There are ________ types of smectic liquid-crystalline phases.

3

For a given substance that exhibits liquid-crystalline properties, the transition from solid to liquid-crystal state occurs ________.

at the melting point of the solid

In liquids, the attractive intermolecular forces are ________.

strong enough to hold molecules relatively close together but not strong enough to keep molecules from moving past each other

As a gaseous element condenses, the atoms become ________ and they have ________ attraction for one another.

closer together, more

Together, liquids and solids constitute ________ phases of matter.

the condensed

The strongest interparticle attractions exist between particles of a ________, and the weakest interparticle attractions exist between particles of a ________.

solid, gas

________ are particularly polarizable.

Large molecules, regardless of their polarity,

The ease with which the charge distribution in a molecule can be distorted by an external electrical field is called the ________.

polarizability

Elemental iodine (I₂) is a solid at room temperature. What is the major attractive force that exists among different I₂ molecules in the solid?

London dispersion forces

Hydrogen bonding is a special case of ________.

dipole-dipole attractions

________ is the energy required to expand the surface area of a liquid by a unit amount of area.

Surface tension

Which statements about viscosity are true?

(i) Viscosity increases as temperature decreases.
(ii) Viscosity increases as molecular weight increases.
(iii) Viscosity increases as intermolecular forces increase.

All of the above.

The shape of a liquid's meniscus is determined by ________.

the relative magnitudes of cohesive forces in the liquid and adhesive forces between the liquid and its container

Viscosity is ________.

the resistance to flow

The property responsible for the "beading up" of water is ________.

surface tension

Heat of sublimation can be approximated by adding together ________ and ________.

heat of fusion, heat of vaporization

A-B solid
B-C solid and liquid
C-D liquid
D-E liquid and gas
E-F gas

The ________ (is)are associated with the heat energy being used up to increase distances between molecules.

phase changes B → C and D → E

Large intermolecular forces in a substance are manifested by ________.

high heats of fusion and vaporization
high boiling point
low vapor pressure
high critical temperatures and pressures

Of the following, ________ is an exothermic process.

freezing
subliming
melting
boiling

freezing

A volatile liquid is one that ________.

readily evaporates

In general, the vapor pressure of a substance increases as ________ increases.

temperature

The vapor pressure of any substance at its normal boiling point is ________.

1 atm

Volatility and vapor pressure are ________.

directly proportional to one another

On a phase diagram, the critical pressure is ________.

the pressure required to liquefy a gas at its critical temperature

On a phase diagram, the critical temperature is ________.

the temperature above which a gas cannot be liquefied

On a phase diagram, the melting point is the same as ________.

the freezing point

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A solid has a very high melting point, great hardness, and poor electrical conduction. This is a(n) ________ solid.

covalent network

Trends in melting points for metals can be explained with the ________.

electron-sea model

The ________ for Ge shows it to be a semiconductor, because the gap between the filled lower and empty higher energy bands is relatively small.

molecular-orbital model

All of the following are a type of solid except ________.

metallic
supercritical
ionic
covalent network
molecular

supercritical

Consider the following statements about crystalline solids:

(i) Molecules or atoms in molecular solids are held together via ionic bonds.
(ii) Metallic solids have atoms in the points of the crystal lattice.
(iii) Ionic solids have formula units in the point of the crystal lattice.
(iv) Molecules in covalent-network solids are connected via a network of covalent bonds.

Which of the statements is true?

(ii)

The ________ of light waves upon passing through a narrow slit is called diffraction.

scattering

What fraction of the volume of each corner atom is actually within the volume of a face-centered cubic unit cell?

1/8

What portion of the volume of each atom or ion on the face of a unit cell is actually within the unit cell?

1/2

________ have properties that depend on the manner in which the solid is formed.

Heterogeneous alloys

________ are examples of homogeneous alloys.

Intermetallic compounds

________ generally differ from compounds in that the atomic ratios of the constituent elements in the former are ________ and may vary over a wide range.

Alloys, not fixed

Of the following, ________ may be added to steel to modify its properties.

carbon and nickel

How many valence electrons do inorganic compounds contain if they are considered semiconductors?

4

All of the following are natural polymers except ________.

nylon

The empirical formula of an addition polymer ________.

is the same as that of the monomer from which it is formed

What happens to a polymer as it becomes more crystalline?

Its yield stress decreases.
Its density decreases.
Its melting point decreases.
Its stiffness decreases.

None of the above is correct.

Natural rubber is too soft and chemically reactive for practical applications. ________ of natural rubber entails crosslinking reactive polymer chains with sulfur atoms.

Vulcanization

The formation of a ________ polymer generally involves the elimination of a small molecule.

condensation

All of the following are classified as a nanomaterial except ________.

buckminsterfullerene
carbon nanotubes
isoprene
graphene

All of the above are classified as nanomaterials.

The properties of graphene include ________.

high strength
large thermal conductivity
a zero energy gap

All of the above.

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Hydration is a specific example of the phenomenon known generally as ________.

solvation

Pressure has an appreciable effect on the solubility of ________ in liquids.

gases

The phrase "like dissolves like" refers to the fact that ________.

polar solvents dissolve polar solutes and nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar solutes

In a saturated solution of a salt in water, ________.

the rate of crystallization = the rate of dissolution

An unsaturated solution is one that ________.

has a concentration lower than the solubility limit

A solution with a concentration higher than the solubility allows is ________.

supersaturated

Molality is defined as the ________.

moles solute/kg solvent

Which one of the following concentration units varies with temperature?

Molality.
Mole fraction.
Mass percent.
Molarity.

Molarity.

The magnitudes of K_f and of K_b depend on the identity of the ________.

solvent

As the concentration of a solute in a solution increases, the freezing point of the solution ________ and the vapor pressure of the solution ________.

decreases, decreases

The ratio of the actual value of a colligative property to the value calculated, assuming the substance to be a nonelectrolyte, is referred to as ________.

the van't Hoff factor

Colligative properties of solutions include all of the following except ________.

an increase in the osmotic pressure of a solution upon the addition of more solute

the increase of reaction rates with increase in temperature

elevation of the boiling point of a solution upon addition of a solute to a solvent

depression of vapor pressure upon addition of a solute to a solvent

depression of the freezing point of a solution upon addition of a solute to a solvent

the increase of reaction rates with increase in temperature

The process of a substance sticking to the surface of another is called ________.

adsorption (not absorption)

All of the following are considered to be colloids except ________.

a foam
an emulsion
a homogeneous mixture
an aerosol
All of the above are colloids.

a homogeneous mixture

Hydrophobic colloids ________.

can be stabilized by adsorption of ions

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Good luck on the exam!

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