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(OTD 515) Special Senses: Vision, Audition, and Olfaction Overview

front 1 Cranial Nerve VIII	back 1 Transmits auditory information from cochlea.
front 2 Sound Waves	back 2 Vibrations characterized by frequency and amplitude.
front 3 Frequency	back 3 Pitch measured in Hertz (Hz) of oscillations.
front 4 Amplitude	back 4 Loudness determined by magnitude of oscillations.

front 5 Cochlea	back 5 auditory structure
front 6 Organ of Corti	back 6 coverts mechanical energy from sound waves into neural signals
front 7 Basilar Membrane	back 7 Codes sound frequency through its shape. narrowest at middle ear = shorter fivers for higher frequencies widest at free end = longer hairs for lower frequencies
front 8 Hair Cells	back 8 Sensory cells that generate neural signals.

front 9 Auditory Pathway (from choclear nuceli)	back 9 reticular formation --> inferior colliculus --> medial geniculate body
front 10 Cochlear Nuclei	back 10 First relay station for auditory signals.
front 11 Inferior Colliculus	back 11 Integrates auditory information from both ears.
front 12 Medial Geniculate Body	back 12 Thalamic relay for auditory signals to cortex.

front 13 Primary Auditory Cortex	back 13 Processes complex sounds, sound localization, selective attention to specific sounds, discrimination of auditory patterns, performance of difficult auditory tasks
front 14 Auditory Patterns	back 14 Recognition and discrimination of sound sequences.
front 15 Round Window	back 15 Flexible membrane that relieves cochlear pressure.
front 16 Oval Window	back 16 Membrane transmitting vibrations from stapes to cochlea.

front 17 Reticular Formation	back 17 Regulates arousal and attention to auditory stimuli.
front 18 Auditory Nerve	back 18 Transmits signals from cochlea to brainstem.
front 19 Olfactory receptors	back 19 Hair cells in nostrils detecting odors.
front 20 Olfactory pathway	back 20 olfactory receptors --> olfactory bulb --> Primary olfactory cortex/amygdala/parahippocampal gyrus

front 21 Amygdala sends olfactory information to (3 places)	back 21 Hypothalamus (hunger) Medial parahippocampal gyrus (quality of aromas and odors) Sends to secondary olfactory area in orbitofrontal cortex (frontal lobe) for value judgements Lateral parahippocampal gyrus (declarative memory)
front 22 Primary olfactory cortex	back 22 Initial processing area for olfactory signals.
front 23 Orbitofrontal cortex	back 23 Processes value judgments of odors.
front 24 Visual system	back 24 System responsible for sight and visual processing.

front 25 Eye movement control	back 25 Regulates movements for visual targeting.
front 26 Lens	back 26 Refracts light before it enters the pupil.
front 27 Pupil	back 27 Opening for light entry, controlled by ciliary bodies.
front 28 Retina	back 28 Receptors that convert light into neural signals

front 29 Optic nerve (CN II)	back 29 First order neuron in visual pathway.
front 30 Visual pathway	back 30 Sequence of neural connections for vision.
front 31 Optic chiasm	back 31 Point where retinal axons cross to opposite cortex.
front 32 Lateral geniculate nucleus	back 32 Thalamic relay for visual information.

front 33 Primary visual cortex	back 33 Processes basic visual features like shape.
front 34 Dorsal stream	back 34 Visual pathway for action and movement adjustments.
front 35 Ventral stream	back 35 Visual pathway for object recognition.
front 36 Tectal system	back 36 Midbrain structure for auditory and visual reflexes.

front 37 Eye movement system	back 37 Normal eye movements require synthesis of information concerning head movements (vestibular), visual objects (visual info) eye movement and position (proprioception) selection of visual target (brainstem & cortical areas)
front 38 Conjugate Movements	back 38 Both eyes move in the same direction.
front 39 Vergence Movements	back 39 Eyes move toward or away from midline.
front 40 Gaze Stabilization	back 40 Maintains stable vision during head movements.

front 41 Nystagmus	back 41 Involuntary oscillating movements of the eyes.
front 42 Optokinetic Nystagmus	back 42 Reflex elicited by moving moving visual stimuli.
front 43 Physiologic Nystagmus	back 43 Normal response elicited by head rotation or stimulation.
front 44 Saccades	back 44 Fast eye movements between visual targets.

front 45 Smooth Pursuits	back 45 Eye movements tracking a moving object.
front 46 Convergence	back 46 Eyes aim at midline for closer objects.
front 47 Optic Nerve Lesion	back 47 Causes total vision loss in ipsilateral eye.
front 48 Optic Chiasm Lesion	back 48 Results in bitemporal hemianopia.

front 49 Complete Optic Tract Lesion (before LGN)	back 49 Leads to contralateral homonymous hemianopia.
front 50 Incomplete Optic Tract Lesion (after LGN)	back 50 Causes partial vision loss in contralateral field.
front 51 Ciliary Muscles	back 51 Contract to increase lens curvature for focus.
front 52 Frontal Eye Fields	back 52 Involved in voluntary eye movement control.

front 53 Superior Colliculus	back 53 Processes visual information for saccades.
front 54 Eye movement system objectives	back 54 Keeping the position of the eyes stable during head movements to ensure that the environment does not appear to bounce. Directing the gaze at visual targets
front 55 Eye movements are either	back 55 Conjugate (both eyes move in the same direction) Vergence (eyes move toward the midline or away from the midline)