The membrane potential will never reach its ideal value (the sodium equilibrium potential) because...

contined K+ permeability

A major difference between the changes in the K+ channels and the changes in the Na+ channels is that...

the K+ channels are slower to activate or open

Allows one neuron to relay information to its neighbor. Long chains of these can be used to propagate information through the nervous system.

feedforward excitation

Tetrodotoxin (TTX)...

blocks the voltage-dependent changes in Na+ permeability, but has no effect on the voltage-dependent changes in K+ permeability

During hyperpolarization of actional potential...

both sodium and potassium channels are activated

During resting state of an action potential...

both sodium and potassium channels are deactivated

T/F: The second part of the calcium hypothesis for chemical synaptic transmission involves the consequences of the Ca2+ influx. The opening of the Ca2+ channel allows for calcium to flow down its concentration gradient from the outside to the inside of the synaptic terminal. This influx leads to an increase in the concentration of the Ca2+ in the presynaptic terminal, which by interacting with proteins associated with synaptic vesicles leads to the release of the chemical transmitter substance.

True

Exocytosis involves the following processes in the order of happening:

mobilization, docking, fusion, release

The amplitude of the endplate potential is about 50 mV, but only about 30 mV is needed to reach threshold. The extra 20 mV is called the...

safety factor

Which of the following is needed for neurotransmitter release at the synaptic cleft?

Ca

___ is a distinct separation between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane

synaptic cleft

T/F: Presynaptic density is darkly staining material of postsynaptic cell adjacent to the synapse. Receptors, ion channels, and other signaling molecules are likely bound to this material.

False

Neuroglia differ from neurons in several general ways in that they...

retain the ability to divide

Synapses can be identified by the presence of the following components except:

A presynaptic complement of membrane-bound synaptic vesicles exists

Many mitochondria are present

synaptic cleft

Na-K pump

Na⁺-K⁺ pump

T/F: When neurons interact with muscle fibers, the region of functional contact is called the neuromuscular junction or motor endplate

True

Each neuron has only one axon and it is usually straighter and smoother than the dendritic profiles. Axons also contain bundles of ........ and ...... and scattered ......

microtubules, neurofilaments, and neurofilaments

(Note: I think she meant to put microfilaments/actin filaments)

T/F: Microglia, in contrast to the other types of glial cells, originate from embryonic mesoderm

True

___ cells have only one cell process and are primarily found in invertebrates

unipolar

The following glial cell wraps a myelin sheath around axons of the central nervous system

oligodendrocyte

T/F: Synapse is the junction that allows signals to pass from a nerve cell to another cell or from one nerve cell to a muscle cell. The synaptic cleft is the gap between the membrane of the pre- and postsynaptic cell. In a chemical synapse the signal is carried by a diffusable neurotransmitter. The cleft between the presynaptic cell and the postsynaptic cells is 20 to 40 nm wide and may appear clear or striated. Recent studies have indicated that the cleft is not an empty space per se, but is filled with carbohydrate-containing material.

True

The cone-shaped region of the cell body where the axon originates is termed the...

axon hillock

T/F: Exocytosis of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft occurs when fusion takes place. This step is Ca2+-stimulated. A vesicle protein called syntaxin binds Ca2+ to initiate fusion

False

Tetanus toxin...

Clostridial neurotoxin with zinc-dependent protease activity; Cleaves synaptic vesicle proteins in the CNS and thereby blocks release of neurotransmitters.

T/F: Because of the tetanus, there will be spatial and temporal summation of the EPSPs produced by the multiple afferent synapses on the common postsynaptic cell. Consequently, the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron will become very depolarized.

True

Axosomatic (synapses)

synapses that are made onto the soma or cell body of a neuron

VAMPs are...

synaptic vesicles

Dynein

Transport proteins move retrogradely and slower than kinesin (fast anterograde protein transport)

There are two fundamental differences between the process of synaptic transmission at the sensorimotor synapse in the spinal cord and the process of synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction...

First, the transmitter substance released by the sensory neuron is not ACh but rather glutamate

Second, the amplitude of the synaptic potential in a spinal motor neuron, as a result of an action potential in a 1A afferent fiber, is only about 1 mV

Vinblastine prevent axoplasmic transport through

disruption of the microtubules

A very enduring form of synaptic plasticity is called

long-term potentiation (LTP)

tetrodotoxin (TTX)

Fish toxin that blocks the pore of voltage-dependent Na+ channels

___ receptors produce generator potentials and action potential discharges that follow the time-varying waveform of pressure changes produced by a vibrating stimulus

The rapidly-adapting receptors

MATCH THE RECEPTOR AND SENSATION:

muscle spindle

muscle stretch

MATCH THE RECEPTOR AND SENSATION:

golgi tendon organ

muscle tension

MATCH THE RECEPTOR AND SENSATION:

joint: pacinian

joint movement

MATCH THE RECEPTOR AND SENSATION:

joint: golgi organ

joint torque

MATCH THE RECEPTOR AND ADAPTATION:

muscle spindle

rapid initial transient and slow sustained

MATCH THE RECEPTOR AND ADAPTATION:

muscle: golgi tendon organ

slow

MATCH THE RECEPTOR AND ADAPTATION:

joint: pacinian

rapid

MATCH THE RECEPTOR AND ADAPTATION:

free nerve ending

depends on information carried

MATCH THE RECEPTOR AND THE SIGNAL:

muscle spindle

muscle length and velocity

MATCH THE RECEPTOR AND THE SIGNAL:

muscle: golgi tendon organ

muscle contraction

MATCH THE RECEPTOR AND THE SIGNAL:

joint: pacinian

direction and velocity

MATCH THE RECEPTOR AND THE SIGNAL:

joint: ruffini

pressure and angle

The somatosensory systems process information about, and represent, several modalities of somatic sensation:

pain, temperature, touch, proprioception

MATCH THE RECEPTOR AND ITS TYPE:

meissner corpuscle

encapsulated and layered

MATCH THE RECEPTOR AND ITS TYPE:

Ruffini corpuscle

encapsulated collagen

MATCH THE RECEPTOR AND ITS TYPE:

free nerve ending

unencapsulated

MATCH THE RECEPTOR AND ITS TYPE:

merkel complex

specialized epithelial cell

The encapsulated cutaneous receptors include

meissner corpuscles, pacinian corpuscles, and ruffini corpuscles

MATCH THE SENSATION TO THE RECEPTOR:

meissner corpuscle

touch: flutter and movement

MATCH THE SENSATION TO THE RECEPTOR:

pacinian corpuscle

touch: vibration

MATCH THE SENSATION TO THE RECEPTOR:

ruffini corpuscle

touch: skin stretch

MATCH THE SENSATION TO THE RECEPTOR:

merkel complex

touch: pressure, form

Peripheral somatosensory neurons

The cell bodies of the first-order (1°) somatosensory afferent neurons are located in posterior root or cranial root ganglia

Propioceptive stimuli

are internal forces that are generated by the position or movement of a body part

These fibers are myelinated, have a fast conduction velocity

A-delta fibers

learning to respond to sudden pain and psychosomatic pain is the following type of response and pain

somatic pain, behavioral response

This pathway is responsible for the immediate awareness of a painful sensation and for awareness of the exact location of the painful stimulus.

Neospinothalamic pathway

Neospinothalamic tract decussate in

the anterior white commissure

T/F: many of the visceral nociceptors are silent

True

Skin nociceptors may be divided into four categories based on function, all of the following except...

unimodal nociceptors

Factors that Activate Nociceptors are all of the following except...

acetylcholine (ACh)

An increased painful sensation in response to additional noxious stimuli...

hyperalgesia

Development of inflammatory arthritis can be caused by the liberation of the following peptides...

substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)

Pain caused by inflammation, burned skin, etc., is carried by the C fibers

burning pain or soreness pain

T/F: Visual acuity is the ability to detect and recognize small objects visually depends on the refractory (focusing) power of the eye's lens system and the cytoarchitecture of the retina

True

The process of producing a single image from the two disparate monocular images is called...

binocular fusion

Bitemporal heminopia is caused by a lesion at the...

optic chiasm

What is the main function of Photoreceptors?

capture light and convert it to electrical signals

Symptoms: The patient is having his semiannual physical examination. As he is diabetic, the physician examines his retinas and performs a confrontation test of his visual fields. An abnormality is detected in his left fundus (Figure 15.12) but the confrontational field test detects nothing.

Perimetry testing is requested.

Perimetry Test Results: The results indicate the right eye's visual field is normal and that there is a peripheral scotoma (i.e., loss of vision that does not follow the boundaries of the visual field quadrants) in the left eye's temporal hemifield (Figure 15.13).

The patient has all of the following EXCEPT:

answer choices:

retinal damage in the left eye

damage located in the nasal half of the left retina

damage related to the patient's diabetes - diabetic retinopathy

damage related to the patient's glaucoma

damage related to the patient's glaucoma

Vision in the peripheral visual field

is more sensitive to dim light

T/F: light passes the eye and reaches the photoreceptors directly without passing through any other cell

False

Right homonomous hemianopia is cause by a lesion at the

left occipital cortex

The following lesion in D causes which of the following

left superior quadrantanopia

The axons in the optic tract terminate in the following nuclei within the brain except

the infraachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus

The striatum is composed of the

caudate and putamen

The net effect of the indirect pathway of processing signals in the basal ganglia is...

inhibitory

The loss of ......... neurons in Parkinson’s disease causes the poverty of movement that characterizes this disease, as the balance between direct pathway and indirect pathway is tipped in favor of the ....... pathway, with a subsequent pathological global ............ of motor cortex areas.

dopaminergic, indirect, inhibition

The lenticular nucleus is composed of....

the putamen and the globus pallidus

The primary fissure separates the corpus cerebelli into a ................

posterior lobe and an anterior lobe

The corpus striatum is composed of all of the following except...

substantia nigra

The cerebellum is involved in the following functions except...

sensory learning

The net effect of the direct pathway of processing signals in the basal ganglia is...

excitatory

The following disease is characterized by slowness or absence of movement (bradykinesia or akinesia), rigidity, and a resting tremor (especially in the hands and fingers)

Parkinson’s disease

The substantia nigra is composed of...

the pars compacta and the pars reticulata

Information flows into and through the hippocampus by three principal pathways except...

the indirect pathway

PET scans have shown an increase in blood flow during panic attack to the...

parahippocampal gyri

hippocampal formation typically refers to all of the following except...

cingulate cortex

Major Output Pathways of the Amygdala are all of the following except...

directly to the hypothalamus

The postcommissural fornix projects to which structure?

mamillary bodies

Which structure is NOT part of the Papez circuit?

Ventral nucleus of the thalamus

___ is the integrative center for emotions, emotional behavior, and motivation

amygdala

The limbic system includes all of the following except...

occipital and parietal lobes

Retrograde amnesia refers to

loss of old memory

T/F: The process by which an initially labile memory is transformed into a more enduring form is called consolidation

True

Emotional responses to classical conditioning is controled by

amygdala

Declarative memory examples are...

facts and events

Explicit memory take place in

medial temporal lobe

Nondeclarative memory includes all the following except

facts

Short term memories can involve all of the following processes EXCEPT:

regulation of gene expression

Simple classical conditioning is

implicit memory

Anterograde amnesia refers to

inability to form new memory

Skills and habits are stored in

striatum