front 1 Common circuit motifs that mediate the spinal stretch reflex include all of the following EXCEPT: | back 1 lateral inhibition |
front 2 The process by which a neuron summates synaptic excitation and inhibition is called: | back 2 integration |
front 3 The network motif that underlies circadian rhythms is: | back 3 feedback inhibition |
front 4 An auto-association network is important for: | back 4 memory |
front 5 Drug X, when applied to a nerve axon, results in both a gradual decrease in the amplitude of individual action potentials and a depolarization of the resting potential, both of which develop over a period of several hours. The drug is most likely: | back 5 Blocking the (Na+ -K+) pump |
front 6 If a nerve membrane suddenly became equally permeable to both Na+ and K+, the membrane potential would: | back 6 approach a value of about 0 mV |
front 7 If the concentration of K+ in the cytoplasm of an invertebrate axon is changed to a new value of 200 mM (Note: for this axon normal [K]o = 20 mM and normal [K]i = 400 mM): | back 7 The K+ equilibrium potential would be about -60 mV |
front 8 An endplate potential in a skeletal muscle cell could in principle be produced by a decreased permeability to which of the following ions(s)? (Assume that there is a finite initial permeability to each of the ions listed below and that physiological concentration gradients are present.): | back 8 K+ |
front 9 In a normal, healthy individual the number of ACh-sensitive channels in a skeletal muscle cell opened as a result of a single action potential in a motor axon would be approximately... | back 9 100,000 |
front 10 An isolated nerve muscle preparation treated with a moderate dose of curare would be associated with a decrease in the (NOTE: there is more than one correct answer.) | back 10 amplitude of MEPPs amplitude of the EPP |
front 11 An isolated nerve muscle preparation exposed to a low concentration of extracellular Ca2+ would be associated with a decrease in the (NOTE: there is more than one correct answer.) | back 11 amplitude of the EPP release of transmitter from the terminal of the motor axon triggered by a presynaptic action potential influx of Ca2+ into the presynaptic terminal |
front 12 Which of the following cell types proliferate in the CNS in response to injury? (Note: There is more than one correct answer.) | back 12 Microglia Fibrous astrocytes Protoplasmic astrocytes Macrophages (NOT neurons) |
front 13 Which of the following cell types is responsible for the maintenance of pH of the extracellular space of the CNS? (Note: There is more than one correct answer.) | back 13 Fibrous astrocytes Protoplasmic astrocytes |
front 14 All of the following are guidance cues for axonal outgrowth and pathfinding EXCEPT: | back 14 filopodia |
front 15 Agrin: | back 15 is a nerve derived factor |
front 16 Which of the following is a guidance cue for axonal outgrowth and pathfinding? | back 16 Fasciculation |
front 17 Synapses... | back 17 are eliminated if they are not active |
front 18 Which of the following processes dictate the amount of neurotransmitter released from a nerve ending on a short-term, minute-to-minute, basis? (NOTE: there is more than one correct answer.) | back 18 neurotransmitter synthesis vesicle recycling in the nerve ending calcium availability |
front 19 match the receptor and sensation Golgi Tendon Organ | back 19 Muscle tension |
front 20 match the receptor and sensation meissner corpuscle | back 20 flutter |
front 21 match the receptor and sensation merkel complex | back 21 fine touch |
front 22 match the receptor and sensation free nerve endings | back 22 pain |
front 23 match the receptor and sensation pacinian corpuscle | back 23 vibration |
front 24 C fibers | back 24 dull, burning pain |
front 25 A-delta fibers | back 25 sharp "fast" pain |
front 26 A-beta fibers | back 26 vibration |
front 27 . The neospinothalamic tract crosses the midline in which of the following structures? | back 27 anterior white commissure |
front 28 The medial lemniscus crosses the midline at which level of the nervous system? | back 28 medulla |
front 29 All of the following are released in response to noxious stimulation at the damaged site(s) EXCEPT: | back 29 dopamine |
front 30 C fibers transmit which type of pain? | back 30 burning pain |
front 31 C fibers are... | back 31 small unmyelinated fibers which carry burning pain |
front 32 Aspirin acts to block the formation of.. | back 32 prostaglandins |
front 33 A-delta fibers transmit primarily | back 33 pricking localized pain information |
front 34 Pain receptors/nociceptors are | back 34 free nerve endings |
front 35 Double pain sensation results from | back 35 two different fibers which conduct the impulses at different velocities |
front 36 A-delta fibers transmit which type of pain to VPL | back 36 pricking pain |
front 37 Sharp pain, induced by a skin cut for example, is classified by | back 37 pricking pain |
front 38 Mr. John Thomas experiences visceral pain around the upper left lung. All of the following carry this nociceptive information EXCEPT the: | back 38 neospinothalamic tract |
front 39 A surgeon attempting to treat chronic pain from the pelvic region will suggest to make a lesion in the: | back 39 anterior lateral funiculus |
front 40 In Brown-Sequard syndrome: | back 40 kinesthetic and tactile senses are lost ipsilaterally below the lesion |
front 41 sharp localized pain is transmitted by | back 41 neospinothalamic tract |
front 42 pain impulses arising within the abdominal and thoracic cavities may reach the CNS by: somatic nerves innervating sympathetic nerves parasympathetic nerves none of the above all of the above | back 42 all of the above |
front 43 At the level of the ventral trigeminothalamic tract, pain fibers are generally crossed or uncrossed? | back 43 Crossed |
front 44 Cell bodies of first order pelvic visceral pain fibers are found in | back 44 dorsal root ganglion |
front 45 The following pathway is sectioned in a chordotomy for the treatment of pain: | back 45 lateral spinothalamic tract |
front 46 according to the descending pain suppression theory.. | back 46 pain stimuli activate descending fibers in the dorsolateral fasciculus |
front 47 the melzack-wall gate theory refers to: | back 47 non-noxious input suppresses pain at the spinal cord |
front 48 electrical stimulation in the periaqueducatal gray elicits: | back 48 analgesia |
front 49 the following nuclei are involved in the serotonergic descending modulation system of pain: | back 49 raphe nuclei |
front 50 All of the following is characteristic of the cornea of the eye EXCEPT: | back 50 cataracts are formed when it is damaged |
front 51 Which of the following account for the ability of rod bipolar cells to detect and signal light at lower illumination levels than cone bipolar cells? | back 51 the rod bipolar cells are denser than the cone bipolar cells projections |
front 52 Which of the following are characteristic of the primary visual cortex "blob" neurons? They: | back 52 have color opponent receptive fields |
front 53 Make the best match between the listed condition and the visual field defect. occlusion of the left posterior cerebral artery | back 53 contralesional homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing |
front 54 Make the best match between the below listed condition and the visual field defect. trauma to the left temporal lobe | back 54 contralesional superior quadrantanopia with macular sparing |
front 55 Make the best match between the below listed condition and the visual field defect. lesion of the optic chiasm | back 55 bitemporal hemianopia |
front 56 Which of the basal ganglia nuclei receive direct cortical input? | back 56 caudate and putamen |
front 57 All of the following statements about the basal ganglia are correct EXCEPT: A. The net effect of excitation of the direct pathway is to inhibit cortex. B. Dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra signal unexpected reward or unexpected absence of reward. C. The basal ganglia have both motor and cognitive functions. D. The subthalamic nucleus is the origin of the only purely excitatory pathway within the basal ganglia intrinsic circuitry. E. Parkinson's disease results from damage to the basal ganglia | back 57 A. the net effect of excitation of the direct pathway is to inhibit the cortex |
front 58 The spinocerebellum contains the... | back 58 vermis and intermediate zone of the anterior and posterior lobes |
front 59 The lateral vestibular nuclei are functionally analogous to the... | back 59 deep cerebelalr nuclei |
front 60 The postcommissural fornix projects to which structure? | back 60 mamillary bodies |
front 61 Which structure is NOT part of the Papez circuit? | back 61 ventral nucleus of the thalamus |