front 1 Please order the layers of the integumentary system from superficial to deep | back 1 Stratum corneum, Stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale, papillary layer of dermis, reticular layer of dermis, hypodermis(deepest) |
front 2 Which part of the nervous system is responsible for body heat regulation? Please be as specific as possible. | back 2 Sympathetic nervous system |
front 3 Which vitamin precursor is created when sunlight hits the skin and converts a modified cholesterol molecule? | back 3 Vitamin D |
front 4 Of the systems listed below, which of them relies most heavily on the integumentary system? | back 4 immune system |
front 5 Please select all of the following that accurately describe the epidermis. | back 5 Avascular, innervated, protective, stratified squamous epithelium |
front 6 The epidermis is considered to be an important blood reservoir. | back 6 true |
front 7 Primarily in the stratum spinosum, where the star-shaped cells form an almost continuous network. They can also be found in the dermis. | back 7 Dendritic cells |
front 8 primarily in the stratum basale, where they make up 10-25% of the cells within that layer | back 8 Melanocytes |
front 9 You can find these disc-like sensory nerve endings near the epidermal junction | back 9 tactile/merkel cells |
front 10 found within every layer of the epidermis | back 10 keratinocytes |
front 11 found within the dermis | back 11 fibroblasts |
front 12 Which areas of the body have five layers of skin | back 12 palms of hands & sole of feet |
front 13 What kind of tissue is the epidermis composed of | back 13 stratified squamous epithelium |
front 14 What kind of tissue is the dermis composed of | back 14 irregular connective tissue |
front 15 what kinds of tissue is the hypodermis composed of | back 15 adipose tissue |
front 16 which layers of the skin lack blood supply | back 16 epidermis |
front 17 What are the 3 pigments of the color skin | back 17 melanin, carotene, & hemoglobin |
front 18 Sebaceous glands, sometime referred to as oil glands, produce sebum and usually empty into a hair follicle. What is their function and where are they found in the body | back 18 Keeps the skin soft & moist & prevents hair from becoming brittle. Found all over the body , except on the palms of the hands & sole of the feet. Sebum also contains chemicals that kill bacteria |
front 19 Sudoriferous glands, known as sweat glands, produce sweat. what is sweat composed of and what is the function of the glands? Where are sweat glands found on the body? | back 19 Sweat is composed of water & salt. They regulate body temperature. Found all over the body |
front 20 In the axillary and anogenital regions there are specialized sweat glands called apocrine glands, Which are very different than regular sweat glands. what do they secrete? What is their function? | back 20 They secrete fatty acids & proteins. Function is not yet know |
front 21 What type of muscle is the arrector pili muscle (skeletal & smooth) and what is its function | back 21 Smooth muscle, connect hair follicle to the dermal tissue. |
front 22 Melanin production is encouraged by which of the following factors? | back 22 UV radiation |
front 23 The production of vitamin K within epithelial cells is integral to the functioning of the digestive system | back 23 false |
front 24 which of the following glands is responsible for making sebum | back 24 sebaceous glands |
front 25 Which of the following are found within cells of the stratum corneum | back 25 Keratin |
front 26 Which of the following areas is well-vascularized | back 26 only the dermis |
front 27 which of the following are components of the integumentary system? | back 27 hair, nails, skin and glands |
front 28 What do the synovial membranes, mucous membrnaes and serous membranes have in common | back 28 They all secrete fluids, making them a wet membrane |
front 29 What is the immediate threat to life following a severe burn | back 29 Fluid loss |
front 30 When someone blushes, and hemoglobin in blood cells comes closer to the skin surface, what skin color change is visible | back 30 increasingly reddish or rosy skin tone |
front 31 The knee and elbow joints are both examples of _____ joints | back 31 hinge |
front 32 The ankle region is composed of _____ bones | back 32 tarsal |
front 33 in addition to providing an anchoring region for skeletal muscles, skeletons also have which of the following functions | back 33 protecting organs, storing important minerals, producing blood cells |
front 34 The epiphyseal plate is the region responsible for interstitial bone growth within children | back 34 true |
front 35 which of the following defines a compression fracture | back 35 crushing bone fracture |
front 36 tarsal and carpal bones are classified as _______ bones | back 36 short |
front 37 The formation of blood cells is the primary function of which bone component | back 37 red bone marrow |
front 38 the condition known as osteoporosis affects which part of a bone | back 38 compact bone |
front 39 The ability of a skeletal muscle to contract with proper stimulation is called | back 39 irritability |
front 40 The fastest way to produce ATP provided by_______ and requires the presence of _______ | back 40 direct phosphorylation; creatine phosphate |
front 41 Which of the following components are necessary for the creation of high amounts of ATP by skeletal muscle | back 41 oxygen |
front 42 single, brief jerky muscle contraction are classified as _______ | back 42 muscle twitches |
front 43 When you pick your textbook up off the desk, your biceps engaged in a(N) ________ contraction | back 43 isotonic |
front 44 Which of the following correctly describe muscle fatigue | back 44 it is the result of using muscle strenuously for long periods of time, occurs when muscle are no longer able to contract, even when stimulated, it is preceded by weaker muscle contractions |
front 45 long periods of strenuous exercise would cause the body to switch back and fourth between which type Atp production | back 45 aerobic & anaerobic |
front 46 The opposite of flexion is _______ and the opposite of supination is | back 46 extension; pronation |
front 47 The slowest way to produce ATP is provided by____ and requires the presence of _____ | back 47 aerobic; oxygen |
front 48 Conjunctivitis (pink eye) affects the sclera, which is found in which location | back 48 it covers the surface of the eye and inner eyelid |
front 49 Structure associated with tear production (crying) can be referred to as "lacrimal" | back 49 true |
front 50 The iris is an important structure that functions to ______ | back 50 dilate or construct to let in more or less light |
front 51 photoreceptor cells working in bright light provide sharp, colored images for our brain to interpret are | back 51 cones |
front 52 What is the proper path of sound to the inner ear | back 52 EAM- tympanic membrane-auditory ossicles-oval window |
front 53 Hydrogen ions produce which taste sensation when they pass over the taste buds | back 53 sour |
front 54 The choroid is an important portion of the eye that functions to____ | back 54 help prevent light scatter in the eye |
front 55 Another name for skin is ______ membrane | back 55 Cutaneous |
front 56 A _______ gland secretes its product via a duct | back 56 exocrine |
front 57 The layer of skin not exposed to air is the _______ | back 57 Dermis |
front 58 _____ is the pigment that makes moles dark | back 58 melanin |
front 59 What type of membrane provides lubrication to the pleural, pericardial and peritoneal cavities? | back 59 serous membrane |
front 60 Which cavity would be lined with a mucous membrane | back 60 oral cavity |
front 61 Subcutaneous fatty layer | back 61 hypodermis |
front 62 contains sensory receptors, blood vessels, and nerves | back 62 dermis |
front 63 protective outer layer | back 63 epidermis |
front 64 Deepest layer; site of rapid cell division and melanin production | back 64 Stratum basale |
front 65 live keratinocytes connected by desmosomes produce pre-keratin | back 65 Stratum spinosum |
front 66 cells flatten and fill with keratin, resulting in a grainy appearance | back 66 Stratum lucidum |
front 67 clear layer found only in thick skin; cells full of keratin | back 67 stratum lucidum |
front 68 Thick superficial layer of flat, keratinized, dead cells; responsible for dandruff | back 68 stratum corneum |
front 69 papillary layer | back 69 loose areolar connective tissue, fingerprints, superficial layer of dermis, pain receptors, touch receptors |
front 70 reticular layer | back 70 Dense irregular connective tissue, sweat glands, role in body temperature homeostasis, hair follicles, lamellar corpuscles |
front 71 Epidermis | back 71 water resistance, water retention, pigmentation, vitamin d synthesis |
front 72 Dermis | back 72 elasticity, excretion, thermoregulation, sensation |
front 73 hypodermis | back 73 fat storage, connect skin with body, insulation |
front 74 which of the following conditions is most likely to result in permanent hair loss | back 74 a family history of baldness |
front 75 Which important metabolic compound is produced by skin cells | back 75 vitamin D |
front 76 What is the function of epidermal dendritic cells | back 76 ingest foreign substances and activate the immune system |
front 77 What type of tissue makes up the epidermis of the skin | back 77 stratified squamous epithelium |
front 78 What causes hair to stand up and the skin to dimple when one is cold or frightened | back 78 contraction of arrector pili muscles |
front 79 which glands play a role in thermoregulation | back 79 eccrine glands |
front 80 what type of burn damages the skin so severely that regeneration of the damaged tissue is not possible | back 80 third-degree burn |
front 81 How is the rule of nines used by clinician | back 81 to estimate fluid lost by the body by determining the extent of burns |
front 82 under which of the following conditions would a decubitus ulcer form | back 82 prolonged bed rest after a severe back injury |
front 83 what is the function of the keratin found within skin cells | back 83 prevents water loss |
front 84 what type of burn does a patient have if blisters are present and the affected area is painful | back 84 second degree |
front 85 What pigment found in skin originates from outside the body | back 85 carotene |
front 86 What type of membrane is composed of epithelium resting on the lamina propria, a loose connective tissue membrane? | back 86 mucous membrane |
front 87 What type of membrane lines the compartments of the ventral body cavity and produces a lubricant that allows organs to move against neighboring organs without friction? | back 87 serous membrane |
front 88 Which structures are located in the epidermis? | back 88 Merkel cells or discs |
front 89 What epidermal layer consists of multiple layers of living keratinocytes and scattered dendritic cells? | back 89 stratum spinosum |
front 90 Which of the following statements best describes the skin? | back 90 The skin is also known as cutaneous membrane and it is divided into the epidermis and dermis. |
front 91 The mallet-shaped protrusion on the inside of the ankle is the medial | back 91 malleolus |
front 92 A membrane that holds the elbow joint together is called a(n ____ membrane | back 92 Synovial |
front 93 The bones between the phalanges and tarsals are the | back 93 metatarsal |
front 94 A joint that is slightly moveable is classified as a(n) ______ joint | back 94 amphiarthrosis |
front 95 A(n) _____ is a cell that breaks down bone matrix | back 95 osteoclast |
front 96 What term refers to the end of a long bone? | back 96 epiphysis |
front 97 Which of these is a function of the skeletal system | back 97 storage site for calcium |
front 98 During soccer practice, Sadie tripped and tried to stop her fall with her outstretched arms. Her humerus broke and the broken ends were forced into each other. Sadie suffered a(n) __________ fracture. | back 98 impacted |
front 99 Which of these allow nutrients to diffuse from the central canal to all the osteocytes within an osteon? | back 99 canaliculi |
front 100 What step occurs first in the embryonic development of most bones? | back 100 A bony collar forms |
front 101 Which of these bones is part of the axial skeleton? | back 101 sternum |
front 102 What causes the pain associated with a herniated disc? | back 102 pressure on spinal nerves by the protruding disc |
front 103 Hasan is a three-year-old boy who lives in Dhaka, Bangladesh. He is small for his age, has bowed legs, exhibits muscle weakness, and complains often of pain in his bones. Hasan most likely has | back 103 rickets |
front 104 a mature bone cell trapped in bone matrix | back 104 osteocyte |
front 105 a cell that stores calcium in bone by making new bone matrix. | back 105 osteoblast |
front 106 a cell that releases calcium from bone, increasing blood calcium levels | back 106 osteoclast |
front 107 parathyroid hormone (PTH) activates this type of cell. | back 107 osteoclast |
front 108 Bones increase in diameter through the process of | back 108 appositional growth |
front 109 Bones increase in length by the process of | back 109 ossification |
front 110 A person with epiphyseal lines ____ growing taller | back 110 in not |
front 111 A person with epiphyseal plates ____ growing taller | back 111 is |
front 112 Fibrocartillage callus | back 112 granulation tissue forms, phagocytosis of dead tissue, a combination of cartilage matrix, bony matrix and collagen fibers |
front 113 Bony callus | back 113 spongy bone, osteoblasts and osteoclasts migrate and multiply |
front 114 Which of these statements describes a function of fontanels? | back 114 Fontanels allow the fetal skull to be compressed slighly during childbirth |
front 115 What type of vertebrae have openings in their transverse processes that guide the vertebral arteries up toward the brain? | back 115 cervical |
front 116 What bone does NOT articulate directly with any other bone? | back 116 hyoid |
front 117 What is the region of the coxal bone that bears most of the body weight when a person is sitting? | back 117 ischial tuberosity |
front 118 Which bones form the shoulder joint? | back 118 scapula & humerus |
front 119 What type of joint is found between the atlas and the dens of the axis? | back 119 pivot |
front 120 Julie fell off her horse and dislocated her right shoulder. The primary treatment to resolve this injury is | back 120 reduction |
front 121 What is the distinguishing feature of a synovial joint? | back 121 Joint cavity |
front 122 bone breaks into 3 or more fragments | back 122 comminuted |
front 123 bone is crushed | back 123 compression |
front 124 broke bone portion is pressed inward | back 124 depressed |
front 125 broken bone ends are forced into each other | back 125 impacted |
front 126 ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone | back 126 spiral |
front 127 bone breaks incompletely. much in the way a green twig breaks | back 127 greenstick |
front 128 The connective tissue covering around a fascicle is the | back 128 perimysium |
front 129 The part of a muscle fiber that contracts is called a/an | back 129 myogibril |
front 130 The structural and functional unit of skeletal muscle is called a/an | back 130 sarcomere |
front 131 A type of muscle contraction that generates force, but does not shorten the muscle is called | back 131 isometric |
front 132 The connective tissue covering on the outside of a whole muscle is the | back 132 epimysium |
front 133 What changes occur in the sarcomere during muscle contraction? | back 133 Z discs move closer together |
front 134 What initiates an action potential on a muscle cell? | back 134 acetylcholine binding to receptors on the sarcolemma within the neuromuscular junction |
front 135 What mineral is released within muscle cells to trigger contraction? | back 135 calcium |
front 136 What term refers to a smooth, sustained contraction? | back 136 complete tetanus |
front 137 What is the function of creatine phosphate? | back 137 directly regenerates ATP from ADP within a muscle cell |
front 138 Which movement is associated with the hand but actually occurs in the forearm? | back 138 supination |
front 139 Which of these terms refers to the shape of a muscle? | back 139 deltoid |
front 140 Which of these muscles is named for the arrangement of its fascicles? | back 140 external oblique |
front 141 Which of these increases as muscles age | back 141 amount of connective tissue in a muscle |
front 142 What can older individuals do to increase muscle strength? | back 142 regularly use hand weights and practice leg lifts |
front 143 There are three types of muscle tissue. Which of the following is classified as part of the muscular system? | back 143 all skeletal muscles |
front 144 What type of muscle tissue is both striated and involuntary? | back 144 cardiac muscle |
front 145 Which of these characteristics applies only to cardiac muscle tissue? | back 145 intercalated discs |
front 146 Both heads of the biceps femoris muscle | back 146 flex the leg at the knee |
front 147 The long head of the biceps femoris muscle originates on the | back 147 ischial tuberosity |
front 148 The biceps femoris is located in the | back 148 posterior thigh |
front 149 The buccinator muscle is innervated by the | back 149 facial nerve |
front 150 At its insertion (unlike at its origin), the buccinator muscle | back 150 attaches to fibers of another facial muscle |
front 151 The buccinator muscle | back 151 compresses the cheeks |
front 152 The insertion of the extensor carpi radialis longus muscle is on | back 152 metacarpal two |
front 153 The tibialis anterior muscle dorsiflexes the foot at the ankle and also assists in __________ of the foot. | back 153 inversion |
front 154 The trapezius muscle may be separated into all of the following groups, except __________. | back 154 lateral |
front 155 All fibers of the trapezius muscle are innervated by the | back 155 spinal accessory nerve |
front 156 All fibers of the triceps brachii are innervated by the | back 156 radial nerve |
front 157 Striated involuntary muscle tissue is classified as ________ muscle | back 157 cardiac |
front 158 Striated involuntary muscle tissue found in the heart is | back 158 cardiac muscle |
front 159 Which neurotransmitter is released by motor neurons at the neuromuscular junction? | back 159 acetylcholine |
front 160 Which chemical is produced during vigorous exercise when the supply of oxygen is limited or inadequate? | back 160 lactic acid |
front 161 What happens to a muscle when the nerve supplying that muscle is cut? | back 161 muscle paralysis and atrophy occur |
front 162 Which of these events must occur first to trigger the skeletal muscle to generate an action potential and contract? | back 162 Acetylcholine (ACh) binds to receptors on the sarcolemma and allows passage of sodium ions into the cell. |
front 163 The ____nerve carries impulses caused by sounds from the ear to the brain. | back 163 auditory |
front 164 As people age and lose the ability to see close objects, they develop a condition called | back 164 presbyopia |
front 165 The sense of smell is also called | back 165 olfaction |
front 166 in the retina detect light to generate images. | back 166 photoreceptors |
front 167 A calcified 1Cstone 1D in the ear that participates in equilibrium is called a(n | back 167 otolith |
front 168 What condition results from an abnormally high pressure inside the eye? | back 168 glaucoma |
front 169 Which of the following structures refract light before it hits the retina? | back 169 cornea, humors and lens |
front 170 Which of these is part of the sensory layer of the eye? | back 170 retina |
front 171 Which of these structures is part of the system that produces and drains tears? | back 171 lacrimal gland |
front 172 What term refers to the ability to focus on close objects | back 172 accommodation |
front 173 Which reflex constricts pupils when we view close objects? | back 173 accommodation pupillary reflex |
front 174 Which of the following is the auditory ossicle that attaches to the tympanic membrane? | back 174 malleus (hammer) |
front 175 How do organs of equilibrium help us maintain our balance? | back 175 The macula sends information on head position and the crista ampullaris sends information on rotation movements to the cerebellum for integration. |
front 176 What part of the inner ear contains receptors for dynamic equilibrium? | back 176 semicircular canals |
front 177 What is the function of the otoliths? | back 177 responding to changes in the pull of gravity and in acceleration when the body moves |
front 178 Which of these provides sensory input that helps keep the head erect? | back 178 maculae of the vestibule |
front 179 Which of these are oriented in the three planes of space, allowing sensation of movement in any plane? | back 179 semicircular canals |
front 180 The "hairs" of the hair cells within the organ of Corti are embedded in which of the following? | back 180 the tectorial membrane |
front 181 Why is it harder to determine where a sound originates when one auditory canal is completely blocked with earwax? | back 181 Since one ear is functionally deaf, the brain can't compare input from both cochleae to localize a given sound. |
front 182 Which of these can cause sensorineural deafness? | back 182 degeneration of the hair cells in the spiral organ of Corti |
front 183 What is a possible cause of conduction deafness? | back 183 inability of auditory ossicles to vibrate |
front 184 hearing | back 184 middle ear, outer ear |
front 185 both hearing and equilibrium | back 185 inner ear |
front 186 The sense of equilibrium responds to movements of the head. It is divided into two types--static and dynamic equilibrium. Describe and give an example of these two types of equilibrium. | back 186 -Static equilibrium monitors head position when the body is not moving. -Dynamic equilibrium monitors angular or rotational movements of the head when the body is moving. -An example of static equilibrium occurs when tilting the head forward. -An example of dynamic equilibrium occurs when a figure skater spins. |
front 187 The bending of static equilibrium receptors is caused by tiny stones called | back 187 otoliths |
front 188 Static equilibrium receptors are located in the vestibular apparatus branch called | back 188 vestibule |
front 189 Dynamic equilibrium receptors are located in the vestibular apparatus branch called | back 189 semicircular canals |
front 190 Static equilibrium is detected by receptors within membranous sacs called | back 190 maculae |
front 191 Dynamic equilibrium is detected by receptor regions called | back 191 crista ampullaris |
front 192 The bending of dynamic equilibrium receptors is caused by the gelatinous cap called the cupula | back 192 cupula |
front 193 as a result of this vibration, _____, is/are bent | back 193 hair cells |
front 194 Hearing receptors are embedded in the | back 194 tectorial membrane |
front 195 Hearing receptors are called | back 195 hair cells |
front 196 sound waves cause the _____ to vibrate first | back 196 basilar membrane |
front 197 The structure that bends the hearing receptors but does not vibrate itself is the | back 197 tectorial membrane |
front 198 Hearing receptors are connected to the ____ by supporting cells | back 198 basilar membrane |
front 199 Where are olfactory receptors located? | back 199 the superior region of the nasal cavity |
front 200 What sensation allows someone to enjoy the "beef taste" of a steak? | back 200 umami |
front 201 We cannot see images formed on the optic disc (blind spot). | back 201 true |
front 202 An astigmatism results from unequal curvatures of the cornea or lens. | back 202 true |
front 203 Eye movements are controlled by the abducens, oculomotor, and trochlear nerves. | back 203 true |
front 204 The gel-like substance that reinforces the eyeball and prevents it from collapsing inward is the | back 204 vitreous humor (body) |
front 205 Which of the following is a sex-linked condition that more often affects males? | back 205 color blindness |
front 206 Which disorder of the eye results from increased pressure due to a buildup of aqueous humor? | back 206 glaucoma |
front 207 What part of the eye has the greatest visual acuity | back 207 fovea centralis |
front 208 The biconvex structure that focuses light on the retina is the | back 208 lens |
front 209 Which gland is located above the lateral end of each eye and releases tears? | back 209 lacrimal |
front 210 The normal resting eye is generally "set" for distant vision | back 210 true |
front 211 The ability of the eye to focus on objects closer than 20 feet away is known as accommodation. | back 211 true |
front 212 Fibers from the medial side of each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain at the | back 212 optic chiasma |
front 213 An ear infection following an illness such as a cold can pass from the throat through the auditory (pharyngotympanic) tube to the | back 213 middle ear |
front 214 Identify the pathway of vibrations as they travel from one ossicle to the next. | back 214 malleus, incus, stapes |
front 215 The vibration of sound waves causes the tympanic membrane, or eardrum, to move against an ossicle known as | back 215 malleus or hammer |
front 216 What divides the outer ear from the middle ear? | back 216 tympanic membrane (eardrum) |
front 217 What structure is lined with ceruminous glands? | back 217 external acoustic meatus (auditory canal) |
front 218 In severe cases of otitis media, a tube is implanted into what structure to allow for drainage? | back 218 tympanic membrane |
front 219 What information does the brain use to interpret the source of a sound? | back 219 sound reaches the two ears at slightly different times |
front 220 Hair cells that function as hearing receptors are located within the | back 220 spiral organ of corti |
front 221 After years of working on loud construction sites, Erik experienced deafness in both ears. Determine what has been damaged. | back 221 spiral organ of corti |
front 222 While spinning around on a carousel or carnival ride, this motion will be detected by receptors known as the | back 222 crista ampullaris |
front 223 The five taste sensations are | back 223 sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami |
front 224 What specific receptor cells respond to chemicals dissolved in saliva? | back 224 gustatory cells |
front 225 What are the three cranial nerves that carry taste sensations to the brain? | back 225 facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus |
front 226 After the age of 40 the elasticity of the lens decreases, making it difficult to clearly see close objects. What is this condition called? | back 226 presbyopia |