

front 28

Bacterial cells appear in one of several shapes: name them.

back 28

Bacillus- rodlike
coccus-spherical or ovoid
spiral- corkscrew or curved
some are star shaped or square

front 29

Individual bateria may form, ________, __________, ______________or othe groupings; such formations are usually charactersitic of a particular genus or species of bacteria.

back 29

pairs
chains
clusters

front 30

Bacteria are enclosed in cell walls that are primarily composed of a ________ and a _________ complex called _______________.

back 30

carbohydrate
protein
peptodoglycan

front 31

How does bacteria reproduce?

back 31

dividing into two equal cells

front 32

When bacteria divide into 2 equal parts this is called?

back 32

binary fission

front 33

Where does bacteria get its nutrition?

back 33

Use organic chemicals which can derived fro either dad or lving organisms. Some bacteria can manufacture their own food by photosynthesis and some can derive nutrition from inorganic substances.

front 34

How can many bacteria swim?

back 34

Using moving appendages caleed flagella

front 35

Archaea is the same and differs from bacteria by:

back 35

Consist of prokaryotic cells but if they have walls the walls peptidoglycan.

front 36

Name the 3 groups that archaea are divided into:

back 36

methanogens: produce methane as a waste product from respiration
extreme halophiles (halo= salt philic=loving) live in extremely salty environemnts such as the Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea
extreme thermophiles- (therm=heat) live in a hot sulfurous water - hot springs

front 37

True or false; archaea or not known to cause disease in humans.

back 37

True

front 38

Salmoneela enterica
(bacterium)

back 38

Honors microbiologist Daniel Salmon (source of genus name)
found in the intestines

front 39

Streptococcus pyogenes
(bacterium)

back 39

Appearance of cell in chains (strepto)
forms pus

front 40

Saccharomyces cerevisiae
(yeast)

back 40

fungus (myces) that uses sugar (saccharo)
makes beer

front 41

Fungi (singular- fungus)

back 41

Are eukaryotes; organisms whose cells have a distinct nucleus containing the cell's genetic material (DNA, surrounded by a special envelope called the nuclear membrane

front 42

Organisms in the Kingdom Fungi may be _________or ______________.

back 42

unicellular or multicellular

front 43

True or false. Fungi can not carry out photosynthesis

back 43

true

front 44

True fungi have cell walls composed primarily of ___________.

back 44

chitin

front 45

The unicellular form of fungi is _____________.

back 45

yeast

front 46

The most typical from of fungi are ________.

back 46

molds

front 47

olds form visible masses called_____________.

back 47

mycelia-cottony growths

front 48

Fungi can reproduce_________ or __________________.

back 48

sexually or asexually

front 49

Fungi gets nourishment by absorbing solutions of _____________________.

back 49

organic material from their environment

front 50

Protozoa (singular- protozoan)

back 50

unicellular eukaryotic microbes

front 51

Protozoa move by _________ or __________ and _______________.

back 51

pseudopods
flagella
cilia

front 52

Amebae move by using extenions of their cytoplasm called ____________.

back 52

pseudopods

front 53

Protozoa live either as ________ or as ____________.

back 53

Free entities
parasites - organisms that derive nutrients from living hosts- or environment

front 54

Euglena are _______________.

back 54

Photosynthetic - they use light as a source of energy and carbon dioxide as their chief source of carbon to produce sugars.

front 55

Protozoa can reproduce________ or ____________.

back 55

Sexually or asexually

front 56

Algae (singular alga)

back 56

are photosynthetic eukaryotes

front 57

The cell walls of many algae are composed of ____________.

back 57

cellulose

front 58

Algae produce _____________ and ______________.

back 58

oxygen and carbohydrates that are utilized by other organisms

front 59

Viruses

back 59

They are so small can only be seen with a electron microscope and they are acellular (not cellular)

front 60

Structure of a virus

back 60

a virus particle contains a core made of only one type of nucleic acid either RNA or DNA.

front 61

Viruses can only reproduce by_________________.

back 61

Only by using the cellular machinery of other organisms.

front 62

Viruses are considered to be living only when they multiply within the host cells that they infect.

back 62

on the other hand they are not considered living because the are inert outside living hosts

front 63

Animal parasites are

back 63

eukaryotes - flat worms and round worms are parasitic worms

front 64

1978, Carl Woese devised a system of classification based on the cellular organization of an organism. What are those classifications?

back 64

Bacteria
Archae
Eukarya

front 65

In 1665, Robert Hooke discovered

back 65

individual cells and marked the beginning of cell theory- that all living things are comprised of cells

front 66

Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed

back 66

live microorganisms through the magnify lenses of 400 microscopes in rain water and feces and he drew pictures of them which were later identified as bacteris and protozoa

front 67

What is spontaneous generation?

back 67

that forms of life can spontaneously arise from nonliving matter

front 68

Biogenesis

back 68

living cells can arise rom preexisting living cells

front 69

Louis Pasteur demonstrated that:

back 69

micro-organisms are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions but the air itself can not contaminate sterile solutions.

front 70

Louis Pasteur showed that microorganisms can be destroyed by?

back 70

heat- aseptic techniques to keep things sterile

front 71

When was the Golden age of microbiology?

back 71

1857-1914

front 72

Yeasts converts sugars to alcohol is called?

back 72

fermentation
In the presence of air bacteria change the alcohol into vinegar

front 73

What is the process called that kills off most of the bacteria that causes spoilage?

back 73

pasteurization

front 74

What is the germ theory of disease?

back 74

That microorganisms might cause disease

front 75

In the 1860's Joseph Lister a surgeon applied germ theory to ______________.

back 75

Medical procedures- he knew that fever and other ailments were being passed from person to person when medical instruments we not cleaned and hands not washed. He realized that phenol (carbolic acid) killed bacteria so he began treating surgical wounds with phenol.

front 76

What did Lister's findings prove?

back 76

Proved that microorganisms cause surgical wound infections

front 77

Who and when was the first person to prove that bacteria actually cause disease?

back 77

Robert Koch in 1876

front 78

What did Koch discover?

back 78

rod shaped bacteria now known as Bacillus anthrax in the blood of cattle that died of anthrax.

front 79

What is Koch's postulates?

back 79

a sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease.

front 80

Vaccination

back 80

the process of conferring immunity by administering a vaccine; also known as an immunzation

front 81

Vaccine was discovered by ______________.

back 81

Edward Jenner - small pox using cow pox a much milder version to see if having a milder version could protect you from getting small pix.

front 82

Immunity is________________________.

back 82

Protection from disease provided by vaccination (or by recovery from the disease itself)

front 83

Why did Pasteur say vaccines worked?

back 83

Bacteria lost its virulence or became avirulent when grown in the laboratory. This would induce immunity against subsequent virulent counterparts.

front 84

What did Pasteur use the term vaccine for?

back 84

Cultures of virulent microorganisms used for preventative inoculation.

front 85

An example of using a substance to destroy a pathogenic microorganisms without harming the infected animal or human is ____________.

back 85

Chemotherapy

front 86

Chemotherapy is_____________________________.

back 86

Treatment of disease using a chemical substance
( The term also commonly refers to chemical treatment of noninfectious diseases like cancer)

front 87

Chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against other microorganisms are called _______________.

back 87

Antibiotics

front 88

Chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the lab are called_________.

back 88

synthetic drugs

front 89

The success of chemotherapy is based on ___________________________.

back 89

The fact that some chemicals are more poisonous to microorganisms than to the hosts infected with the microbes.

front 90

The first synthetic drug salvarsan (arsenic derivative) was discovered by Paul Ehrlich and was used against _________________________?

back 90

syphillis

front 91

Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered_________________?

back 91

Antibiotics

front 92

What was the mold that Fleming was looking at that inhibited the growth of the bacterium?

back 92

Penicillium notatum and he named the mold's active inhibitor penicillin

front 93

True or false the toxicity of microorganisms to humans is a leading cause as to why medicines for treating viral diseases.

back 93

True

front 94

True or false. Viral growth depends on the life processes of normal cells?

back 94

True

front 95

What causes resistance to antibiotics?

back 95

Genetic changes in microbes that allows them to tolerate a small amount of antibiotic that would typically inhibit them.

front 96

Bacteriology is the ___________________________.

back 96

study of bacteria

front 97

Mycology is _______________________________________.

back 97

the study of fungi

front 98

Parasitology is _________________________.

back 98

The study of protozoa and parasitic worms

front 99

Genomics is _______________________.

back 99

the study of all of an organism's genes

front 100

Genomics has allowed scientists to classify bacteria and fungi according to their___________________________.

back 100

Genetic relationships with other bacteria, fungi. and protozoa.

front 101

Immunology is ________________________.

back 101

The study of immunity and have produced vaccines against numerous diseases such as MMR (German Measles) mumps and chicken pox

front 102

Virology

back 102

The study of viruses

front 103

Recombinant DNA technology brought about two related fields know as ______________and __________________.

back 103

microbial genetics and molecular biology

front 104

Microbial genetics is ___________________________.

back 104

The mechanism by which microorganisms inherit traits

front 105

Molecular biology studies______________________.

back 105

how genetic information is carrie in molecules of DNA and how DNA directs the synthesis of proteins/

front 106

Normal microbiota or flora

back 106

Do humans no harm and actually benefit u by protecting us against disease and some produce helpful substances such as vitamin K and B

front 107

What is a biofilm?

back 107

a complex aggregation of microbes (e.g. slime on a rock, biofilm on teeth)

front 108

Infectious disease is a ___________________________________.

back 108

A disease in which pathogens invade a susceptible host

front 109

Name some emerging infectious diseases:

back 109

West Nile
HINI influenza
Avian influenza

front 110

In the 1980s MRSA emerged and became endemic. True or false?

back 110

true