front 1 Testosterone is a ___________ molecule | back 1 steroid |
front 2 Testosterone is converted to _______________ in the prostate. | back 2 Trihydrotestosterone |
front 3 Males adults have been observed to make ________________ sperm daily. | back 3 90,000 |
front 4 Testosterone is responsible for all of the development of the male secondary sex characteristcs below EXCEPT | back 4 dry skin |
front 5 The length of the ovarian cycle is dependent on | back 5 follicular phase |
front 6 What are the gametes called in females AND males | back 6 ova and sperm |
front 7 What is it called when one male and one female gamete combine? | back 7 Zygote |
front 8 Testosterone is considered what type of molecule? | back 8 Steroid molecule |
front 9 Why does oogoniums being a diploid mean | back 9 It means that they have two of each chromosome similar to all other cells |
front 10 Where do sperm cells gain motility in? | back 10 They gain motility in the epididymis |
front 11 What is the difference between oogenesis and spermatogenesis? | back 11 Oogenesis has a higher error rate in chromosome numbers. |
front 12 Which of the following is true about the functional gametes in oogenesis and spermatogenesis? | back 12 They both come from a single cell. |
front 13 What causes the difference in error rate between oogenesis and spermatogenesis | back 13 The age of the active reproductive cell varies in oogenesis |
front 14 How does the number of chromosomes differ in gametes produced by oogenesis compared to spermatogenesis? | back 14 There is no difference in chromosome numbers in the gametes |
front 15 What is the difference in number of functional gametes between oogenesis and spermatogenesis | back 15 Oogenesis produces one functional ovum per cycle |
front 16 Which of the following statements about body water content is TRUE? | back 16 Adult males generally have a higher percentage of body water than females due to greater muscle mass. |
front 17 Which of the following best explains how changes in extracellular fluid osmolality affect cellular water movement? | back 17 A hypertonic extracellular environment causes water to leave the cell due to a higher solute concentration outside |
front 18 Which of the following best describes the role of feedback mechanisms in regulating ADH release and water balance | back 18 Decreased blood pressure stimulates baroreceptors, leading to increased ADH release and water retention |
front 19 Which of the following is a possible cause of metabolic acidosis? | back 19 Starvation or buildup of acid from exercise |
front 20 Which of the following symptoms might indicate a potassium imbalance in the body? | back 20 Cardiac arrhythmias and a flattened T-wave on an ECG |
front 21 What defines osmotic power into biological systems and its role in fluid distribution? | back 21 The force generated by solutes that pulls water across cell membranes |
front 22 How does an increase in extracellular fluid osmolality typically affect a cell? | back 22 Water flows out of the cell, potentially shrinking it |
front 23 In terms of water movement, how do cells response differently to hypertonic vs. hypotonic environments? | back 23 Water exits in hypertonic and enters in hypotonic environments |
front 24 What makes electrolytes like NaCl more effective in driving osmosis than molecules like glucose | back 24 Electrolytes split into multiple charged particles in solution |
front 25 Why might magnesium be recommended as a post-workout supplement | back 25 It supports muscle contraction and nerve function |
front 26 What is the primary reason every human inherits mitochondria only from their mother? | back 26 The ovum has more cytoplasm and contains the mitochondria needed for development |
front 27 What is the role of progesterone in the ovarian and uterine cycles | back 27 It maintains the endometrium |
front 28 What are the three germ layers formed during early embryonic development and their primary derivatives? | back 28 Endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm; form organs, muscle, and skin |
front 29 Why is the temperature of the testes slightly lower than the core body temperature? | back 29 To support healthy sperm development and prevent heat-induced damage |
front 30 How does the error rate in gamete formation differ between oogenesis and spermatogenesis | back 30 Oogenesis has a higher error rate due to increased meiotic errors over time |
front 31 Where does fertilization take place? | back 31 Fallopian Tubes |
front 32 What is testosterone | back 32 A steroid molecule that is responsible for the development of the male reproductive system |
front 33 Why are the testes located outside the body? | back 33 To keep the testes cooler than normal body temperature |
front 34 What happens when there is triploidy, a genetic condition where a cell has three sets of chromosomes? | back 34 Miscarriage + Apoptosis |
front 35 What are the male secondary sex characteristics? | back 35 Increased muscle mass + increased libido |
front 36 Which process has a higher error rate of number of chromosomes? | back 36 Oogenesis |
front 37 What is the functional unit of the ovary | back 37 Ovarian Follicle |
front 38 How many days does the typical ovarian cycle last? | back 38 28 days |
front 39 Which layer of the uterus is shed during the menstrual phase | back 39 Endometrium |
front 40 What cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death in US women? | back 40 Breast cancer |
front 41 What is the process of the development of male sex cells called? | back 41 Spermatogenesis |
front 42 What contributes to proper sperm formation in males? | back 42 proper testosterone + stress levels + genetics |
front 43 What is the process of spermatogenesis | back 43 Spermatogonium cells (2n) give rise to primary spermatocytes (2n) and mature sperm cells develop through meiosis I & II |
front 44 Why is it important for sperm cells to gain motility within the epididymis | back 44 Non-motile sperm do not reach the fallopian tubes |
front 45 How many germ layers does embryonic development have at 10 days and then at 16 days | back 45 2, 3 |
front 46 How does the male hormone testosterone affect physical development? | back 46 Increases bone density and muscle mass |
front 47 How does the pathway of the female’s gamete dispersal compare to the male’s gamete dispersal? | back 47 The female’s gamete dispersal is shorter than that of the male |
front 48 Why is the length of the ovarian cycle largely dependent on the follicular phase instead of the luteal phase? | back 48 The length of the luteal phase is always 14 days from ovulation to the end of the cycle |
front 49 Why does the endometrium lining of the uterus shed if there is no embryo implantation | back 49 If there is not embryonic implantation, then the second gonadotropin hormone human chorionic gonadotropin is not released and thus the corpus luteum degenerates, leading to plummeting progesterone levels |
front 50 How do primary oocytes, secondary oocytes, and ova structures differ? | back 50 Primary oocytes and secondary oocytes are diploid but mature ova are haploid |
front 51 How long is a typical ovarian cycle | back 51 28 days |
front 52 Which of the following is not a phase of the uterine cycle | back 52 Follicular phase |
front 53 At what stage is meiosis II completed? | back 53 Fertilization |
front 54 Breast Cancer occurs in what percent of women? | back 54 13% |
front 55 Which hormone is not involved in the ovarian and uterine cycles? | back 55 TSH |
front 56 Which electrolytes deficiency may cause cardiac arrhythmias or flattened T- wave on ECG? | back 56 Potassium |
front 57 If a person has Cotton mouth and dry skin and is experiencing weight loss and fever with mental confusion. What state may they be at? | back 57 Maybe experiencing dehydration |
front 58 Which IV treatment is needed for a patient that is in a hypotonic hydration state | back 58 Hypertonic solution |
front 59 How much increase in osmolality is needed for osmoreceptors to be activated in the hypothalamus? | back 59 1 or 2% |
front 60 Why is the osmotic power of electrolytes greater than nonelectrolytes? | back 60 In electrolytes, the independent ions may disassociate into several components |
front 61 How many stages do follicles go through during development | back 61 3 |
front 62 Explain the pathway of female gamete dispersal? | back 62 Oocyte from the ovary to the fallopian tube |
front 63 How many and what are the cycles of the Uterine Cycle | back 63 3: menstrual, proliferative, secretory |
front 64 How much of the population of women with breast cancer get mutated genes? | back 64 10% |
front 65 What can a low level of testosterone lead to? | back 65 Atrophy is accessory organs, decrease of semen volume, erection/ejaculation are impaired. |
front 66 Which of these is NOT a phase of the uterine cycle? | back 66 Maturation |
front 67 What happens during the first phase of the uterine cycle? | back 67 Shedding of endometrium |
front 68 Oogoniums are _________ | back 68 Diploid (2n) |
front 69 Where is the oocyte housed with the ovary? | back 69 Follicles |
front 70 How many phases are there in the ovarian cycle? | back 70 Two |
front 71 What causes the follicle to rupture (ovulation)? | back 71 FSH + LH |
front 72 What is a known risk factor of breast cancer | back 72 a. Early onset of menstruation b. No pregnancies c. lack of or short periods of breast feeding |
front 73 What hormone maintains the corpus luteum after embryo implantation? | back 73 Human chorionic gonadotropin |
front 74 Explain what the role of testosterone in males. | back 74 a. Development of male reproductive system b. Enchancing body hair growth c. Spermagenesis |
front 75 What is the ploidy of a mature ovum? | back 75 Haploid (1n) |
front 76 Which of the following accurately describes a difference between oogenesis and spermatogenesis? | back 76 Oogenesis has a higher error rate in chromosome number. |
front 77 What is the function of ovarian follicles | back 77 To house and support the development of an oocyte |
front 78 To house and support the development of an oocyte | back 78 Progesterone |
front 79 When does the endometrium rebuild itself during the uterine cycle? | back 79 Proliferative phase |
front 80 What is the driving force of the Luteal phase? | back 80 Progesterone |
front 81 How is a zygote formed? | back 81 A single sperm cell combines with an ovum in a process called fertilization. |
front 82 Why must sperm be motile (able to move themselves)? | back 82 To travel up to the uterine tubes once inside the vagina |
front 83 Choose the incorrect statement about female gametes: | back 83 A mature ovum is a diploid cell |
front 84 What female hormone is testosterone converted to in the male brain? | back 84 Estradiol/estrogen |
front 85 What happens in the case of polyspermy (multiple sperm fertilizing a single ovum)? (Select all correct answers) | back 85 Miscarriage + Apoptosis |
front 86 Why is the female reproductive environment essential for fetal development? | back 86 Because it supports gestation and birth by providing a nurturing internal environment |
front 87 How does the acrosome reaction help prevent polyspermy during fertilization? | back 87 It blocks additional sperm from entering the egg once one has fused |
front 88 Why is sperm motility gained in the epididymis critical for reproduction | back 88 Because non-motile sperm cannot reach the fallopian tubes to fertilize the egg |
front 89 How is estradiol different from testosterone in its role in the body? | back 89 Estradiol is the most potent estrogen and influences brain neurons and reproductive tissues |
front 90 Explain why the luteal phase always lasts 14 days in the ovarian cycle. | back 90 Because progesterone released during this phase has a consistent duration across cycles |
front 91 The interstitial endocrine cells that produce testosterone are located | back 91 between the seminiferous tubules |
front 92 These cells of the seminiferous tubule nourish the spermatids as they develop into sperm. | back 92 sustentocytes |
front 93 In the male, this hormone stimulates endocrine cells to produce testosterone. | back 93 LH |
front 94 The ___________ of the sperm contains enzymes necessary for the penetration of the egg. | back 94 acrosome |
front 95 What is a key characteristic of the human reproductive system? | back 95 It functions intermittently |
front 96 Which follicle stage has a single layer of cuboidal pre-granulosa cells? | back 96 Primary |
front 97 Which phase of the ovarian cycle is influenced by progesterone | back 97 Luteal phase |
front 98 Why are the male testes designed to be cooler than the average body temperature? | back 98 Because the heat would interfere with the development of healthy motile sperm |
front 99 What can a lack of testosterone result in? | back 99 Erectile dysfunction, infertility, decreased bone density |
front 100 What are the two phases in the ovarian cycle? | back 100 Follicular Phase, Luteal Phase |
front 101 What hormone is responsible for male secondary sex characteristics? | back 101 Testosterone |
front 102 What even marks the release of an egg during the ovarian cycle? | back 102 Ovulation |
front 103 What does spermatogenesis go through to produce mature sperm cells? | back 103 Meiosis I and II |
front 104 What is the function of granulosa cells in ovarian follicles? | back 104 Form part of the developing follicle around the oocyte |
front 105 What phase signals growth of follicles in the ovary? | back 105 Follicular phase |
front 106 Which of the following best explains why fertilization is considered a highly selective and regulated process? | back 106 It includes checks like the acrosome reaction to prevent polyspermy. |
front 107 What role does progesterone play immediately after ovulation? | back 107 Maintains the uterine lining for potential implantation |
front 108 In terms of thermoregulation and reproductive success, why are testes located outside the body cavity? | back 108 To reduce temperature and support optimal spermatogenesis |
front 109 A primary oocyte remains arrested in which phase until ovulation? | back 109 Prophase I |
front 110 Which of the following statements about testosterone is false | back 110 It decreases libido when elevated |
front 111 A triploid zygote would most likely result from: | back 111 Polyspermy |
front 112 During which phase of the uterine cycle is the endometrium rebuilt following menstruation? | back 112 Proliferative |
front 113 A secondary follicle is identified by: | back 113 Multiple layers of granulosa cells |
front 114 Why is sperm motility gained in the epididymis critical for successful fertilization? | back 114 To travel through the cervix and reach the oocyte |
front 115 What is the functional significance of the luteal phase always being 14 days? | back 115 It helps align the ovarian and uterine cycles |
front 116 Estrogen rises through what phase of a females cycle? | back 116 Follicular |
front 117 Testosterone is primarily responsible for what male characteristics? | back 117 Secondary sex characteristics |
front 118 What happens during fertilization? | back 118 Merging of two gametes |
front 119 What hormone is signaled to increase to prevent menses once implantation of an embryo occurs? | back 119 Progesterone |
front 120 The secretory phase of the uterine cycle is the uterine cycle is parallel to what phase of the ovarian cycle? | back 120 Luteal |
front 121 NH4 excretion is dependent on the breakdown of what? | back 121 Glutamine |
front 122 What is NOT a cause of Metabolic acidosis | back 122 Excessive water consumption |
front 123 What would NOT be the result of acidosis | back 123 Increased appetite |
front 124 What is NOT a risk factor for Breast Cancer? | back 124 Age |
front 125 What is the first stage of menses | back 125 Menstrual |
front 126 What do sodium levels in the blood affect? | back 126 Plasma volume, blood pressure, and extracellular fluid volume |
front 127 Which of the following are true? (multiple select) | back 127 Aldosterone plays the biggest role in regulating sodium through the kidneys RAAS is responsible for releasing aldosterone |
front 128 How does potassium relate to electrical conduction in the heart? | back 128 Potassium affects RMP in excitable cells, reducing excitability |
front 129 Where does the most important buffer system of the body occur? | back 129 Bicarbonate regulation occurs in the kidneys |
front 130 Which of the following is an indication of metabolic acidosis? | back 130 Persistent diarrhea with a pH of 6.71 |
front 131 Muscular cramping, cerebral edema, and possibly death are symptoms of what? | back 131 Renal insufficiency |
front 132 An accumulation of interstitial fluid that can potentially impair tissue function is called what? | back 132 Edema |
front 133 Weight loss, fever, mental confusion, and decrease of electrolytes is caused by what condition? | back 133 Dehydration |
front 134 Obligatory water losses are characterized by insensible water loss from lungs and _______ while sensible water loss from urine, sweat, and ______ is more commonly known. | back 134 Skin; feces |
front 135 Why is dehydration so dangerous to fluid balance in the body? | back 135 the excessive loss of water from the extracellular fluid causes cells to shrink from water loss |
front 136 How does the negative feedback pathway originating with hypothalamic osmoreceptors work? | back 136 Hypothalamic receptors sense decreased extracellular fluid osmolality and then inhibits ADH release |
front 137 How does the negative feedback pathway originating with blood vessel baroreceptors work? | back 137 Decreased blood pressure increases ADH levels |
front 138 Why is sodium important for the body? (Select all that apply)? | back 138 Sodium helps maintain our renal acid-base homeostasis + Sodium significantly affects osmotic pressure + Sodium affects extracellular fluid volume and thus affects blood pressure |
front 139 Why are abnormal levels of potassium dangerous for the body? | back 139 Increased levels of potassium decreases the resting membrane potential, causing depolarization and reduced excitability of our cardiac cells |
front 140 How do the kidneys regulate acid-base homeostasis (select all that apply)? | back 140 The kidneys secrete or excrete H+ The kidneys regulate the amount of bicarbonate in the blood |
front 141 (Paragraph 14) What can cause metabolic acidosis? | back 141 Persistent diarrhea |
front 142 Which buffer system can regulate pH both intracellularly and extracellularly? | back 142 Bicarbonate |
front 143 What substance homeostasis is vital to proper heart function as well as buffer systems? | back 143 Potassium |
front 144 What substance does Renin cleave? | back 144 Angiotensinogen |
front 145 What is the key electrolyte for regulating blood volume and blood pressure? | back 145 Sodium |
front 146 What are considered electrolytes? | back 146 Acids, bases, proteins |
front 147 Which of the following is not a function of the minerals provided by electrolytes? | back 147 Cell communication |
front 148 Which of the following is caused by Calcium deficiencies | back 148 Cramps in skeletal muscles |
front 149 Sodium is greater than what percentage of cations in the extracellular fluid? | back 149 90% |
front 150 Where does the bicarbonate and hydrogen regulation occur in the body | back 150 The kidneys |
front 151 What type of cravings would a person experience if they had an electrolyte deficiency? | back 151 Salty or sour foods |
front 152 What happens to the cells when the patient is dehydrated | back 152 Excess loss of water from extracellular fluids causes cells to shrink |
front 153 Extracellular fluid has decreased concentrations of proteins with what major ions? | back 153 Na+ and Cl- |
front 154 How does a decrease in ADH affect the body | back 154 Decrease in body water output |
front 155 What is the healthy relationship between water intake and output | back 155 They should be equal |
front 156 Which of the following statements about body water content is correct? | back 156 Adipose tissue is the least hydrated tissue in the body, contributing to lower body water percentages in females |
front 157 Which ions are abundant in intracellular fluid? | back 157 K+ and HPO4^2- |
front 158 What happens when extracellular fluid becomes hypertonic? | back 158 Water moves out of the cell |
front 159 Which of the following triggers a decrease in ADH release? | back 159 Activation of baroreceptors |
front 160 Which of the following is an example of obligatory insensible water loss? | back 160 Water vapor from lungs |
front 161 How is “total body water” of extracellular fluid (ECF) divided in the body? | back 161 1/3 |
front 162 What does the passive transport mechanism cause hypotonic and hypertonic solutions to do? | back 162 Move water in and out of a cell |
front 163 What regulates water intake and output? | back 163 Feedback mechanisms |
front 164 What is the function of a baroreceptor? | back 164 Maintain homeostasis of blood pressure |
front 165 What does the condition “cotton mouth” cause in a person? | back 165 Weight loss |
front 166 What is osmotic power, and how does it influence water movement in fluid compartments? | back 166 The ability of solutes to generate pressure that moves water across membranes |
front 167 How does extracellular fluid osmolality affect the direction of water movement in and out of cells? | back 167 It determines whether water enters or leaves the cell |
front 168 What is the difference in water movement between hypertonic and hypotonic solutions? | back 168 Hypotonic solutions cause water to move into the cell; hypertonic move it out |
front 169 Why do electrolytes have greater osmotic strength compared to nonelectrolytes? | back 169 They disassociate into multiple particles, increasing osmotic effect |
front 170 What happens when MgCl₂ dissociates in water, and how does this relate to osmotic strength? | back 170 It dissociates into three ions, increasing osmotic power |
front 171 Explain the characteristics of obligatory water loss | back 171 Loss from lungs and skin. |
front 172 Which of these drive cellular water movement? | back 172 Osmosis |
front 173 What is used to counteract renal insufficiency | back 173 A hypertonic saline IV |
front 174 What receptor type that is in the blood vessels that aids with water intake and output? | back 174 Baroreceptors |
front 175 What is the number 1 killer of burns | back 175 Dehydration |
front 176 What hormone plays the biggest role in the regulation of sodium by the kidneys? | back 176 Aldosterone |
front 177 The major buffer system of the body is | back 177 a. Bicarbonate b. Phosphate c. Protein |
front 178 Which of these do not cause metabolic acidosis? | back 178 Overeating |
front 179 Which of these is not an issue associated with a blood pH above 7.8 | back 179 Hyperactivity |
front 180 Which of these is NOT a common electrolyte? | back 180 Peptides |
front 181 Which of these does a change in sodium levels not affect? | back 181 Blood sugar |
front 182 Aldosterone’s release is dependent on what? | back 182 Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system |
front 183 What body part has the most water | back 183 Muscle |
front 184 What are the two main fluid compartments? | back 184 Intracellular and extracellular |
front 185 What does a hypotonic solution do? | back 185 Moves water into cells |
front 186 What does ADH do? | back 186 Keeps water in the body |
front 187 What’s the difference between dehydration and hypotonic hydration? | back 187 Dehydration = too little water; Hypotonic hydration = too much water |
front 188 Why do elderly individuals tend to have lower total body water percentages compared to younger adults? | back 188 Because they have a higher proportion of adipose tissue and less muscle mass |
front 189 How does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulate water balance in the kidneys? | back 189 By increasing water reabsorption in the collecting ducts |
front 190 Why do hypertonic solutions draw water out of cells? | back 190 Because they have a higher solute concentration than the intracellular fluid |
front 191 How do osmoreceptors contribute to the thirst mechanism? | back 191 By sensing changes in extracellular fluid osmolality and stimulating the hypothalamus |
front 192 Explain why edema occurs in patients with poor lymphatic return or low plasma protein levels. | back 192 Because fluid accumulates in interstitial spaces due to poor reabsorption or drainage |
front 193 Which of the following best explains why adult males typically have more body water than adult females? | back 193 Males have a higher ratio of muscle to fat |
front 194 What portion of the extracellular fluid is made up by interstitial fluid? | back 194 80% |
front 195 Which of the following is a non-electrolyte? | back 195 Glucose |
front 196 What is the result of increased osmolality in the extracellular fluid? | back 196 Activation of osmoreceptors and ADH// release’ |
front 197 What fluid shift occurs in a hypotonic environment | back 197 Water enters the cell |
front 198 What effect does atrial natriuretic peptide have on the release of ADH and aldosterone? | back 198 It inhibits the release of both |
front 199 Which of the following triggers the release of renin in the RAAS pathway? | back 199 Increased potassium levels |
front 200 What happens to resting membrane potential (RMP) when extracellular potassium increases? | back 200 RMP becomes less negative, decreasing excitability |
front 201 Which hormone is responsible for increasing calcium reabsorption and decreasing phosphate ion reabsorption in the kidneys? | back 201 PTH |
front 202 Why is the bicarbonate buffer system considered the most important in the body? | back 202 It buffers both the extracellular and intracellular fluids |
front 203 What is the typical percentage of body water in skeletal muscle for an adult? | back 203 78% |
front 204 What is body water made up of when divided into extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF)? | back 204 1/3 ECF and 2/3 ICF |
front 205 What is the composition of extracellular fluid? | back 205 20% blood plasma and 80% interstitial fluid |
front 206 What is the ideal level of water intake daily? | back 206 2.5L |
front 207 What are the receptors that are responsible for regulating thirst and sensing osmolarity in (ECF)? | back 207 Hypothalamus |
front 208 What is the main purpose of sodium in the body? | back 208 Sodium helps maintain fluid balance and blood pressure. |
front 209 What does aldosterone control in the blood volume? | back 209 Aldosterone increases sodium. |
front 210 Why is maintaining electrolyte balance important? | back 210 Maintain normal muscle and nerve function. |
front 211 Which condition is characterized by excessive water intake leading to dilution of body fluids? | back 211 Hypotonic Hydration |
front 212 What is one of the main functions of maintaining electrolyte balance in the body? | back 212 Maintenance of nerve and muscle function |
front 213 Water intake needs to be what amount in order to equal water output? | back 213 2.5 L |
front 214 When it comes to burns or viral and bacterial infections, what is the number one killer? | back 214 Dehydration |
front 215 What is the primary fluid compartment that contains about two-thirds of the body’s water? | back 215 Intracellular Fluid (ICF) |
front 216 Which part of the brain regulates thirst in response to changes in osmolality? | back 216 Hypothalamus |
front 217 Which of the following factors primarily influences the homeostatic control of water content in the human body? | back 217 Osmolarity of Body Fluids |