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Anatomy JV Exam 3: Eye Micro

front 1

What is 1?

back 1

cornea

front 2

What is 2?

back 2

iris

front 3

What is 3?

back 3

canal of schlemm

front 4

What is 4?

back 4

sclera

front 5

What is 5?

back 5

choroid

front 6

What is 6?

back 6

retina

front 7

What is 7?

back 7

vitreous cavity

front 8

What is 8?

back 8

fovea centralis

front 9

What is 9?

back 9

lamina cribrosa

front 10

What is 10?

back 10

optic nerve

front 11

What is 11?

back 11

arachnoid

front 12

What is 12?

back 12

dura mater

front 13

What is 13?

back 13

pia mater

front 14

What is 14?

back 14

optic disk

front 15

What is 15?

back 15

suspensory ligaments

front 16

What is 16?

back 16

posterior chamber

front 17

What is 17?

back 17

anterior chamber

front 18

at one point in embryo do you first notice signs of eye development?

______ days of gestation

back 18

22 days of gestation

front 19

The optic vesicles form through the ______ of the developing ______, which gives rise to the optic ______.

back 19

evagination, forebrain, cup

front 20

As the optic vesicle contacts the ______ ______, it induces the formation of ______ ______, a specialization that gives rise to the lens.

back 20

surface ectoderm, lens placodes

front 21

The lens placodes originate from the ______ ______ and ultimately develop into the ______ of the ______.

back 21

surface ectoderm, lens, eye

front 22

The lens placode is a ______ of the ______ ______ that ultimately gives rise to the ______.

back 22

specialization, surface ectoderm, lens

front 23

What is 1?

back 23

wall of optic stalk

front 24

What is 2?

back 24

cavity of optic stalk

front 25

What is 3?

back 25

intraretinal space

front 26

What is 4?

back 26

mesenchyme

front 27

What is 5?

back 27

surface ectoderm

front 28

What is 6?

back 28

lens pit

front 29

What is 7?

back 29

inner layer of optic cup

front 30

What is 8?

back 30

outer layer of optic cup

front 31

The intraretinal space is a ______ space, present even in ______, and is the site of ______ ______.

back 31

potential, adults, retinal detachment

front 32

What is 1?

back 32

mesenchyme

front 33

What is 2?

back 33

intraretinal space

front 34

What is 3?

back 34

surface ectoderm

front 35

What is 4?

back 35

lens vesicle

front 36

What is 5?

back 36

pigmented layer

front 37

What is 6?

back 37

neural layer

front 38

What is 7?

back 38

optic stalk

front 39

The formation of the optic fissure is significant because it allows the ______ ______ to reach the ______ ______ of the developing ______.

back 39

hyaloid artery, inner chamber, eye

front 40

The hyaloid artery eventually becomes the ______ ______ of the ______.

back 40

central artery, retina

front 41

The cornea is derived from ______ and mostly from ______, with the epithelium forming due to induction from the developing ______.

back 41

ectoderm, mesoderm, lens

front 42

The developing lens induces the overlying ______ to form the ______ ______, while the rest of the cornea originates from ______.

back 42

ectoderm, corneal epithelium, mesoderm

front 43

This is about how far along?

back 43

~7 weeks

front 44

What is 1?

back 44

pigment layer

neural layer

of the retina

front 45

What is 2?

back 45

intrarenal space

front 46

What is 3?

back 46

hyaloid vessel

front 47

What is 4?

back 47

optic nerve fibers

front 48

What is 5?

back 48

undifferentiated mesenchyme

front 49

What is 6?

back 49

eyelid

front 50

What is 7?

back 50

ectoderm

front 51

What is 8?

back 51

anterior lens epithelium

front 52

What is 9?

back 52

lens fibers

front 53

The undifferentiated mesenchyme around the eye primordium gives rise to the ______ layer, which is continuous with the ______ and ______ layers of the optic nerve.

back 53

choroid, pia, arachnoid

front 54

The scleral layer forms from loose mesenchyme and is continuous with the ______ ______ of the ______ ______.

back 54

dura mater, optic nerve

front 55

What is 1?

back 55

future eyelid

front 56

What is 2?

back 56

cornea

front 57

What is 3?

back 57

lens

front 58

What is 4?

back 58

vitreous chamber

front 59

What is 5?

back 59

neural layer (retina)

front 60

What is 6?

back 60

pigmented layer

front 61

The outermost layer of the eye is the ______ coat, composed of the ______, a dense connective tissue forming the white of the eye, and the ______, which is anterior, transparent, and avascular.

back 61

fibrous, sclera, cornea

front 62

The middle layer of the eye is the ______ coat or ______ tract, consisting of the ______, ______ ______, and ______ from posterior to anterior.

back 62

vascular, uveal, choroid, ciliary body, iris

front 63

The innermost layer of the eye is the ______, which lies internal to the vascular coat and functions as the light-sensitive ______ layer.

back 63

retina, neural

front 64

which layer of the eye?

back 64

outermost - fibrous coat

front 65

What is 1?

back 65

sclera

front 66

What is 2?

back 66

limbus

front 67

What is 3?

back 67

cornea

front 68

The middle layer of the eye, also called the ______ ______ or ______, includes the ______ posteriorly, the ______ ______ anteriorly, and the ______ at the most anterior position.

back 68

vascular coat, uvea, choroid, ciliary body, iris

front 69

which layer of the eye?

back 69

middle - vascular coat, uvea, uveal tract

front 70

What is 1?

back 70

choroid

front 71

What is 2?

back 71

ciliary body

front 72

What is 3?

back 72

iris

front 73

What is 4?

back 73

ciliary process

front 74

The innermost layer of the eye, called the ______, includes the ______, which is part of the CNS with ______ layers, and the ______ ______, the transition zone from 10 to ______ layers, marking the anterior limit of the neuroretina.

back 74

retina, neuroretina, 10, ora serrata, 2

front 75

The ora serrata is the area of transition from a ______-layered sensory retina to a ______-layered non-sensory ______.

back 75

10, 2, retina

front 76

which layer of the eye?

back 76

innermost - retina

front 77

What is 1?

back 77

ora serrata

front 78

What is 2?

back 78

papilla

front 79

What is 3?

back 79

outer pigmented layer

front 80

What is 4?

back 80

retina

front 81

What is 5?

back 81

optic nerve

front 82

What is 6?

back 82

macula lutea and fovea

front 83

What is 1?

back 83

vitreous chamber

front 84

What is 2?

back 84

bv

front 85

What is 3?

back 85

pigmented layer

front 86

What is 4?

back 86

sclera

front 87

What is 5?

back 87

choroid

front 88

What is 6?

back 88

retina

front 89

The five layers of the cornea, from outermost to innermost, are the ______ _______, ______'s layer (basement membrane), the ______ (connective tissue), ______'s membrane, and the corneal ______.

back 89

corneal epithelium, Bowman, stroma, Descemet, endothelium

front 90

What is 1?

back 90

corneal epithelium

front 91

What is 2?

back 91

Bowman's layer

front 92

What is 3?

back 92

Stroma

front 93

What is 4?

back 93

descemet's membrane

front 94

What is 5?

back 94

corneal endothelium

front 95

The cornea is innervated by ______ nerves that are ______ in the stroma and become ______ after crossing ______'s layer, supplied by the ______ nerve (CN ______).

back 95

myelinated, unmyelinated, Bowman, trigeminal, V

front 96

The layers of the choroid from inside to outside begin with the ______ ______, also called ______'s membrane, which contains ______ layers.

back 96

lamina elastica, Bruch, 5

front 97

Following Bruch's membrane, the choroid includes the ______, which contains capillaries essential to the outer retina, the ______ layer with larger vessels, and the ______, which is closest to the ______.

back 97

choriocapillaris, vessel, epichoroid, sclera

front 98

which layer of the choroid is nearest the sclera?

______

back 98

epichoroid

front 99

Bruch's membrane is a ______-layered basement membrane of the inner layer of the ______ and serves as the ______ ______ ______.

back 99

5, choroid, blood retinal barrier

front 100

Bruch's membrane is composed of the basal lamina of the ______ ______ of the retina, ______ fibers, ______ fibers, more ______ fibers, and the basal lamina of the ______ ______.

back 100

pigmented epithelium, collagen, elastic, collagen, choroidal capillaries

front 101

The ciliary body is a specialized structure of the ______ layer of the eye, also called the ______ ______ or ______, containing the ______ muscle with smooth muscle in two orientations, ______ fibers that suspend the lens posteriorly, and ______ processes that produce aqueous humor.

back 101

middle, vascular coat, uvea, ciliary, zonule, ciliary

front 102

What is 1?

back 102

limbus corneae

front 103

What is 2?

back 103

SM

front 104

What is 3?

back 104

SM

front 105

What is 4?

back 105

Iris

front 106

What is 5?

back 106

zonule fibers

front 107

What is 6?

back 107

lens

front 108

what structures produce aqueous humor?

_____ _____ - projections from the _____ _____

back 108

ciliary processes - projections from the ciliary body

front 109

Ciliary muscles are innervated by ______ postganglionic parasympathetics from the ______ ganglion, whose preganglionic neurons originate in the ______-______ nucleus of the oculomotor complex in the ______.

back 109

postganglionic, ciliary, Edinger-Westphal, midbrain

front 110

The ciliary body contains ______ processes that produce ______ ______, and the ______ muscle, which contains ______ muscle that contracts under ______ influence during the ______ reflex.

back 110

ciliary, aqueous humor, ciliary, smooth, parasympathetic, accommodation

front 111

what is shown here?

back 111

ciliary body w/ ciliary processes

front 112

The most anterior part of the middle layer of the eye, also called the ______ ______ or ______ ______, is the ______.

back 112

vascular coat, uveal tract, iris

front 113

Eye color is determined by the number of ______: few melanocytes result in ______ eyes, many melanocytes cause ______ eyes, and an intermediate number leads to ______ or ______ eyes.

back 113

melanocytes, blue, brown, green, gray

front 114

what is the central aperture of the iris? ______

back 114

pupil

front 115

In dim light, ______ sympathetic nerve fibers innervate the ______ ______, causing the pupil to ______; in bright light, ______ parasympathetic nerve fibers from the ______ ganglion innervate the ______ ______, causing the pupil to ______.

back 115

postsynaptic, dilator pupillae, dilate, postsynaptic, ciliary, sphincter pupillae, constrict

front 116

The constrictor pupillae muscle, which is ______ muscle, is innervated by ______ parasympathetic fibers from the ______ ganglion, with preganglionic neurons in the ______ -______ nucleus of the ______ complex in the ______.

back 116

smooth, postganglionic, ciliary, Edinger-Westphal, oculomotor, midbrain

front 117

Fixed and dilated pupils may indicate damage to the ______ involving the ______ -______ nucleus in the ______, leading to unopposed action of the ______ ______ muscle, which is innervated by the ______ nervous system.

back 117

brainstem, Edinger-Westphal, midbrain, dilator pupillae, sympathetic

front 118

Preganglionic neurons that innervate the dilator pupillae muscle are located in the ______ ______ ______ of the ______ spinal cord.

back 118

intermediolateral cell column, T1

front 119

The dilator pupillae muscle is composed of ______ cells, which form an indeterminant layer just anterior to the ______ ______ ______ of the iris.

back 119

myoepithelial, posterior pigmented epithelium

front 120

Horner's syndrome includes ______, or drooping of the upper eyelid due to paralysis of ______ muscle; ______, or loss of sweating on the affected side; ______, a small constricted pupil from unopposed ______ pupillae action; and flushing of the ______ and ______ due to vasodilation.

back 120

ptosis, Muller's, anhidrosis, miosis, sphincter, face, neck

front 121

The lens is ______ and receives oxygen and nutrients from the ______ humor and ______ humor.

back 121

avascular, aqueous, vitreous

front 122

The normal state of the lens is ______, as it would be for ______ vision; however, the ______ or ______ fibers can hold it in a ______ state.

back 122

thickened, near, suspensory, zonule, flattened

front 123

For distant vision, the ciliary muscles ______, the zonule fibers become ______, and the lens is held in a ______ shape.

back 123

relax, tense, flat

front 124

For near vision, ______ stimulation causes the ciliary muscles to ______, reducing tension on ______ fibers, allowing the lens to become ______, and the pupils to ______.

back 124

parasympathetic, contract, zonule, thickened, constrict

front 125

Presbyopia is an age-related condition, typically after age ______, in which the lens loses ______ and can no longer ______ when ______ on the zonule fibers is released by contraction of the ______ muscles, resulting in difficulty focusing on ______ objects.

back 125

40, flexibility, thicken, tension, ciliary, near

front 126

What is 1?

back 126

1) lens capsule

front 127

What is 2?

back 127

2) subcapsular epithelium

front 128

What is 3?

back 128

3) lens substance

front 129

What is this?

back 129

cataracts

front 130

Cataracts are an ______ of the ______, commonly associated with advancing ______ and leading to impaired vision.

back 130

opacity, lens, age

front 131

In diabetes mellitus, high levels of ______ or ______ in the lens stroma draw ______ into the region, causing ______ and potentially thickening the lens, leading to diabetic ______.

back 131

glucose, sorbitol, water, cataracts, myopia

front 132

What is 1?

back 132

macula of retina

front 133

What is 2?

back 133

branches of retinal vessels (arterioles and venules)

front 134

What is 3?

back 134

optic disk

front 135

What are these?

back 135

layers of the neuroretina

front 136

What is 1?

back 136

1) pigmented epithelium

front 137

What is 2?

back 137

2) layer of rods & cones or outer segments of rods & cones

front 138

What is 3?

back 138

3) external or outer limiting membrane

front 139

What is 4?

back 139

4) external or outer nuclear layer

front 140

What is 5?

back 140

5) external or outer plexiform layer

front 141

What is 6?

back 141

6) internal or inner nuclear layer

front 142

What is 7?

back 142

7) internal or inner plexiform layer

front 143

What is 8?

back 143

8) ganglion cell layer

front 144

What is 9?

back 144

9) optic nerve fiber layer

front 145

What is 10?

back 145

10) inner limiting membrane

front 146

What is 1?

back 146

fovea centralis

front 147

What is 2?

back 147

macula

front 148

Layer 1 of the neuroretina is the ______ ______, a single layer of ______ cells that absorbs ______ to prevent reflection, stores and releases ______ ______ as a ______ precursor, and ______ membrane from photoreceptor lamellae.

back 148

pigmented epithelium, polygonal, light, vitamin A, rhodopsin, phagocytoses

front 149

There are approximately ______ million rods and ______ million cones in the retina, making ______ the more numerous photoreceptor type.

back 149

130, 6.5, rods

front 150

Rods are distributed throughout the ______, while cones are most concentrated in the region of the ______ ______.

back 150

neuroretina, fovea centralis

front 151

Rhodopsin is found in the membrane-bound ______ or ______ of the cylindrical ______ segment of ______ photoreceptors, with about ______ discs present.

back 151

discs, lamellae, outer, rod, 1000

front 152

what type of vision are rods & cones important/responsible for?

rods - ______ ______ (______ ______ )

cones - ______ ______ & ______

back 152

twlight vision (low light)

visual acuity & color

front 153

what is this area called?

back 153

optic papilla

front 154

What is 1?

back 154

vitreous

front 155

What is 2?

back 155

lamina cribosa (arrows)

front 156

What is 3?

back 156

optic nerve

(CNS myelinated by oligodendrocytes)

front 157

The lamina cribosa is a layer of ______ found at the optic ______ that prevents ______ cells from passing, resulting in myelin and ______ being present only on the ______ nerve side, not the ______ side.

back 157

connective tissue, papilla, oligodendroglia, oligodendroglia, optic, retinal

front 158

The retina receives blood from the ______ in the choroid layer, supplying the outer retina including the pigmented epithelium and receptors, and from branches of the ______ ______ artery, which supply the inner layers.

back 158

choriocapillaris, central retinal

front 159

Occlusion of the ______ ______ artery causes ischemic death of ______ ______ cells and results in instant ______; this can be caused by emboli from ______ plaques or clots traveling to the artery.

back 159

central retinal, retinal ganglion, blindness, atherosclerotic

front 160

what condition does this patient have?

back 160

age related macular degeneration (ARMD)

front 161

Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) has two types: ______ ARMD, which accounts for about ______% of cases, and ______ ARMD, which makes up about ______% and causes the most severe vision loss.

back 161

dry, 90, wet, 10

front 162

age-related macular degeneration: both types ______ ______ from their ______ ______

back 162

separate photoreceptors, blood supply

front 163

Dry ARMD involves accumulation of ______ between ______'s membrane and the ______ ______, leading to gradual retinal damage.

back 163

drusen, Bruch, pigmented epithelium

front 164

Wet ARMD is characterized by growth of new ______ ______ that push against the ______ ______, causing further separation and more severe vision loss.

back 164

blood vessels, pigmented epithelium

front 165

how do you test for ARMD?

______ ______

back 165

amsler grid

front 166

What is this?

back 166

amsler grid test

front 167

Retinal detachment occurs between the ______ ______ and the photoreceptors of the ______ ______; this separation deprives photoreceptors of ______ and ______, leading to their death.

back 167

pigmented epithelium, neural retina, oxygen, nutrients

front 168

What condition is this?

back 168

papilladema

front 169

Papilledema is the bulging of the ______ disc or papilla into the eye due to increased ______ ______.

back 169

optic, intracranial pressure

front 170

The anterior chamber of the eye is bounded anteriorly by the ______, posteriorly by the ______, and laterally by the angle of the ______, occupied by the ______ ______ through which aqueous humor drains to the ______ of Schlemm.

back 170

cornea, iris, limbus, trabecular meshwork, canal

front 171

The posterior chamber of the eye is bounded anteriorly by the ______, posteriorly by the ______ and ______ fibers, and peripherally by the ______ ______.

back 171

iris, lens, zonule, ciliary processes

front 172

Aqueous humor drains by collecting in the ______ ______, then passing into the ______ of Schlemm, which encircles the eye, and ultimately entering the ______ circulation via the ______ veins.

back 172

trabecular meshwork, canal, venous, aqueous

front 173

What is 1?

back 173

trabecular meshwork

front 174

What is 2?

back 174

canal of schlemm

front 175

What is 1?

back 175

aqueous veins

front 176

What is 2?

back 176

canal of schlemm

front 177

What is 3?

back 177

external collecting channel

front 178

What is 4?

back 178

trabecular meshwork

front 179

The two main types of glaucoma are ______ ______ glaucoma, which is the most common and a major cause of blindness, and ______ ______ (also called ______-angle) glaucoma, which is rarer.

back 179

primary open-angle, primary closed-angle, narrow

front 180

Primary open-angle glaucoma features a normal ______ of the anterior chamber, caused by slow blockage of the ______ of Schlemm, leading to a gradual, often unnoticed increase in intraocular pressure and eventual visual field ______.

back 180

angle, canal, defects

front 181

Primary closed-angle glaucoma occurs when the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked by the ______; it opens when the pupil is ______ and closes when the pupil ______, causing rapid onset symptoms like ocular ______, blurred vision, and halos around ______.

back 181

iris, constricted, dilates, pain, lights

front 182

Optic cupping is caused by increased ______ pressure and is a sign or symptom of ______.

back 182

intraocular, glaucoma

front 183

In optic cupping, the optic disc appears ______ and ______, which can lead to ______ atrophy and neuronal ______.

back 183

pale, enlarged, retinal, death

front 184

The vitreous body is a homogenous, transparent ______ that fills the large ______ chamber in the ______ segment of the eye, composed of about ______% water, collagen, and ______.

back 184

gel, vitreous, posterior, 99, GAGs

front 185

The vitreous body contains ______, which synthesize collagen and GAGs, and functions to help maintain the ______ in its proper position.

back 185

halocytes, retina

front 186

Floaters are ______ in the vitreous, usually aggregates of ______ proteins, seen as fine ______ particles moving about; they are typically benign but a sudden increase can indicate serious ______ disease.

back 186

deposits, vitreal, dust-like, eye

front 187

During a vitrectomy, the ______ or ______ vitreous humor is removed and replaced with ______ to maintain the eye’s shape and keep the ______ in position.

back 187

cloudy, bloody, saline, retina

front 188

Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) specifically affects the ______ and the ______ ______ of the eye.

back 188

macula, fovea centralis