front 1 What is the fate of autocrine signals? | back 1 same cells |
front 2 What does EPEC do to cause diarrhea? | back 2 modify the structure of epithelial cells |
front 3 What is the fate of paracrine signals? | back 3 nearby cells |
front 4 What is the fate of endocrine signals? | back 4 distant cells |
front 5 What does a signaling pathway start with? | back 5 signal molecule |
front 6 What does a signaling pathway contact first? | back 6 receptor |
front 7 What happens when the receptor and the signal come together? | back 7 intracelular signal |
front 8 What structure is sought within the cell in a signaling pathway? | back 8 target proteín |
front 9 What is the effect that you see if the signaling pathway works? | back 9 response |
front 10 What does a hydrophobic ligand need to enter the cell? | back 10 simple receptors or proteins |
front 11 What does a hydrophilic ligand need to enter the cell? | back 11 transmembranal receptors |
front 12 What is not a major transmembrane receptor class? | back 12 alkaline phosphate |
front 13 How many times do most G-protein coupled receptors cross the membrane? | back 13 7 |
front 14 What subunit separates when the G-protein coupled receptor is active? | back 14 alpha |
front 15 How many times do enzyme coupled receptors cross the membrane? | back 15 1 |
front 16 What start when enzime coupled receptor is active? | back 16 intrinsic enzyme activity |
front 17 What start when ion chanel receptors is active? | back 17 shift in electric charge inside the cell |
front 18 What is not a Bordetella signaling system? | back 18 CFTR |
front 19 In Cholera toxin mechanism, What is the response of the epithelial cell? | back 19 Release cell Cl- |
front 20 Who in 1674, whit his microscope, discovered a world of millions of tiny "animalcules"? | back 20 Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
front 21 Who in 18th century organized bacteria into genera an species according Linnaeus classification methods? | back 21 Otto Müller |
front 22 Who in 1840 proposed the "germ theory" of disease? | back 22 Friedrich Henle |
front 23 ho in 1870s and 1880s confirm rabies, plague, cholera… were responsible for microorganisms? | back 23 Louis Pasteur |
front 24 Who in 1910 discovered the first anibacterial agent? | back 24 Paul Ehrlich |
front 25 Who in 1928 discovered penicillin? | back 25 Fleming |
front 26 Who in 1935 discovered sulfanilamide? | back 26 Gerhard Dogmagk |
front 27 who in 1943 discovered streptomycin? | back 27 Selman Waksman |
front 28 Who in 1946 was the first to cultivate virises in cell cultures? | back 28 John Enders |
front 29 Who is known as the inventor of the microscope? | back 29 Galileo Galilei |
front 30 What is the most common school microscope? | back 30 brightfield (light) microscope |
front 31 What microscope uses a special condenser to avoid passing light directly through the specimen? | back 31 darkfield microscope |
front 32 Which microscopy uses fluorochromes in the slides? | back 32 fluorescent microscopy |
front 33 Which microscope use annular rings in the condenser and the objective lens? | back 33 phase-contrast microscope |
front 34 Which microscope emits a shorter wavelength of light than that emitted by traditional? | back 34 fluorescent microscope |
front 35 With which microscope is it difficult to study internal structures because light passes around the sample? | back 35 darkfield microscope |
front 36 What is the simplest microscope that only relies on the system of objectives and eyepieces? | back 36 brightfield (light) microscope |
front 37 Which microscope allows you to see the internal details of microbes to examine? | back 37 phase-contrast microscope |
front 38 Which microscope uses magnetic coils rather than lenses? | back 38 electron microscope |
front 39 Which microscopy let us see viruses? | back 39 electron microscopy |
front 40 Which one is the simplest of preparation samples for microscopic examination method? | back 40 direct examination |
front 41 Wet mount is an example of which of the following? | back 41 direct examination |
front 42 Which one is used to identify specific organisms or components of cellular material? | back 42 differential stains |
front 43 Gram is an example of which of the following? | back 43 differential stains |
front 44 Iron hematoxylin stains is an example of which of the following? | back 44 differential stains |
front 45 Which one use mixtures of acids or alcohols? | back 45 Acid-Fast stains |
front 46 Ziehl-Neelsen is an example of which of the following? | back 46 Acid-Fast stains |
front 47 Which one use fluorescent antibody stain? | back 47 fluorescent stains |
front 48 Acridine orange stain is an example of which of the following? | back 48 fluorescent stains |
front 49 What kind of cell are bacteria? | back 49 prokaryote |
front 50 What structures can bacteria have? | back 50 plasmid, circular chromosome, peptidoglycan, flagellum, cell wall, |
front 51 What structures can bacteria not have? | back 51 nuclear membrane, lysosome, golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, |
front 52 What is the name of the structure that may be on the cell wall? | back 52 outer membrane |
front 53 What is the structure that stain with safranin in Gram stain? | back 53 outer membrane |
front 54 What is the bacterial structure that is a potent activator of innate host response? | back 54 LPS |
front 55 What is the antiphagocytic bacterial structure? | back 55 capsule |
front 56 what kind of peptidoglycan have a Gram-Positive bacteria? | back 56 thick |
front 57 What is the common biochemical pathway for the pyruvate in the bacteria without oxygen? | back 57 fermentation |
front 58 What structure is a protection of colony from environmental, antimicrobials, and host response? | back 58 biofilm |
front 59 Which one of the next virulence mechanisms attach the bacteria to the host? | back 59 adherence |
front 60 Which of the following bacteria can act in different tissues? | back 60 s. aureus |
front 61 Which of the following bacteria has factors that need to be internalized into the host to become activated? | back 61 b. anthracis |
front 62 Which of the following bacteria comes to present as a symptom cough and sometimes with blood? | back 62 m. tuberculosis |
front 63 Which of the following bacteria can’t be cultured on artificial media? | back 63 m. leprae |
front 64 Which of the following bacteria have a very specific shape that you can recognize in the microscope? | back 64 strptococcus pyogenes |
front 65 Which of the following bacteria can produce abortion? | back 65 corynebacterium diphtheriae |
front 66 Which of the following bacteria use holey's agar to detection? | back 66 listeria monocytogenes |
front 67 Which of the following bacteria can produce Gonorrhea? | back 67 neisseria |
front 68 Which of the following bacteria have capsular polysaccharides? | back 68 haemophilus |
front 69 Which of the following virulence factors are associated with Enterobacteriaceae family? | back 69 Type III secretion system |
front 70 Which of the following bacteria is confirmed with TCBS agar? | back 70 v. cholerae |
front 71 Which of the following bacteria is the most common opportunistic? | back 71 p. aureginosa |
front 72 Which of the following bacteria produce Pertussis? | back 72 bordetella |
front 73 Which of the following bacteria produce Brucellosis? | back 73 brucella |
front 74 Which of the following bacteria produce Tularemia? | back 74 fransicella |
front 75 Which of the following bacteria produce Syphillis? | back 75 treponema |
front 76 Which of the following bacteria produce Botulism? | back 76 clostridium |
front 77 Which of the following bacteria is anaerobic? | back 77 lactobacillus |
front 78 Which of the following bacteria produce Lyme disease? | back 78 borrelia |
front 79 Which of the following bacteria don't have cell wall? | back 79 mycoplasma |
front 80 Genetic information in the cell is carried by information molecules, including al EXCEPT which of the following? | back 80 phospholipids |
front 81 A plasmid differs from the bacterial chromosome in that it is ______. | back 81 significantly smaller |
front 82 Lysozyme and penicillin mechanisms of action are different, resulting in the fact that ____. | back 82 penicillin kills only growing cells |
front 83 If a bacterial culture contains 1 cells at time zero, 4 cells after 1 h., and 16 cells after 2 h., which one is no true? | back 83 the growth rate is increasing with each generation |
front 84 In which phase of growth are the cells rapidly synthesizing proteins, but cell numbers are not changing? | back 84 lag phase |
front 85 which type of culture would be best to use for growing a bacterium adapted to growth in very low nutrient concentration? | back 85 chemostat using a low-nutrient medium |
front 86 In a culture grown in a chemostat (continuous culture), the best way to increase the yield of bacteria would be___ | back 86 increase the concentration of nutrients in the medium |
front 87 Which method let you now how many living cells are in the culture at a given time? (pure culture growing in a flask) | back 87 plate counts |
front 88 What hapend in bacteria growth If the temperature is increased beyond the optimum? | back 88 growth rates decline rapidly as the temperature increases |
front 89 In a sample wirh virus particles and bacteria. How can the bacteria be eliminated without harming the viruses | back 89 Filter the sample with a 0.2 im pore filter |
front 90 Which of the following examples describes a type of bacterial catabolite repression? | back 90 when glucose is present the lac operon is inhibited |
front 91 Define what an effector is in genetic regulation. | back 91 small molecules that induce or repress transcription of a specific gene. |
front 92 Which of the following examples would be best when an enzyme needs to be available very rapidly? | back 92 an enzyme is activated by the binding of a molecule to its allosteric site |
front 93 Which can cause pneumonia in a healthy person? | back 93 haemophilus influenzae |
front 94 Which one can cause chronic pulmonary disease after dog/cat bite? | back 94 pasteurella multocida |
front 95 Which one can cause gastroenteritis? | back 95 escherichia coli |
front 96 Which one can cause diarrhea and fever? | back 96 Salmonella Typhi |
front 97 Which one can cause watery diarrhea? | back 97 vibrio cholerae |
front 98 Which one is one of the most common opportunistic pulmonary infections in hospitalized patients? | back 98 pseudomonas aeruginosa |
front 99 Which one can cause a lung infection with abscess and granules? | back 99 burkholderia cepacia |
front 100 Which one can cause diarrhea, is hard to find, needs a lot of temperature and reduced oxygen | back 100 campylobacter jejuni |
front 101 Which one can produce gastritis and peptic ulcers? | back 101 helicobacter pylori |
front 102 Which can cause fever and headaches after being exposed to contaminated tissues? | back 102 brucella melitensis |
front 103 What can cause the illness to come on suddenly with fever and chills, dry, unproductive cough, headache, and fever? | back 103 legionella pneumophila |
front 104 Which one can cause botulinum toxin? | back 104 clostridium |
front 105 Which one can cause chronic, slowly developing infections? | back 105 clostridium perfingens |
front 106 Which one can cause relapsing fever? | back 106 borrelia recurrentis |
front 107 Which one can cause tracheobronchitis, pharyngitis, pneumonia, and secondary complications? | back 107 mycoplasma pneumoniae |
front 108 Which one can cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever? | back 108 rickettsia rickettsii |
front 109 Which one can cause rough granulations on the conjunctival surfaces that lead to chronic inflammation and blindness? | back 109 chlamydia trachomatis |
front 110 Which one of this are not a virus classification? | back 110 actinomycetes |
front 111 Which one of this is the most common human viruses families? | back 111 poxviridae |
front 112 What have the naked capsid virus? | back 112 nucleocaspid |
front 113 What have the enveloped virus? | back 113 glycoproteins and membrane |
front 114 What is the first contact between the surface structure of the virion capsid and the host cell? | back 114 recognition of the terget cell |
front 115 What is the union between the surface structure of the virion and the host cell? | back 115 attachment |
front 116 What is the step that release the virus genetic material into the host cell? | back 116 uncoating |
front 117 What is the step when the new virus go out? | back 117 assembly of virus |
front 118 What is the second step in the progression of viral disease then for the acquisition? | back 118 initation of infection at a primary site |
front 119 What is the third step in the progression of viral disease then for the infection at primary site? | back 119 activation of innate protections |
front 120 What is the fordth step in the progression of viral disease when the virus is amplified and spread to a secondary site? | back 120 incubation period |
front 121 what is the fifth step in the progression of viral disease which causes the characteristic disease signs? | back 121 replication in the target tissue |
front 122 What is the sixth step in the progression of viral disease that limit and contributed to the disease? | back 122 host response |
front 123 What is the seventh step in the progression of viral disease whit virus production? | back 123 production of viruses to contagion others |
front 124 What is the last step in the progression of viral disease ? | back 124 Resolution / Persistent / Chronic disease |
front 125 What is the type of output of the virus from its host that destroys the host? | back 125 lysis |
front 126 What is the type of output of the virus from its host that don't destroys the host? | back 126 exocytocis |
front 127 Which one causes AIDS? | back 127 HIV |
front 128 Which one causes Burkitt lymphoma? | back 128 Epstein-Barr virus (HHV-4) |
front 129 Which one causes Chikungunya fever? | back 129 chikungunya virus |
front 130 Which one causes Cytomagalovirus infection? | back 130 Cytomegalovirus (HHV-5) |
front 131 Which one causes Dengue? | back 131 dengue viruses |
front 132 Which one causes H Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)? | back 132 hantavirus |
front 133 Which one causes Mononucleosis? | back 133 Epstein-Bar virus |
front 134 Which one causes Yellow fever? | back 134 yellow fever virus |
front 135 Which one is the most common technique to determine a virus? | back 135 PCR |
front 136 Which one is the second common technique to determine a virus? | back 136 ELISA |
front 137 Can the same virus attack different organs or systems? | back 137 yes |
front 138 Which one causes rabies? | back 138 rabies virus |
front 139 Which one causes hepatitis? | back 139 hepatitis virus |
front 140 Which one causes rubella? | back 140 rubella virus |
front 141 Which one causes chickenpox? | back 141 varicella-zoster virus |
front 142 What are the three classes of parasites? The main classification | back 142 Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods |
front 143 What are the subclasses of Protozoa? | back 143 Amoeba, Ciliates, Sporozoa |
front 144 What are the subclasses of Helminths? | back 144 Nematodes, Trematodes, Cestodes |
front 145 Which of the arthropods can have wings? | back 145 insecta |
front 146 Which of the arthropods can have many legs? | back 146 miriapoda |
front 147 Which of the arthropods can have external carapace? | back 147 crustacea |
front 148 What type of reproduction do protozoa have? | back 148 binary fission |
front 149 What kind of reproduction can present only some helminths? (no other species) | back 149 hermaphroditic |
front 150 What is the only organism in parasitology that can produce a spore-like structure for reproduction? | back 150 sporozoa |
front 151 What is the most common helminth port to enter? | back 151 ingestion |
front 152 What is not a parasitic direct penetration? | back 152 squeeze out |
front 153 What is not a factor associated with the pathogenicity of the parasite? | back 153 UV light and radiation, tempereture, transcription of the host defenses, |
front 154 What kind of reaction have the mechanism: antigen + IgE antibody attached to most cells: histamine release? | back 154 anaphylactic |
front 155 What kind of reaction have the mechanism: antibody + antigen on cell surface? | back 155 cytotoxic |
front 156 What kind of reaction have the mechanism: antibody + extracellular antigen complex? | back 156 immune complex |
front 157 What kind of reaction have the mechanism: sensitized T-cell reaction with antigen and liberation of lymphokines? | back 157 cell-mediated (delayed) |
front 158 What is not a toxic parasitic product? | back 158 endotoxins |
front 159 Which one is the most common mechanical tissue parasite damage? | back 159 blockage of internal organs |
front 160 What disease produce Ascaris lumbricoides? | back 160 ascariasis |
front 161 What disease produce Bobesia | back 161 babesiosis |
front 162 What disease produce Trypanosoma cruzi? | back 162 chagas |
front 163 What disease produce Giardia duodenalis? | back 163 diarrhea |
front 164 What disease produce Entamoeba histolytica? | back 164 dysentery |
front 165 What disease produce Ancytortoma duodenale? | back 165 hookworm |
front 166 What disease produce Leishmania? | back 166 leshmaniasis |
front 167 What disease produce Plasmodium? | back 167 malaria |
front 168 What is the first step in laboratory methods for diagnosing parasitic disease? | back 168 macroscopic examination |
front 169 What is the second step in laboratory methods for diagnosing parasitic disease? | back 169 microscopic examination |
front 170 To know the external structure components or reactions, what kind of laboratory method for parasitic diseases you do? | back 170 serological examination |
front 171 To know specific some genetic information, what kind of laboratory method for parasitic diseases you do? | back 171 nucleic acid hybridizaion |
front 172 What is the step that let you multiply the microorganism in laboratory methods for diagnosing parasitic disease? | back 172 culture |
front 173 What is the step that allows you to test a paraite from laboratory methods on another living being? | back 173 animal inocularion |
front 174 What kind of wall cell have fungi? | back 174 rigid |
front 175 What is not a fungi cell wall or cell membrane component? | back 175 uric acid |
front 176 What is the most simple fungi classification? | back 176 Molds / Yeast |
front 177 How do yeast reproduce? | back 177 budding or fission |
front 178 How do mold reproduce? | back 178 apical extension |
front 179 What kind of cell are yeast? | back 179 unicellular |
front 180 What kind of cell are mold? | back 180 multicellular |
front 181 What is the name of threadlike tubular structures? (mold) | back 181 hyphae |
front 182 What is the name of the structure produced by hyphaes together? | back 182 mycelium |
front 183 What is the name of the form to produce sexual spores? | back 183 telomorph |
front 184 What is the name of the form to produce asexual spores? | back 184 anamorph |
front 185 What kind of asexual spores are contained in sporangia? | back 185 sporangiospores |
front 186 What kind of asexual spores are borne naked on specialized structures? | back 186 conidia |
front 187 In what phase can fungi be found in the soil or vegetation, producing infectious cells in the air? | back 187 saprobic |
front 188 In what phase can fungi are adapted to grow at 37 C and reproduce asexually in host respiratory mucus? | back 188 parasitic |
front 189 Which pathogens presents the same shapes and conditions in saprobic and parasitic phase? | back 189 opportunistic |
front 190 Which pathogens presents diferents shapes and conditions in saprobic and parasitic phase? | back 190 primary |
front 191 What is the name of the disease caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis? | back 191 blastomycosis |
front 192 What is the name of the disease caused by Coccidioides immitis? | back 192 coccidioidomycosis |
front 193 What is the name of the disease caused by Histoplasma capsulatum? | back 193 histoplasmosis |
front 194 What is the name of the disease caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis? | back 194 paracoccidioidomycosis |
front 195 What is the name of the disease caused by Candida? | back 195 candidiasis |
front 196 What is the name of the disease caused by Cryptococcus neoformans? | back 196 cryptococcosis |
front 197 What is the name of the disease caused by Aspergillus? | back 197 aspergillosis |
front 198 From which region is Blastomyces dermatitidis common? | back 198 Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River |
front 199 From which region is Coccidioides immitis common? | back 199 Southwestern United States and parts of Mexico |
front 200 From which region is Histoplasma capsulatum common? | back 200 Eastern half of the United States |
front 201 From which region is Paracoccidioides brasiliensis common? | back 201 South and Central America |
front 202 What is localized opportunistic infection, which affects multiple sites (kidneys and vagina)? | back 202 candidiasis |
front 203 What is the opportunistic pulmonary infection, which can cause meningitis? | back 203 cryptococcosis |
front 204 What is the opportunistic infection that can cause hemorrhagic necrosis and infarction? | back 204 aspergillosis |
front 205 What is the first step in fungi detection in the laboratory? | back 205 microscopy and stain |
front 206 What is the second step of the laboratory diagnosis of fungi to know some characteristics? | back 206 culture to test sensibility |
front 207 What is the step of fungal laboratory diagnosis to confirm the strain with information from the genes? | back 207 molecular identification |
front 208 What is the step of fungal laboratory diagnosis to identify the fungi external structures? | back 208 serology |